Theoretical Framework

The study is anchored from the theoretical support on the effect of climate change on
groundwater and achievement by Garcia-Gil et al., (2016)-temerature induced chemical reactions
and mixing of injection water can change the porosities and permeability of an aquifer system.
Increased groundwater temperatures also have several practical implications, including e.g.
alterations of the thermal use potentials of groundwater resources in general, involving positive
and negative impacts on existing geothermal energy systems (GES) and aquifer thermal energy
storage (ATES) applications or modification of river stretches where groundwater exfiltrates into
surface waters; especially in summer comparatively low temperatures in groundwater recharge
zones provide refugia for coldwater fish species during periods of thermal stress. Municipal
drinking water suppliers and industrial groundwater users will be confronted with considerable
investments in drinking water treatment in the context of adaptation strategies. In urban areas
especially, with often numerous contaminated industrial sites, an increase in groundwater
temperatures can result in changes in microbial activity and groundwater chemistry (catalysis of
biodegradation of pollutants, growth of prejudicial bacteria, Brock and Madigan (1988).
Increased groundwater temperatures additionally change the solubility of gases and solids
(Palmer et al., 1992).
Farjad et al. (2017) present work in the Elbow River catchment, Alberta, showing that for
emission scenarios A1B rainfall increases and B2 (medium emissions) showing modest increases
apart from decreases in summer, with Potential Evaporation (PE) increases in winter and mixed
signals for the rest of year. This leads to increases in recharge for winter and spring and
reductions in summer but the results for autumn are more mixed. Shahvari et
al. (2019) investigated the effects of climate change on water resources in the Varamin plain
basin using the SWAT model. Their results showed that the ratio of runoff in the period of 2011–
2030 under all three scenarios will increase in spring and summer seasons and decrease in
autumn and winter seasons. This seasonal shift in runoff is due to the effects of climate change in
the form of rising temperature, changing rainfall pattern, and so on.
RRL
Groundwater is the major source of water across much of the world, particularly in rural
areas in arid and semi-arid regions, but there has been very little research on the potential effects
of climate change. Aquifers generally are replenished by effective rainfall, rivers, and lakes. This
water may reach the aquifer rapidly, through macro-pores or fissures, or more slowly by
infiltrating through soils and permeable rocks overlying the aquifer. A change in the amount of
effective rainfall will alter recharge, but so will a change in the duration of the recharge season.
Increased winter rainfall, as projected under most scenarios for mid-latitudes, generally is likely
to result in increased groundwater recharge. However, higher evaporation may mean that soil
deficits persist for longer and commence earlier, offsetting an increase in total effective rainfall.
Global temperature changes and its rising trend are known as climate change regarding the
average weather conditions around the world. Climate change has a considerable impact on
surface and groundwater resources (Hashmi et al. 2011). Considering that the impact of climate
changes on groundwater resources is indirect and slower than surface water resources,
monitoring the status of these resources and maintaining their sustainability under the influence
of these changes is of great importance (Shakiba & Cheshmi 2013). (Node Farahani et al. 2018)
investigating the effects of climate changes is to examine the impact of this phenomenon on
climate parameters. Therefore, in order to investigate the effects of climate change in future
periods, the amount of climate variables in the future must first be simulated. One of the most
reliable tools for investigating the effects of climate change is the use of climatic variables
simulated by the downscaling models of climatic parameters such as LARS-W that can predict
climatic parameters in local scale.