PHARMACHEMISTRY-I

SHORT QUESTION CARRYING 4 MARKS

1. Write the official preparation of iodine and iron.

Answer.
IODINE:
Official preparation of Iodine are:
i) Sodium Iodide - NaI
ii) Potassium Iodide - KI
Sod.Iodide & Pot.Iodide : Are used in Thyroid Disorders.
Used in a cough mixture as an expectorant.
iii) Radioactive iodine and sodium Iodide.
It is Used for Diagnosis of Thyroid disorder.
IRON
Official preparation of Iron are:
i) Ferrous sulphate - FeSo4
ii) Ferrous Gluconate - C12 H22O14Fe,2H2O
iii) Dried Ferrous Sulphate - FeSo4
iv) Iron and Ammonium Citrate
v) Ferrous Succinate
vi) Ferric Chloride - FeCl3
vii) Iron Phosphate
viii) Iron Dextran Injection
ix) Iron Sorbitol Injection
USES
Iron Preparation is used as Haematinic.
It is used in Anemias caused due to Iron Deficiency.
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2. Write a note on expectorant.
Answer
Expectorants are drug used to remove excessive sputum from the
respiratory tract. These drugs reduce the viscosity of sputum or increase the
volume of secretions thereby facilitating their expulsion from the respiratory
tract, by coughing.
Expectorants are used in cough preparations.
Ex-NH4Cl, Kl
Classification:
Expectorants are broadly classified as :
a) Sedative type: These are stomach irritants and produce their effect
through stimulation of gastric reflexes.
Ex: Ipecac
Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
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 b) Stimulant type: Produce their effect by stimulation of secretory cells of
respiratory tract directly or in directly.
Ex: Eucalyptus oil, Lemon oil.
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3. Write the principle involved in the limit test for iron and sulphate.
Answer
LIMIT TEST FOR IRON
Principle:
The limit test for iron is based on the reaction between iron and thioglycolic
acid to produce deep pink to reddish purple colour due to the formation of
ferrous thioglycollate complex in ammonical solutions.
Chemical Reaction:
CH2SCOOH
2Fe3+ + 2CH2(SH)COOH + 2Fe +2 + 2H
Ferric ions Thioglycolic acid
CH2SCOOH

CH2SH O.CO

Fe2+ + 2CH2(SH)COOH Fe
Ferrous ions Thioglycolic acid

CO.O HSCH2
Ferrous thioglycollate complex

LIMIT TEST FOR SULPHATE

Principle:
Limit test for sulphate depends upon the interaction of soluble sulphates (if
present in the sample) with barium chloride in the presence of alcohol and
potassium sulphate to produce turbidity due to formation of insoluble barium
sulphate (BaSO4) precipitate.
Chemical Reaction:

dil. HCl
SO-24 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2Cl
Barium chloride Barium sulphate

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4. Define buffers and write its role in pharmacy.
Answer.
A Solution which resists the change of PH value on the addition of a small of
acid or base is called a buffer solution.
Classification (or) Types of Buffers Solutions

a) Acidic Buffer : The solution containing a mixture of weak acid (ex.

Acetic acid) and its salt (ex. Sodium acetate) is known as acidic buffer.
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 b) Basic Buffer: The solution containing a mixture of weak base (ex.
Ammonia) and its salt (ex. Ammonium chloride) is known as basic
buffer.

