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BIG DATA EN LA INDUSTRIA DEL PETRÓLEO Y EL GAS

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1. INTRODUCCIÓN
1.1 ¿QUÉ ES BIG DATA? OTRAS CATEGORÍAS DE
ARTÍCULOS
La creciente popularidad de los dispositivos de Internet de las cosas (IoT) en el campo y los continuos
Sin categorizar
avances de las técnicas de recopilación de datos han aumentado signi cativamente la cantidad de
UAV
información relevante. El tamaño de los datos suele alcanzar Petabyte (= 1024 Terabyte) o Exabyte (=
Comercial
1024 Petabyte). Big Data es una palabra de moda que se de ne como el aumento del volumen, la
Cultura
variedad y la velocidad de los datos (Figura 1) y un concepto utilizado para describir un inmenso volumen
Venta minorista
de datos estructurados y no estructurados que es tan grande que es difícil de procesar utilizando
Natural Gas
técnicas de software y bases de datos clásicas.
Carbón
Helio
Embarcaderos
Tapping en caliente
Procesando
GNL
Transporte
GLP
SPM / CBM
Oleoductos
Admisión / Desagües
Pigging
Protección catódica
Almacenamiento
Energía
Herramientas
BIM
Figura 1. Fuente: https://algorithmia.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image2.jpg Biogás
Aceite Energético
The entire Big Data processing structure is set up in a manner that allows large volumes of information Costa afuera
to be processed and recovered more quickly and easily than a conventional database, which stores VR
various information fragments in di erent locations, merging the information into a single report as Solar
needed. Big Data analytics is far more e cient than that, and, for others within this area of knowledge, it
is in fact access to large volumes of divergent kinds of data, which are then fed to machine learning
algorithms to discover unidenti ed relationships [1].

With the rapid development of technology and industry, Big Data is a popular strategy now, and it has
become a link for di erent disciplines. Making the most out of data is a key part of successful nancial
performance for an energy rm. However, Big Data has traditionally been regarded by the oil and gas
industry as a term used by “softer” industries to track people’s behaviours, buying or political tendencies,
interests, etc. As a consequence, the promotion of Big Data technologies in oil and gas lags behind other
sectors. We can suspect the main reason behind this phenomenon is that the connected services and
networks associated with its deployment raise many questions surrounding areas of cybersecurity and
data privacy.

Figure 2. Google search results for “Big Data” in each industry. Source:

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Google-search-results-for-big-data-in-each-

industry_fig2_339808583

Big Data Analytics is becoming one of the critical chapters in the digitalisation of the oil and gas industry.
It is about managing and processing an extreme volume of data to improve operational e ciency, to
enhance decision making and to mitigate risks in the workplace [2]. Essentially, this process generates
more revenue for the industry. But it takes some advanced hardware and software to analyse Big Data
properly; these tools allow an industry to evaluate millions of bytes of data for fast conclusions. For
instance, Arti cial Intelligence (AI) analyses inputs to learn and upgrade its sorting processes over time,
using data — generally coming from Big Data Analytics — to provide an accurate diagnosis or a decision-
making framework.

1.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, A BUSINESS IMPERATIVE

AI is the development and application of computer systems quali ed for logic, reasoning, and decision-
making capabilities. Using visual perception, experience recognition, and language translation, this self-
learning technology analyses data and output information in a more e cient way than human-driven
methods.

The development of arti cial intelligence solutions for the oil and gas industry aims at augmenting and
enhancing human knowledge and expertise in exploration and production. Exploration and production
have always been technology-intensive and forward-looking into new ways to improve operations and
reduce exploration risks, so naturally, it was where the highest demand for AI solutions had been seen.
Although the technology was initially approached with curiosity and some degree of scepticism, today
most companies have incorporated AI initiatives.

Figure 3. AI architecture in oil and gas. Source: https://bigdata-madesimple.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/image1.png

AI tools build fast using either open-source tools like Python or TensorFlow, on the one hand, and APIs,
on the other. Of course, AI solutions require signi cant computing power, and thus, deep learning,
neuromorphic chips, and high-performance architecture clouds are progressively being adopted in oil
and gas.

Arti cial intelligence is a very strategic domain, and there is a consensus that technology is a crucial lever
and enabler in unlocking substantial business value. It is truly becoming a business imperative in the
industry. Throughout this article, we will see sets of solutions spanning across the energy value chain
from exploration to health and safety.

