Electronics

Course Outline
An introduction
Dr. S. Hariharan
Reference
⦁ Text Book: A. P. Malvino, D. J.

Bates, Electronic Principles,
2017, 7/e, Tata McGraw-Hill.
Dr. S. Hariharan
Reference
1. Robert L. Bolysted and Louis Nashelsky, 2. David A Bell, Electronic Devices and
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Circuits, Oxford Press, 5th Edition, 2008
Prentice Hall of India, 11th Edition, 2017
Dr. S. Hariharan
Reference
Module:6
Albert D. Helfrick and William D. Cooper, “Modern A.K. Sawhney, Puneet Sawhney, A Course In Electrical and
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques”, Electronic Measurements, and Instrumentation,
2016, First Edition, Pearson Education, Noida, India. Dhanpat Rai & Co., 2015
Dr. S. Hariharan
Reference
Module:7
D. Patranabis – Sensor and Transducers (2e) Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 2003
Dr. S. Hariharan
In troduction
Want to
learn
technology
?
Know
the
History
Dr. S. Hariharan
Evolution of Electronics
Vacuum Tube - 1904

First Generation (1900 – 1956) Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation (1956 – 1963) Transistors
Third Generation (1964 – 1971) Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation (1972 – 2010 ) Microprocessors
Fifth Generation (2010 - till….) Artificial Intelligence
Dr. S. Hariharan
𝖣 The history of electronics is a huge area & it is not potential to provide the complete
information of the systematic history in a restricted range.
𝖣 Significant Milestones in development of electronics industry

⦁ 1904 – vacuum tubes
⦁ 1907 – Triode
⦁ 1946 – ENIAC computer
⦁ 1947-1948 – Transistor – Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain - Bell Laboratory
⦁ 1958 – Integrated circuits (ICs) - Texas instruments (TI)
Dr. S. Hariharan
• 𝖣 Electronics - From 2000 to 2019
⦁ 2006 - the former WII as well as PS3 Gaming console were invented.
⦁ 2007 - the first Apple iPhone as well as iPod were invented.
⦁ 2008 - the first Android operating system for Smartphones was invented.
⦁ 2010 - the Gaming Console of Xbox 360 were introduced.
⦁ 2011 - the revolutions of the solar panel like a renewable energy source or an alternate
• energy source.
⦁ 2011 - the space vehicle was invented l by NASA landed on Mars.
⦁ 2014 - Micro scale 3-D Printing was launched.
⦁ 2018 - NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe.
⦁ 2019 - Chandrayan-2 was launched by India to the Moon.
Dr. S. Hariharan
Basic Electronics ECE101L
V = IR
R =V/I
Capacitor Voltage Colour Code Table
•Type J – Dipped
Tantalum Capacitors.
•Type K – Mica
Capacitors.
•Type L –
Polyester/Polystyren
e Capacitors.
•Type M –
Electrolytic 4 Band
Capacitors.
•Type N –
Electrolytic 3 Band
Capacitors.
Capacitor Tolerance Letter Codes Table
The capacitor on the left is of a ceramic disc type

capacitor that has the code 473J printed onto its body.
Then the 4 = 1st digit, the 7 = 2nd digit, the 3 is the
multiplier in pico-Farads, pF and the letter J is the
tolerance and this translates to: 47pF * 1,000 (3 zero’s)
= 47,000 pF, 47nF or 0.047uF the J indicates a tolerance
of +/- 5%
Capacitor value
Capacitor value
equivalent series resistance
Home work problem
Basic Electronics [BECE101L]
Dr. S. Hariharan Basic Electronics ~ Module-1

Instructor
Dr. Avinash Chandra,
Assistant Professor Sr,
Department of communication engineering,
SENSE.
2
Course Outline
An introduction
3
Reference
⦁ Text Book: A. P. Malvino, D. J.