Role of Buffer in Pharmacy

a) Solubility: pH plays an important role in solubility behavior of
compounds. The required pH is adjusted by buffers.
Ex: Amines and alkaloids are soluble in acidic pH media but almost
insoluble in alkaline pH media.
b) Colour: Colour of many dyes is pH dependent.
Ex. Red colour of cherry is maintained in acidic pH which becomes
pale yellow to colourless in alkaline pH.
c) Stability: Ex. Ascorbic acid and penicillin are unstable in alkaline pH
but stable acidic pH
d) Patient comfort: Injectables are irritating and may damage tissues, if
their pH differs greatly from that of our body fluids pH.
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5. Enlist two inhalants with their molecular formula, specific use and
storage conditions.
Answer.
Inhalants are the drugs or chemicals which are in vapour form and are inhaled
in the body. Inhalation of gases cause changes in physiological functions and
bring pharmacological actions.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides are the gases used as inhalants.
OXYGEN
Molecular formula:- O2
Uses:- a) Oxygen is required for respiration of human beings.
b) Oxygen is given by inhalation to correct hypoxemia conditions in
chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema etc.
c) In the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning.
d) Used as a diluents of volatile and gaseous anaesthetics
Storage:-Oxygen is stored in metal cylinder. The shoulder of the cylinders is
painted black with a white shoulder and the name and symbol O2 is stenciled on
the shoulder.
CARBON DIOXIDE
Molecular formula:- CO2.
Uses: a) CO2 regulates the acid-base balance of the blood and tissues.
b) CO2 is used as respiratory stimulant.
c) CO2 5 – 7 % in oxygen has been used in the treatment of carbon
monoxide poisonings.

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 Storage:It is stored under compression in steel cylinders painted grey. and the
name and symbol CO2 is stenciled on the shoulder.
6. What are saline cathartics? Give two examples.
Answer
Saline Cathartics: These are the cathartics which increases fluidity of the
intestinal contents by retention of water by osmotic forces and indirectly
increasing motor activity.
Saline cathartics act by increasing the osmotic load of the gastrointestinal tract
by absorbing large quantity of water and thus stimulate peristalsis.
Example: a) Magnesium sulphate, b) Sodium potassium tartarate
7. What are electrolytes? Write the electrolyte used for replacement
therapy.
Answer.
Electrolytes are minerals in our blood and other body fluids that carry an
electric charge. Electrolytes affect the amount of water in our body, acidity of
our blood (PH), our muscles functions and other important processes.
Common electrolytes include: calcium, chloride, magnesium,
phosphorous, potassium, sodium.

There are various conditions ( like diarrhoea, vomiting, severe dehydration)

which leads to disturbance in electrolyte balance. In order to maintain or
correct electrolyte balance, electrolytes are externally administered, which is
known as electrolyte replacement therapy.
Usually electrolyte salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc are used
singly or in combination with other constituents ( like dextrose, invert sugar,
mannintol, etc)
Replacement of Sodium Replacement of Potassium Replacement of Calcium
Sodium Chloride Potassium Chloride Calcium Chloride
Sodium Chloride Potassium Chloride and Calcium Acetate (B.P)
Solution(B.P) Glucose Intravenous
Infusion (B.P)
Sodium Chloride Potassium Chloride and Calcium Gluconate
Injection (I.P., B.P) Sodium Chloride Tablets
Intravenous infusion (B.P)
Sodium Chloride Tablet Potassium Chloride, Calcium Gluconate
Sodium Chloride and Injections
Glucose Intravenous
infusion (B.P)
Sodium Chloride and ----------------------------- Calcium Lactate Tablets
Dextrose Injetion (I.P.)
Mannitol and Sodium ------------------------------- Calcium Levulinate
Chloride Injection(U.S.P) Injection (I.P)
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Q.8. Define a) Test for purity b) Assay c) Respiratory stimulant d) Acid
and Base
Answer
a) Test for purity: The pharmacopoeias prescribe “Test for Purity” for
substances in order to ensure their reasonable freedom from undesirable
impurities.
Following are the tests for impurity: Odour and colour, Physical constant,
Insoluble constituents, Humidity, Ash value, Loss on drying, Anions, cations,
Acidity and alkalinity.
b) Assay: The quantitative estimation of the amount of drug present in a given
sample constitutes as assay. The percentage purity of the sample is determined
by caring out its assay.
c) Respiratory stimulant : Respiratory stimulants are drugs used to restore
normal respiration in conditions where the lungs are un-able to sufficiently
eliminate carbon-dioxide (Co2) & take up oxygen (O2).
Respiratory stimulants belong to the class of drugs known as central
nervous system stimulants. Example: Ammonium carbonate
d) Acid and Base
Arrhenious theory:
i) Acid: Generates [ H+ ] ion in the solution
ii) Base: Generates [ OH-] ion in solution
Eg: Acid + Base Salt + Water
Eg: HCl+NaOH NaCl + H20
Bronsted-Lowery theory:
i) Acid: Anything that donates a H+ {Proton donar}
ii) Base: Anything that accepts a H+ {Proton acceptor}
Eg: Acid + Base Acid + Base
Eg: HNO2 + H2O NO2+ + H3O+
Lewis theory:
i) Acid: Accepts an electron pair. Ex. of Lewis acids are H+, Na+, k+, AL+3
ii) Base: Donates an electron pair. Ex. of Lewis acids are OH-, Cl-, CH3COO-
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9. Define and classify antidotes with suitable examples.
Answer
Antidotes are agents used to counter act the effects of poisons & toxic
substances.
Poisoning may be due to heavy metals like arsenic & lead, overdose of drugs or
contamination of food & water. In addition, the inhalation of toxic gases and
consumption of insecticides are also common causes of poisoning.