1.3 BUILDING SOLUTIONS FOR THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY

The new generation of wireless networks, the improvements of ubiquitous computing devices, and
advanced storage capabilities have been opening more possibilities for real-time applications, such as
remote oil eld monitoring. Also, predictions indicate that oil demand will keep rising in the next two
decades, which may result in a signi cant gap in the petroleum supply [3]; this prospect stresses the role
of innovation in enhancing the e ciency of the production chain to meet the increasing demand.

Unlike other industries, dealing with large quantities of data is not a new issue for the oil and gas sector.
Companies have generated and used a lot of data over the years to study the surface of the earth,
logging-while-drilling, monitoring and maintaining pipeline systems, forecasting the price trends of
various energy sources, and even understanding the volatility of nancial markets. Throughout the whole
process, oil and gas companies have compiled a lot of data. But when it comes to new digital
technologies, in particular, the sophisticated use of data, the industry is beginning to realise that there
are many untapped opportunities. They have yet to take advantage of, and these opportunities could
lead to huge potential savings.

Figure 4. Big Data applications in the oil and gas industry. Source:

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/9028154/graphical_abstract/access-gagraphic-2979678.jpg

Big Data, coupled with AI, is already delivering results and material improvements are being witnessed in
several areas. On average, prediction accuracies for either equipment failures or process outcomes
improved from 60 or 70 per cent to more than 80 per cent, 20 to 30 per cent of workforce productivity
improvements that drove between 5 and 15 per cent e ciency gains and corresponding cost reductions
[4]. Likewise, 70 to 90 per cent acceleration achievements are reported in decision-making, especially in
knowledge-intensive domains like Geoscience and Engineering.

When businesses start digitising the process of resources discovery and energy distribution, more and
more data will be produced and gathered. Energy companies will more and more use big Data to derive
more bene t from the upstream and downstream supply chain and increase total productivity and
revenue.

2 BIG DATA FOR GEOLOGY AND EXPLORATION

2.1 THE PATHWAY TO A SMARTER MINERAL EXPLORATION
As the industry’s focus shifts from production to long-term pro tability, more companies are looking to
gain deeper subsurface insights from their data and to do so, they must have straightforward access to
that data.

One prominent feature of the oiling drilling process is using large and complex data in real-time. Big Data
can allow an oil & gas exploration companies to visualise their drilling environment on a computer screen
through promptly analysing large amounts of data. This research would then be used to lead
instruments such as drills in the best way possible while enhancing the production process by up to 8%
[5]. This e ciency upgrade is not something that should be ignored.

As companies drill for oil, they can perform complex calculations on the massive amounts of data,
including information, such as the seismic properties of the drilling area or the temperature levels.
Knowing all of this information increases the e ectiveness of the drilling process in terms of time and
money spent.

2.2 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

Seismic interpretation is critical for the success of exploration. It is a knowledge-intensive use case and
very dependent on tacit knowledge of geologists. Results of interpretation vary by individual, their
knowledge, the context in which the analysis is performed. That makes it an almost perfect case for
applying more unbiased systems, which could not only help deliver consistent performance in seismic
data interpretation but also provide a log of decisions to know more about the reasons behind speci c
interpretation outcomes. Having a system that continuously improves its ability to interpret the data
under the guidance of experts in a company has been the primary motivation behind building that sort
of solution.

Figure 5. Pre-stack seismic data for interpretation and analysis. Source: https://sharpreflections.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/force.jpg

Arti cial Neural Networks (ANNs) are the machine learning technology used most in the oil and gas
industry [6]. They can process vast quantities of data to extract patterns and information that cannot be
detected by the human brain. A new wave of decision-supporting solutions, including self-growing and
multi-input/multi-output neural networks for rock type prediction and classi cation, culminated in recent
developments in machine learning products. They can train neural network algorithms on input as
divergent as pre-stack data and lithology logs, and provide users with quali ed “most probable” seismic
classi cation volumes.

For example, Galp, a Portuguese oil and gas company, and IBM have been developing a solution that
interprets pre-stack seismic data and describes geological structures and characteristics of those [4].
Notably, the system performs this with the awareness of the geologic context — structural geometry,
depositional environment photography — and even more importantly, it takes into account notes from
previous investigations. In such a way, it continues building on prior knowledge, which is probably its
most important characteristic.