Bates, Electronic Principles,
2017, 7/e, Tata McGraw-Hill.
4
Reference
1. Robert L. Bolysted and Louis Nashelsky, 2. David A Bell, Electronic Devices and
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Circuits, Oxford Press, 5th Edition, 2008
Prentice Hall of India, 11th Edition, 2017
5
Reference
Module:6
Albert D. Helfrick and William D. Cooper, “Modern A.K. Sawhney, Puneet Sawhney, A Course In Electrical and
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques”, Electronic Measurements, and Instrumentation,
2016, First Edition, Pearson Education, Noida, India. Dhanpat Rai & Co., 2015
6
Reference
Module:7
D. Patranabis – Sensor and Transducers (2e) Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 2003
7
Course outline
⦁ O bjective and O utcome:

⦁ An understanding of basic electronics abstractions on which analysis and design
of electrical and electronic circuits.
⦁ The capability to use abstractions to analyze and design simple electronic circuits.
⦁ The basic concepts of number systems and digital logic.
⦁ The basic concepts associated with multiple sensors and their sensing
mechanisms.
8
Course outline
⦁ Course Content:
⦁ M odule:1 - Electronic Components, ⦁ M odule:6 - Instrumentation and
Sources,and Measuring Equipment. Measurements
⦁ M odule:2 - Junction D iodes ⦁ M odule:7 - Sensors andTransducers
⦁ M odule:3 -Transistors ⦁ M odule:8 - Contemporary Issues
⦁ M odule:4 - Amplifiers and Oscillators
⦁ Module:5 - Digital Logics
9
Assessment
⦁ Theory
⦁ 2 Credits
⦁ Lecture - 2 hours / week
⦁ Grading
⦁ Continuous Assessment Test –I (CAT-I) – 15 %

⦁ Continuous Assessment Test –II (CAT-II) – 15 %
⦁ Digital Assignment 1 – 10 %
⦁ Quiz 1 – 10 %
⦁ Quiz 2 – 10 %
⦁ Final Assessment test – 40 %
10
Course outline
⦁ W hy do engineers need to study electronics?

⦁ Electronics plays a big role across a whole range of technologies and
products, collaborations between different designers, manufacturers and
producers are often needed.
11
Module - 1
Electronic Components, Sources, and Measuring
Equipment
12
In troduction
Want to
learn
technology
?
Know
the
History
13
First Generation (1900 – 1956) Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation (1956 – 1963) Transistors
Third Generation (1964 – 1971) Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation (1972 – 2010 ) Microprocessors
Fifth Generation (2010 - till….) Artificial Intelligence
14
𝖣 The history of electronics is a huge area & it is not potential to provide the complete
information of the systematic history in a restricted range.
𝖣 Significant Milestones in development of electronics industry

⦁ 1904 – vacuum tubes
⦁ 1907 – Triode
⦁ 1946 – ENIAC computer
⦁ 1947-1948 – Transistor – Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain - Bell Laboratory
⦁ 1958 – Integrated circuits (ICs) - Texas instruments (TI)
15
𝖣 Electronics - From 2000 to 2019
⦁ 2006 - the former WII as well as PS3 Gaming console were invented.
⦁ 2007 - the first Apple iPhone as well as iPod were invented.
⦁ 2008 - the first Android operating system for Smartphones was invented.
⦁ 2010 - the Gaming Console of Xbox 360 were introduced.
⦁ 2011 - the revolutions of the solar panel like a renewable energy source or an alternate
energy source.
⦁ 2011 - the space vehicle was invented l by NASA landed on Mars.
⦁ 2014 - Micro scale 3-D Printing was launched.
⦁ 2018 - NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe.
⦁ 2019 - Chandrayan-2 was launched by India to the Moon.
16
𝖣 Vacuum Tube - 1904
17
𝖣 Vacuum Tubes
 A vacuum tube, electron tube valve (British usage), or tube (North America),is a device that controls electric
current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.
 The type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve utilizes thermionic emission of electrons from a hot
cathode for fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.
 Non-thermionic types such as a vacuum phototube, however, achieve electron emission through
the photoelectric effect, and are used for such purposes as the detection of light intensities.
 In both types, the electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the anode by the electric field in the tube.
 The simplest vacuum tube, the diode, invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated
electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from
the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube allows the current between the
cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grids.
18
𝖣 Vacuum Tubes
⦁ These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the twentieth century. They
were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar, sound recording and reproduction, long-
distance telephone networks, and analog and early digital computers.
⦁ In the 1940s, the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which
are smaller, more efficient, reliable, durable, safer, and more economical than thermionic tubes. Beginning in
the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were being replaced by the transistor.
⦁ However, the cathode-ray tube (CRT) remained the basis for television monitors and oscilloscopes until the
early 21st century. Thermionic tubes are still used in some applications, such as the magnetron used in
microwave ovens, certain high-frequency amplifiers, and amplifiers that audio enthusiasts prefer for their
"warmer" tube sound.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Basic Electronics
Com ponen tsand Devices Measuring Instruments Basic Circuits