Examples of antidote: Sodium Nitrite Activated Charcoal, Copper Sulphate.

CLASSIFICATION: Based on mechanism of action

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a) Physiological antidotes: - They act by producing opposite pharmacological
effects to that of the poison.
Ex: Atropine.

b) Chemical antidotes: - They combine with the poison to convert into a

complex and make it ineffective.
Ex: EDTA in heavy metal poisoning.
c) Mechanical Antidotes:-They act by absorption of the poison in the GIT,
which in then expelled by emesis or eliminated through faces.
Ex: Activated charcoal
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10. Give two identification test for sodium, chloride, sulphate, magnesium.

a) Sodium

EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATIONS
a) Moisten a small quantity of sodium salt A golden yellow colour is imparted to the
with HCL and introduce on a platinum wire flame.
in Bunsen flame.
b) To 1 ml of 5 % w /v solution of A yellow crystalline precipitate of triple
substance, add 1N acetic acid till it is acidic acetate is produced.
and then add excess of magnesium uranyl
acetate solution.

b) CHLORIDE

EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATIONS
a) Heat about 0.5 gm of substance (sodium
chloride / potassium chloride) with 2 ml of The liberate chlorine gas turn the paper
sulphuric acid and small amount of blue.
manganese dioxide. Hold starch potassium
iodide paper on the mouth of tube.
b) 1. Dissolve a substance equivalent to A curdy white precipitate of silver chloride
about to 2 mg of chloride ion in water. is obtained
acidify with dilute nitric acid, and add 0.5
ml silver nitrate solution and allow to stand
2. Centrifuge the precipitate, wash 3 times The precipitate dissolves due to formation
with 2 ml of water, and add dilute ammonia of silver ammoniate ion.
solution.
3. Acidify the above with nitric acid. White precipitate of silver chloride is again
produced.

c) SULPHATES
EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATIONS
a) Dissolve about 50 mg of the substance
(sodium / magnesium sulphate) in 5 ml of A white precipitate of barium sulphate is
water, acidify with 1 ml of dilute HCL, and formed.
add 1 ml of barium chloride solution.
b ) Tae the suspension obtained in the test Colour of iodine remains unchanged.
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1. Add 0.1 ml of iodine solution.

d) MAGNESIUM

EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATIONS
a) To the aqueous solution of the salt A white precipitate is formed.
add ammonium carbonate solution and
boil.
1. If the above test is carried in presence of No precipitate is formed.
small quantity of ammonium chloride.
b) Take 0.5 ml of slightly acidic or neutral A reddish turbidity is produced which
solution of the salt, add 0.2 ml of 0.1 w /v settles down as bright red precipitate .
solution of titan yellow and 0.5 ml of 0.1 N
NaOH solution and keep aside .
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11. Write the Synonym, molecular formula and uses of any 8 compounds:

a) Sod.bicarbonate b) Sod.hydroxide c) Sod.pot.tartarate d) Zinc sulphate

e) Pot.aluminium sulphate f) Aqueous iodine sol. g) Barium sulphte
h) Copper sulphte i) Chlorinated lime j) Ferrous sulphate
k) magnesium hydroxide l) magnesium sulphate m) Mercurous chloride
n) Nitrous oxide.

