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Josippon
JOSIPPON
The author states that the Hungarians, the Bulgarians, and the Pechenegs dwelt "on the great
river called the Danube, i.e., Donau," and this was a geographical situation existing after 900
c.e. The author also observes that the "Ishmaelites" (i.e., Arabs) lived in Tarsus, which is in
Asia Minor (/places/asia/turkey-physical-geography/asia-minor). Since this town was
conquered by Byzantium in 965 c.e., it is clear that the book was written between these two
dates. In one of the manuscripts of Josippon the precise date of the book is given: "and we
wrote from the book, from the book of Joseph ben Gorion ha-Kohen in the year 885 from the
Destruction." Since it was customary then to reckon the Destruction of the Temple from the
year 68 c.e., it follows that the book was composed in 953 c.e. All signs point to the fact that
the Hebrew book was written in southern Italy which, at the time, was one of the important
Jewish centers. The author's place of birth was part of the Byzantine Empire (/history/ancient-
greece-and-rome/ancient-history-late-roman-and-byzantine/byzantine-empire), where the
official language was Greek. The author, however, could not read Greek, only Latin. The main
source of Josippon was a Latin manuscript which included 16 of the 20 books of Josephus'
Jewish Antiquities and the Latin adaptation of The Jewish War. The latter was written in the
second half of the fourth century c.e. and called Hegesippus. The author of Josippon also
knew random facts from The Jewish War itself with which he was acquainted only incidentally;
he knew also about the Contra Apionem of Josephus. The author calls Josephus "Joseph ben
Gorion," although Josephus' father was called Mattathias. He was misled by the inaccurate
language of the Hegesippus, and he identified Josephus with Joseph b. Gorion who had also
been a general in the war against the Romans. The author's second important source was the
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During the Middle Ages, Josippon served as a source of information about the period of the
later books of the Bible (such as the books of Esther and Daniel) and about the whole period
of the Second Temple. This is the reason that Bible and Talmud commentators frequently
quoted it during the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modern period. The book of
Josippon attained great importance during the Middle Ages. For instance, a passage on
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An Arabic translation of Josippon by a Yemenite Jew was probably in existence already in the
11th century. From Arabic it was translated into Ethiopian (c. 1300). Translations into European
languages, such as Latin, English, Czech, Polish, and Russian, were generally made from
printed editions. The author of the book of Josippon, following his sources, mentions John the
Baptist, but he refers neither to Jesus nor to the beginnings of Christianity. Brief mention of
Jesus is made in the manuscript of the expanded version of Josippon, and a polemical story
about Jesus and the beginnings of Christianity was inserted in a number of manuscripts.
Josippon's relationship (or lack of relationship) with Christianity interested both Muslims and
Christians. From the age of humanism, leading Christian humanists discussed the question of
whether the book of Josippon had really been composed by Josephus. The book was also
known to the Karaites and, in a Samaritan chronicle written in Arabic, Josippon's account of
Alexander the Great (/people/history/ancient-history-greece-biographies/alexander-great)'s
visit to Jerusalem is included; the place of the visit was changed to Mt. Gerizim. A short
Hebrew narrative translated from the Greek was inserted into some versions of Josippon. The
narrative is an abridgment of a legend about Alexander the Great, ascribed to Calisthenes,
and an anonymous Greek-Byzantine chronicle on the period from Alexander to Tiberius. This
important narrative has been preserved independently in one manuscript.
Two works on Josippon by Professor David Flusser were published almost simultaneously in
1978. The first is an edition based upon the original manuscript with a photostatic reproduction
of selected extracts from Josippon, with an introduction (Mercaz Zalman Shazar). The second
was the first volume of a critical edition, based upon all existing manuscripts and giving the text
with an introduction; the second volume of the critical edition appeared in 1980, completing the
work.
bibliography:
Josiphon, ed. by H. Hominer (1967), introd. by A.J. Wertheimer; Baer, in: Sefer Dinaburg
(1949), 178–205; Flusser, in: Zion, 18 (1953), 109–26; Baron, Social, 6 (19582), 189–96, 417–
21; Toaff, in: Annuario di studie ebraici, 3 (1964), 41–46; idem, Cronaca Ebraica del Sepher
Yosephon (1969); Zeitlin, in: jqr, 53 (1963), 277–97; Roth, Dark Ages (/history/modern-
europe/ancient-history-middle-ages-and-feudalism/dark-ages), 2 (1966), 277–81; A.A.
Neuman, Landmarks and Goals (1953), 1–57.
[David Flusser]
Encyclopaedia Judaica
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Josippon
Maps/Apocrypha-And-Pseudepigrapha)
Maps/Biblical-Literature-Hebrew-Scriptures)
Flavius)
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Judeo-Persian (Https://Www.Encyclopedia.Com/Religion/Encyclopedias-Almanacs-Transcripts-And-Maps/Judeo-Persian)
Transcripts-And-Maps/Biblical-Literature-Apocrypha-And-Pseudepigrapha)
Rabbi-Eliezer)
NEARBY TERMS
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Press-Releases/Jostle)
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