Rectifiers
Multimeter
Amplifiers
Passive Active Power sources
Resistor Transistors Oscilloscopes Oscilltors
Op - Amp Filters
Capacitor
Inductor ... Function Generators
Meters ...
... ...
26
Circuit Elements
27
Symbols Circuit Elements
28
Resistance(Ω)
𝖣 What It Does?
⦁ A resistor is one of the most fundamental components in electronics.
⦁ Its purpose is to impede a flow of current and impose a voltage reduction.
⦁ The two main characteristics of a resistor are its resistance,R,in ohms and its
power rating,P,inWatts.
⦁ The wattage rating indicates the amount of power the resistor can safely
dissipate as heat.
⦁ The wattage rating is always more than the actual amount of power dissipated
by the resistor,as a safety factor.
29
Resistance(Ω)
𝖣 Types of Resistors
⦁ Fixed
⦁ variable
30
Resistance(Ω)
𝖣 Types of Resistors
⦁ Wire-wound resistors
⦁ Carbon-composition resistors
⦁ Film-type resistors
🠶Carbon film
🠶Metal film
⦁ Surface-mount resistors (chip resistors)
⦁ Fusible resistors
⦁ Thermistors
31
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Wire Wound Resistor
⦁ Special resistance wire is wrapped around an
insulating core, typically porcelain, cement, or
pressed paper.
⦁ These resistors are typically used for high-current

applications with low resistance and appreciable
power.
32
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Carbon-composition resistors
⦁ Made of carbon or graphite mixed with a powdered insulating material.
⦁ Metal caps with tinned copper wire (called axial leads) are joined to the ends of the carbon
resistance element.They are used for soldering the connections into a circuit.
33
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Film-type resistors
⦁ Carbon Film Resistors: Compared to carbon composition resistors, carbon-film resistors have
tighter tolerances, are less sensitive to temperature changes and aging,and generate less noise.
⦁ Metal Film Resistors: Metal film resistors have very tight tolerances, are less sensitive to
temperature changes and aging,and generate less noise.
34
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Surface-Mount Resistors (chip resistors)
⦁ Temperature-stable and rugged
⦁ Their end electrodes are soldered directly to a circuit board.
⦁ Much smaller than conventional resistors with axial leads.
⦁ Power dissipation rating is usually 1/8 to 1/4 W
35
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Thermistors
⦁ Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors whose
resistance value changes with changes in operating
temperature.
⦁ Used in electronic circuits where temperature
measurement, control, and compensation are desired.
36
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Variable resistance
⦁ Used to adjust volume, set level of lighting, adjust temperature.
Rheostats are two-terminal devices.
Wiper arm
Wiping contact
Fixed contact
Potentiometer
37
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Variable resistance
Basis for Comparison Potentiometer Rheostat
Instrument Type Sensor Variable resistor
Symbol
Number of terminals 3 2
Controls Voltage Current
Suitability of use For low power applications For high power applications
Composed Material - graphite Materials - metallic ribbon, carbon

disks etc.
Type of connection Connected in parallel with the Connected in series with the
circuit. circuit.
38
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Colour coding
39
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Colour coding
40
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Colour coding
Example 1.
Brown =1 Black =0 Red =2 Gold = 5%
Solution:
2
_1 0_  10     5 %
Nominal value = 10102
= 1,000 = 1K
Tolerance = 5%. 41
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Colour coding
Example 2.
Yellow =4 Violet =7 Orange =3 Gold = 5%