Compound Synonym Molecular Formula Uses

Sod. Bicarbonate Baking Soda NaHCO3 Systemic antacid
Sod. Hydroxide Caustic soda NaOH Pharmaceutical aids
Sod.Pot.Tartarate Rochelle salt C4H4KNaO6.4H2O Saline cathartics
Zinc Sulphate White vitrol ZnSO4.7H2O Astringent, antiseptics
Pot. Aluminium Alum KAI(SO4)2.12H2O Astringent
sulphate
Aqueous iodine Lugol’s Solution Antiseptics
sol.
Barium sulphate Barium meal BaSO4 Radio-opaque contrast
media
Copper sulphate Blue vitrol Used as a emetics
Chlorinated lime Bleaching powder CaOCl2 Electrolyte replenisher
Ferrous sulphate Green Vitrol FeSO4.7H2O Haematinic
Magnesium Milk of magnesia Mg(OH)2 Antacid & Laxative
hydroxide
Magnesium Epsom salt MgSO4.7H2O Saline cathartic , sedative
sulphte
Mercurous Calomel HgCl Cathartic
chloride
Nitrous oxide Laughing gas N2O General anaesthetic
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12. Write a note on dental products and emetics.

Answer.
A) DENTAL PRODUCTS

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 Drugs used in the treatments of dental disorders are called dental
products they include Anti-caries agent, dentifrices, desensitizers, dental
cement.

TYPES OF DENTAL PRODUCTS

1. Anti-caries agents: Dental caries is a destructive process causing
decalcification of tooth enamel and leading to continued destruction of enamel
and dentin, and cavitation of teeth.
The dental caries is caused due to the action of lactic acid produced from oral
bacterial metabolism.
In order to prevent dental caries, it is necessary to use antiacaries
agents like sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride.

2. Dentifrices: Dentrifrices are the substance used for the cleaning and
polishing of teeth, in the form of the tooth paste or powder is called dentifrices.
Ex: Dibasic calcium phosphate (CaHPo4)
3. Desensitizers: These are substance that reduces pain & sensitivity of teeth to
extreme heat & cold.
Ex: Strontium chloride – (SrCl2), Zinc Chloride( ZnCl2)
4. Dental cement: Substance that are used as a temporary filling for dental
cavities, Clipped or broken teeth.
Ex: Zinc oxide – ZnO
Calcium sulphate – CaSO42H2O

B) EMETICS
Emetics: are drugs that are used to induce vomiting or emesis, which
results in the emptying of gastric contents through the oral cavity.
Emetics are given in the case of ingestion of poisons.
Example: Antimony potassium tatarate, Copper sulphate;
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13. Write a note on anti-microbial agents.
Answer.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Anti–microbial include a number of agents that act against micro – organisms
they include.
• Germicides: It is a chemical agent which destroys pathogenic
microorganisms. It is further divided into bactericide (against bacteria),
virucide (against virus), fungicide (against fungi) etc.

• Antiseptics: These are the substances that kill or prevent the

growth of microorganisms when applied on living tissue.
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 Ex:Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Boric acid (H3BO3), Iodine (I2)

• Disinfectants: These are the substances that kill or prevent the growth of
microorganisms when applied on non living objects. Ex: Phenol
• Bacteriostatic: It is a chemical agent which inhibits the multiplication of
bacteria.
• Bactericide: It is a chemical agent which kills the bacteria but not
necessarily bacteria spores.
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14. Define and classify git agents with examples.
Answer.
G.I.T AGENTS
Drug used in the treatment of disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract are called
GIT of agents.
Classification:These are classified into 4 major groups:
1. Acidifying agents : Dilute HCL
2. Antacids : NaHCO3, MgO, Al(OH)3.
3. GIT Protective & Adsorbents : Kaolin.
4. Saline cathartics : MgSo4, Sodium Sulphate.

