Nama : Chrisensia Santika

NIM : P17110204144
Prodi : D3 Gizi
Kelas : 1-C
No. Absen : 38
Mata Kuliah : Ilmu Gizi Dasar

Dietary Standards, Health Policy dan DKGA (Daftar Kecukupan Gizi yang diAnjurkan)
1. Kecukupan Gizi Vs Kebutuhan Gizi
Kecukupan gizi yang dianjurkan atau disebut juga recommended dietary allowances (RDA)
adalah banyaknya masing-masing zat gizi yang harus terpenuhi dari makanan untuk mencakup
hampir semua orang sehat. Kecukupan gizi dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal seperti umur, jenis,
kelamin, aktivitas, berat badan dan tinggi badan, genetika, serta keadaan hamil dan menyusui.
Kecukupan gizi yang dianjurkan agak berbeda dengan kebutuhan gizi (requirement). Kebutuhan
gizi lebih menggambarkan banyaknya zat gizi minimal yang diperlukan oleh masing-masing
individu, yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor antara lain faktor genetika (Karyadi & Muhilal
1984).
a. Angka Kecukupan Gizi
Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) merupakan terjemahan dari RDA yang didefinisikan sebagai
kecukupan rata-rata zat gizi sehari bagi hampir semua orang sehat (97,5%) menurutgolongan
umur, jenis kelamin, dan ukuran tubuh serta aktivitas untuk mencegah terjadinya kekurangan
ataupun kelebihan gizi (Muhilal 1998, Nesheim 1998, IOM 1997, FAO/WHO 2001).
Kegunaan Angka Kecukupan Gizi yang dianjurkan antara lain :
1. Untuk menilai kecukupan gizi yang telah dicapai melalui konsumsi makanan bagi
penduduk/golongan masyarakat tertentu yang didapatkan dari hasil survey gizi/makanan.
2. Untuk perencanaan pemberian makanan tambahan balita maupun perencanaan
makanan institusi.
3. Untuk perencanaan penyediaan pangan tingkat regional maupun nasional (Karyadi &
Muhilal 1984).
b. Angka Kebutuhan Gizi
Angka Kebutuhan Gizi “Nutrient Requirement” adalah jumlah zat gizi minimal yang diperlukan
seseorang/individu agar dapat hidup sehat, diantaranya untuk mempertahankan hidup,
melakukan kegiatan internal/eksternal, menunjang pertumbuhan, melakukan aktivitas fisik,
pemeliharaan tubuh, basam metabolisme, pernafasan dan evaporasi, serta pencernaan dan
eksresi. Angka Kebutuhan Gizi dipengaruhi oleh variasi kebutuhan tinggi atau rendah, antara
lain faktor genetika, sementara itu dalam AKG sudah memperhitungkan variasi kebutuhan
individu dan cadangan zat gizi dalam tubuh.

Sumber 1: Effendi, YH. 2011. Penggunaan Instrumen dalam Konsultasi dan Konseling Gizi.
Bogor: Klinik Konsultasi Gizi dan Kesehatan Departemen Gizi Masyarakat IPB.

2. Definisi HPSR
Health policy and systems research (HPSR) is defined as a Field
... that seeks to understand and improve how societies organize themselves in achieving
collective health goals, and how different actors interact in the policy and implementation
processes to contribute to policy outcomes. By nature, it is interdisciplinary, a blend of
economics, sociology, anthropology, political science, public health and epidemiology that
together draw a comprehensive picture of how health systems respond and adapt to health
policies, and how health policies can shape − and be shaped by − health systems and the
broader determinants of health. (Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, 2011.)
Dari definisi tersebut kita dapat menemukan karakteristik penting dalam HSPR antara lain :
HSPR is a multidisciplinary research field, distinguished by the issues and questions addressed
through the research rather than by a particular disciplinary base or set of methods;

includes research that focuses on health services as well as on the promotion of health in
general;

includes concern for global and international issues as well as national and sub-national issues,
as global forces and agencies have important influences over health systems in low- and
middle-income countries; encompasses research on or of policy, which means that it is
concerned with how policies are developed and implemented and the influence that policy
actors have over policy outcomes – it addresses the politics of health systems and health
system strengthening;
promotes work that explicitly seeks to influence policy, that is, research for policy.

An integrated approach
Importantly, HPSR brings together health policy and organizational dynamics of health systems,
which is a health systems work into one research field, as there are critical and often overlooked
element of health four linkages between these apparently separate areas of system functioning.
work, as listed below.

Health policies can be seen as the purposeful and of work – health policy and health systems –
overlap. Deliberate actions through which efforts are made to. Together they provide the
knowledge base relevant to strengthen health systems in order to promote strengthen health
systems whilst also showing how population health. knowledge and other .forms of power
together influence

Health policy actions must not only be informed by policy decision-making. In these ways,
HPSR work always an understanding of the current dynamics of health seeks to be policy
relevant.system functioning and performance, but are also sustained, or undermined, by
whether and how theyfind expression in the health system.

A better understanding of the politics of health policy change, the actors and interests driving
the processes through which policies are developed and implemented, contributes to
understanding how to influence policy and take action to strengthen health system.

A spesific focus on implementation allows for and requires a better understanding of the
organizational dynamics of health systems, which is a critical and often overlooked element of
health system functioning.

Perlu diperhatikan bahwa dalam aplikasinya ada dua area kerja yang berbeda dalam riset
kebijakan dan sistem kesehatan atau HSPR yaitu – (1) kebijakan kesehatan (health policy) dan
(2) health systems – yang akan beririsan dan tumpang tindih, namun keduanya saling
berinteraksi bersama dalam proses penetapan kebijakan (policy decision-making).

Sumber 2: Lucy Gilson, ed. (2012). Health Policy and Systems Research: A Methodology
Reader Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization,
diambil dari website: https://kebijakankesehatanindonesia.net/32-pelatihan/1739-modul-2a1-
karakteristik-health-policy-and-system-research-dan-policy-research