Solution:
3
_ __ _ __  10
4 7    __5 %
Resistor nominal value = 47103

= 47,000
= 47k. 42
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Colour coding
⦁ Minimum resistance value:
Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then subtract this from the
nominal value:
 47k  47k 0.05
 47k  2.35k
 44.65k
⦁ Maximum resistance value:
Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then add this to the nominal
value:
 47k  47k 0.05
 47k  2.35k
 49.35k
43
Resistor(Ω)
𝖣 Standard values
44
Capacitor (F)
𝖣 What It Does?
⦁ A capacitor connected across a D C power source will accumulate a charge, which then persists
after the source is disconnected.
⦁ The capacitor stores (and can then discharge) energy like a small rechargeable battery.
⦁ Used to block D C current while it passes pulses, or electrical “noise,” or alternating current.
This capability enables it to smooth the output voltage provided by power supplies; to remove
spikes from signals
45
Capacitor (F)
𝖣 Types of capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors Ceramic Capacitors

Variable Capacitors
EIA code 𝜇𝐹
EIA: Electronics Industry Alliance
102 0.001
103 0.01
104 0.1
203 0.02
443 0.044
46
Capacitor (F)
𝖣 Types of capacitors
47
Capacitor (F)
⦁ Find the value of the Resistor:

𝖣
🠶 Yellow, Green, Orange, Silver (45 k ohm, 10 %)
🠶 Brown, Blue, Red, Gold (1.6 k ohm , 5%)
🠶 Find the value of the capacitor (in micro Farad)
🠶 EIA code: 223 and 471 (0.022 uF, 0.47X10^-3 uF)
48
Relay and Contactor
𝖣 Relay and contactor ⦁ C ontactors and C ontrol relays are
electrically operated switches used for
switching of loads and for controlling the
electrical circuit respectively.
⦁ Relay: It is a device through which contacts
in one circuit are operated by an alteration
in conditions in the same circuit or in
associated circuits.
⦁ C ontactor: It is a device which is used for
repeatedly establishing and interrupting an
electric circuit under normal conditions
49
Relay and Contactor
𝖣 Where we use relay?
⦁ Protective Relays monitors the voltage, current and power and in case any of them go against
the set limits, they generate alarm or isolate the circuit.
⦁ Monitoring Relays monitors the system condition such as direction of power and accordingly
generates the alarm.
⦁ Auxiliary Relays are used in circuit breakers and other protective equipments for contact
multiplication.
⦁ Reclosing Relays are used to connect various components and devices within a system network
such as synchronizing process.
50
Relay and Contactor
𝖣 Types of Relays
51
Relay and Contactor
𝖣 Working of Mechanical Relays
⦁ Electrically isolated
circuits, ckt-1 and ckt-2
52
Relay and Contactor
53
Relay and Contactor
54
Relay and Contactor
55
Relay and Contactor
56
Relay and Contactor
𝖣 Types of Mechanical Relays
57
Relay and Contactor
𝖣 Working of Solid state Relays (SSR)
⦁ Working principle is same as electro-mechanical relays

⦁ “N o moving Parts”
⦁ Uses electrical and optical properties of Semiconductors
58
Relay and Contactor
59
Relay and Contactor
60
Relay and Contactor
𝖣 Comparison
Criteria Control Relay Contactor

Kind of Device Low power device. High power device.
Size of the Device Smaller Larger

Load Capacity 10A and 15A. 15A to 12500A.
Switching Speed Very much faster Very slower
Control Relay is more commonly used in Contactors are typically built for
Application control circuits which are single phase switching 3-phase load.
circuits.
Both Normally Open and/or Normally Exclusively designed to operate with
Open/Closed Contact Closed depending on the desired normally open contacts.
Standards function.
Control Relays are usually rated to only Contactors are commonly rated for
System Voltage 250V up to 1000V
61
Basic Electronics [BECE101L]
Basic Electronics ~ Module-1
Dr. S. Hariharan
1.Determine the equivalent resistance in the
below circuits
2.Figure shows resistors wired in a combination of series and parallel. We
can consider to be the resistance of wires leading to and (a) Find the
equivalent resistance of the circuit. (b) What is the potential drop across
resistor ? (c) Find the current through resistor . (d) What power is
dissipated by ?
3.In the circuit below, (a) Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit.
(b) What is the potential drop across resistor ? (c) Find the
current through resistor . (d) What power is dissipated by ?
To generate 100Hz and 10Vpp sine wave
using CRO.
BECE101L – Basic Electronics
BEE
Dr. Avinash Chandra