1. ACIDIFYING AGENTS
Drugs which increase acidity are known as acidifying agents. Example: dilute
hydrochloric acid.
2. ANTACIDS
These are drugs which are used to neutralize excess HCl secretions in the
stomach.Example: Sodium bicarbonate, Aluminium hydroxide gel, Calcium
carbonate, Magnesium trisilicate, Magnesium oxide
3. G.I.T PROTECTIVE AND ADSORBENT
Protective & absorbents are a class of gastro-intestinal agents used internally to
treat the disturbances in the normal functioning of the GIT which results in
dysentery or diarrhea.
GIT protective and adsorbents absorb gases, bacterial toxins and other
poisons, excess fluids & micro-organisms from the gastrointestinal tract and
also provide a protective coating on the intestinal mucosa. This gives relief
from pain and weakness that result frequent watery stools with or without
blood & mucous seen in amoebic dysentery and non-specific diarrhea, this
loss of fluid and electrolytes can cause severe dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance.
Organic compounds used as protective & absorbents are
Kaolin - Al2 O3 2SlO2 2H2O
Bismuth sub-carbonates – [(BIO)2CO3 H2O]

4. CATHARTICS
These are drugs used for the treatments of serve constipation to bring about
evacuation of bowels.
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15. Write a note on importance of quality control.
Answer
Quality control includes inspections involved beginning with receipt of raw
materials and continuing throughout the production and packaging operations,
testing of finished products, documentation up to distribution.

IMPORATNCE OF QUALITY CONTROL

➢ Assures purity and safety of medicines.
➢ Helps in preparing new drug applications and setting up of standards of
drugs.
➢ It enables the machine settings, adjustment and modification processes
and machinery.
➢ It helps to keep up the quality of the products during manufacturing by
taking corrective steps.
➢ It also aids in locating and identifying the process faults and defects of
products and helps to control scrap and wastes.
➢ It helps in continuous production of a quality product and better
utilization of labour and materials.
➢ It may give idea to lower the cost of product, maintaining its quality.

16. Write a note on barium meal

17. Write a note on metabolic acidosis & alkalosis
18. Write a note on physiological acid base balance
19. Write a note on pharmaceuticals Buffers
20. Write a note on electrolytes used in acid base balance

LONG ASSAY CARRYING 14 MARKS

21. Give reason for the following:

a) Citric acid used in iron limit test
b) Glycerol used in boric acid assay
c) Lead acetate cotton wool used in arsenic limit test
d) Formaldehyde used in the assay of ammonium chloride.
e) Nitric acid used in chloride limit test
f) Addition of potassium iodide in preparation of weak iodine solution.
g) Ammonia is used in limit test for iron.

Answer
a) Citric acid used in iron limit test
Citric acid prevents precipitation of iron with ammonia.
b) Glycerol used in boric acid assay
Boric acid is a weak acid and cannot be directly titrated with strong alkali, so
it is converted into strong acid by treating with glycerol.

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c) Lead acetate cotton wool used in arsenic limit test
Lead-Acetate Cotton Plug is used to trap any hydrogen sulphide (which react
with mercuric chloride paper producing a dark stain) which may be evolved
along with arsine gas.

d) Formaldehyde used in the assay of ammonium chloride.

Ammonium chloride forms weak acidic solution in water and cannot be
directly titrated with strong alkali. So it is first treated with formaldehyde
solution which converts the ammonium chloride to hexamine and liberates
HCl. This HCl is determined by titrating with standard sodium hydroxide by
using phenolphthalein as an indicator.

e) Nitric acid used in chloride limit test

Dilute nitric acid is used to prevent the opalescence of other acid
radicals with silver nitrate solution.

f) Addition of potassium iodide in preparation of weak iodine solution.