Assistant Professor (Sr)
School of Electronics
Engineering Vellore Institute
of Technology Vellore.
1
BEE
Breadboard
⦁ Creating, organizing, and prototyping a circuit.
2
BEE
Breadboard
3
BEE
Measuring Instrument
⦁ Multimeter:
⦁ A multimeter is a measuring instrument that can
measure multiple electrical properties.
⦁ A typical multimeter can measure
 Voltage
 Resistance
 Capacitance
 Current
🞂
4
BEE
Measuring Instruments
Multimeter
5
BEE
Measuring Instrumen ts - Probe
6
BEE
Measurements
DIGITAL MULTIMETER
1.500 V
A
BATTERY
-
+
V
A COM V
7
BEE
Measurements
DIGITAL MULTIMETER
0.050 A
A
1.5V V
BATTERY
Remember to
switch to “A”
A COM V input jack!
30Ω
8
BEE
Regulated Power Supply (RPS)
9
BEE
10
BEE
11
BEE
12
BEE
13
BEE
14
BEE
15
BEE
Resistance measurement
16
BEE
Resistance measurement
17
BEE
Capacitance
18
BEE
Capacitance
19
BEE
Capacitance
20
BEE
LCR meter
21
BEE
Inductance
22
BEE
Inductance
23
BEE
Inductance
24
BEE
Diode
25
BEE
Diode
26
BEE
27
BEE
28
BEE
Function Generator
29
BEE
Function Generator - Probe
30
BEE
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
31
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
BEE
Digital storage oscilloscope
33

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Course Outline

⦁ Text Book: A. P. Malvino, D. J.

Vacuum Tube - 1904

First Generation (1900 – 1956) Vacuum Tubes

Second Generation (1956 – 1963) Transistors

Third Generation (1964 – 1971) Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation (1972 – 2010 ) Microprocessors

Fifth Generation (2010 - till….) Artificial Intelligence

𝖣 Significant Milestones in development of electronics industry

The capacitor on the left is of a ceramic disc type

Dr. S. Hariharan Basic Electronics ~ Module-1

⦁ Text Book: A. P. Malvino, D. J.

⦁ O bjective and O utcome:

⦁ The basic concepts of number systems and digital logic.

⦁ M odule:2 - Junction D iodes ⦁ M odule:7 - Sensors andTransducers

⦁ M odule:3 -Transistors ⦁ M odule:8 - Contemporary Issues

⦁ M odule:4 - Amplifiers and Oscillators

⦁ Module:5 - Digital Logics

⦁ Continuous Assessment Test –I (CAT-I) – 15 %

⦁ W hy do engineers need to study electronics?

First Generation (1900 – 1956) Vacuum Tubes

Second Generation (1956 – 1963) Transistors

Third Generation (1964 – 1971) Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation (1972 – 2010 ) Microprocessors

Fifth Generation (2010 - till….) Artificial Intelligence

𝖣 Significant Milestones in development of electronics industry

𝖣 Electronics - From 2000 to 2019

Com ponen tsand Devices Measuring Instruments Basic Circuits

⦁ Its purpose is to impede a flow of current and impose a voltage reduction.

⦁ These resistors are typically used for high-current

Rheostats are two-terminal devices.

Instrument Type Sensor Variable resistor

Controls Voltage Current

Composed Material - graphite Materials - metallic ribbon, carbon

Brown =1 Black =0 Red =2 Gold = 5%

Yellow =4 Violet =7 Orange =3 Gold = 5%

Resistor nominal value = 47103

Electrolytic Capacitors Ceramic Capacitors

⦁ Find the value of the Resistor:

⦁ Working principle is same as electro-mechanical relays

Criteria Control Relay Contactor

Size of the Device Smaller Larger

Basic Electronics ~ Module-1

Dr. Avinash Chandra

⦁ Creating, organizing, and prototyping a circuit.

Measuring Instrumen ts - Probe

Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

Function Generator - Probe

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Digital storage oscilloscope

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