Iodine is not soluble in water, to enhance its solubility potassium iodide is
added.
g) Ammonia is used in limit test for iron
Purple colour is developed only in alkaline medium, so ammonia solution is
added

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22. Write the principle, procedure and apparatus involved in arsenic limit
test.
Answer
LIMIT TEST FOR ARSENIC
Principle:
The limit test for arsenic is based on the reaction of the arsenic in the arsenious
state to the arsine gas (ASH3) with zinc and hydrochloric acid in the presence of
Potassium iodide.
The arsine gas stains the mercuric chloride paper to yellowish brown stain
which is compared with standard stain.
Chemical Reaction:
i) Arsenic impurity is first converted into Arsenic acid (H3AsO4) or Arsenious
acid (H3AsO3) depending upon the valency state in the sample.

As H3AsO4 + H3AsO3
Stannated Hcl Arsenic acid Arsenious acid

ii) If any Arsenic acid is formed, it is reduced to Arsenious acid

Stannous chloride
H3AsO4 H3AsO3
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 Arsenic acid KI Arsenious acid

iii) The arsenious acid is further reduced to Arsine gas with the help of
hydrogen (obtained in the reaction between Zn and HCl)
Reduction
H3AsO3 + 6H AsH3 + 3H2O
Arsenious acid Arsine gas

iv) Arsine gas react with mercuric chloride paper to produce yellowish brown
stain due to formation of Mercuric Arsenide.

AsH2

HgCl2 + 2AsH3 Hg + 2HCl

Mercuric chloride Arsine gas
Paper
AsH2
Mercuric Arsenide
Procedure:
• The glass is packed with lead acetate cotton.
• The solution of the sample is placed in the wide mouthed bottle
• To this add 1.0 g of Potassium iodide, 5ml of stannated hydrochloric acid
solution and 10.0 g of zinc.
• Immediately placed the glass tube in position and kept it in a water-bath
for 40 minutes by maintaining a temperature 0f 40oC.
• After 40 minutes, the yellow stain produced on the HgCl2 paper is
compared with the standard stain produced by treating 1.0ml of the
arsenic standard solution diluted to 50ml with water in the same manner.
• If the intensity of the yellow stain produced by the test solution is less
than that of standard stain, the sample passes the limit test for arsenic and
vice –versa

Apparatus (Gutzeit Apparatus)

It consist of a width mouthed bottle of 120ml capacity fitted with a rubber bung
through which insert a glass tube of length 200.0mm and internal diameter of
6.5mm and external diameter of 8.0mm. The lower part of the tube is
constricted to an internal diameter of 1.0mm and 15.0mm from its tip, is a
lateral orifice of 2.0mm in diameter. The upper end of the tube is closed with
rubber bung. The mercuric chloride paper is placed between the bungs and
clapped together with a clip.

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23. Enumerate the various sources of impurities occurring in

pharmacopoeial substances.
Answer
IMPURITIES
Impurity is the undesirable foreign material which may be toxic or may not be
toxic, present in the pharmaceutical substances.
Chemical purity implies the freedom from impurities but it is rather difficult to
obtain an almost 100% pure substances.

SOURCES OF IMPURITIES
The type and amount of impurity present in pharmaceutical substances depend
upon several factors:
a) Raw material used in the manufacture
b) Process used in the manufacture
c) Material of the plant
d) Inadequate storage
e) Manufacturing hazards
f) Deliberate adulteration

a) Raw material used in the manufacture: The raw materials used for
the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, often contain impurities.
These impurities may come in the final product.
Example:
i) Metalic zinc may be present as impurity in Zinc oxide sample.
ii) Sodium chloride prepared from rock salt will almost contain traces of
calcium and magnesium compounds.

b) Process used in the manufacture: For example,

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 i) Tap water is frequently used in various manufacturing process.
This tap water contains chloride, calcium and magnesium which
may come as impurities in the final product.
ii) During manufacturing process, because of wide use of strong
acids (HCl, H2SO4). Chloride and Sulphate ions are very
commonly occurring impurities.

c) Material of the plant: The manufacturing equipments (or) utensils

are made up of metals like copper, aluminium, iron or stainless steel.
Due to solvent action on the equipments, the traces of metals are
introduced as impurities.

d) Inadequate storage: Stored products may be contaminated with dust,

insects and even animal and insect excreta. Due to careless storage
some chemical substances undergo chemical changes and decompose.
Ex: Ferrous sulphte is slowly converted into insoluble ferric oxide by
air and moisture.

e) Manufacturing hazards: Include Particulate contamination, process

errors, cross contamination, microbial contamination, packing errors
etc.

f) Deliberate adulteration: Mostly drug are mixed with cheaper drug.

Ex: KBr is used as sedative is often mixed with NaBr.

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24. Write the principle involved in the assay of :
a) Ferrous sulphate b) Hydrogen peroxide c) Boric acid d) Copper
sulphate e) calcium Gluconate f) Ammonium Chloride
Answer
A) FERROUS SULPHATE
Principle:
Ferrous sulphate is assayed by redox titration. It is directly titrated
against standard solution of potassium permanganate in the presence
of acidic medium by sulphuric acid.
Chemical reaction:
2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 +
5Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2O
B) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Principle:
It is assayed by redox titration. Hydrogen peroxide is directly titrated
against standard solution of KMnO4 solution in the presence of dil.
H2SO4
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Chemical reaction:
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2

C) BORIC ACID
Principle:
Boric acid is an assayed by acid base titration. Boric acid is a weak
acid and cannot be directly titrated with strong alkali, so it is
converted into strong acid by treating with glycerol.
Glycerol reacts with boric acid and converts it into glycerol
boric acid which is strong acid. Now it can be titrated with standard
sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as indicator. The
end point is the appearance of permanent pale pink colour.

Reaction:

Glycerol Boric acid

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25. a) Write a note on handling and storage of radio-isotopes.

b) Write a note on GM counter

Answer
A) STORAGE AND HANDLING OF RADIO-ISOTOPES
Storage:
i) Radio isotopes must be stored in specially protected remote areas.
ii) The store room should be made of non-absorbent materials.
iii) Alpha & beta emitters must be stored in thick glass or perspire
containers and gamma emitters must be stored in lead containers.
iv) The area must be regularly monitored for radio- activity.
v) The store house must be under the supervision of a qualified
person.

Handling
i) Protective clothing or shielding must be used while handling the radioactive
material.
ii) All operations must be performed in a fame cupboard.
iii) The distance between the operator and the radio–nuclide must be
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 maximized.
iv) No eating, drinking or smoking is allowed in the area.
v) Persons must be regularly monitored for radiations before leaving the area.
v) Disposal of radio–active waste must be done with care to avoid atmospheric.

B) GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER (Measurement of Radiation)

It is use full to detect alpha, beta and gamma particles. It consists of:
• A cylinder chamber made up of stainless steel or glass coated with silver
on the inner side which act as cathode.

• A central tungsten wire act as anode

• Te space in the chamber is filled with a mixture of argon gas
• Radiations enter the chamber through a thin section of outer wall called
as mica window which causes ionization of some argon atoms.
• A high voltage (800-1300 V) is maintained between the electrode
• Due to ionization of gas the electrons and positively charged ions are
attracted anode and cathode respectively.
• Movements of these ions through the tube constitute a flow of current.
• The flow of current is amplified and recorded electronically.

Fig. Giger Muller Counter

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26. Write the method of preparation & uses of
a) Aluminium hydroxide gel
b) Milk of magnesia
c) Potassium iodide
d) Ammoniated mercury
e) Compound sodium lactate
f) Hydrogen peroxide
g) Iodine.

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