2.3 RESERVOIR ANALOGUES

Solutions relying on Big Data are being developed to accelerate prospect identi cation and to reduce
uncertainty when analysing a new reservoir. To do so, a series of machine learning algorithms are
applied to identify and recommend missing reservoir properties based on reservoir analogues and
sophisticated user interfaces begin to allow advanced visual analysis. In addition to extracting numerical
data from analogues, these systems are also extracting relevant geological information from internal and
external reports and geological papers.

In the case of Repsol, this tool is analysing over 60,000 reservoir analogues and almost half a million of
geological documents [4] and what is more, it allows over 80 per cent faster discovery of relevant
Geoscience information. Such an amelioration comes incredibly handy at times where a decision needs
to be made quickly about new lease, acquisitions, or expansion. There are strong indications that those
capabilities provide a noticeable competitive advantage for oil and gas companies.

2.4 SHALE SWEET SPOTS

A relatively new addition in the Big Data and AI industry toolkit is a heat map for production prospects. It
has been developed speci cally for unconventional shale operators, and it is used to identify economic
production location — the heat map — for acreage owned by an operator. In other terms, there is a
solution used to determine the optimal producing well location, potentially driving greater production
output from the acreage.

Technically, this type of tool extracts key production parameters from well logs, both conventional
vertical wells as well as currently producing horizontal wells, and automatically conducts spatial
interpolation. Those key production characteristics are used in subsequent machine learning models that
predict production outcomes based on well log data and geology. Well completion speci cations can be
integrated, not to optimise completion parameters but for recognising the impact of di erent
fundamental completion characteristics on the production volume from the eld. These tools are also
capable of analysing the yielding capacity at each production layer, so providing a three-dimensional view
of the property’s production potential.

Originally, shale sweet spot nding tools were designed to support operators with the acreage they
owned. But increasingly they are being applied for acquisitions, where the target acreage —  adjacent or
elsewhere — is being assessed using its production estimation potential. Sweet spots nders can be
deployed very quickly. They are pre-con gured by some cloud vendors, and as long as they could either
receive the operator’s data, well-log data, or the system itself can access the sources where the data is
stored, the solution can be tested immediately. So your users have a chance to see the results. And in
terms of deployment, because it is a cloud-based solution, it is much faster than the critical on pram
situation. Also, the cost is per usage rather than an initial upfront, which makes it quick and easy to adopt
in an operating environment.

Figure 6. Finding sweet spots in shale reservoirs. Source: https://youtu.be/5usnf9twqDY

3 BIG DATA FOR SITE DEVELOPMENT

3.1 ANALYSING LARGE SETS OF DOCUMENTS
Analysing fairly sizeable well-delivery documents from a large number of wells informing an operator
how to prepare drilling operations is a complex and resource-intensive activity. Big Data and AI can be
applied to deal with this amount of data — for example, Woodside reports over 80 per cent e ciency
improvements in its operations [4].

Traditionally, each dot representing a well within a graphical user interface had a pile of information
associated with it — a technical assistant would get together those documents, print them out, and there
would be time for an old-fashioned reading session for the next few weeks. Now, drilling engineers and
scientists can just draw a circle on a map, and the work is done: every drilling event for every well in that
location is summarised by depth, with unstructured data turned into structured data for further analysis.

Woodside, the largest Australian natural gas producer, established a data science and cognitive
intelligence team in 2015. Since then, deep learning arti cial intelligence platforms have been responding
to queries from its sta , rapidly sifting, sorting, and surfacing decades of data and company knowledge.
The company proudly claims to have processed the equivalent of over 600,000 A4 pages through the
application of advanced analytics and cognitive computing in their operations. Now, in the words of
Woodside’s Head of Cognitive Science, they went from 80 per cent of the time looking for the information
and only 20 per cent of the time guring out what to do about it, to completely ip that equation [7], [8].

3.2 DRILLING
Another classic application of machine learning tools to site development activities is drilling; it is to
monitor the reliability of operations or processes. Predictive drilling advisors are based on monitoring
near-real-time drilling sensors and being able to predict the incidence in a much longer time horizon than
the current systems allow, extending it from approximately half an hour to almost two hours. The core of
this business solution is about their ability to save millions of non-productive time that results from stack
pipe or other incidents.

Weatherford has recently developed a digitalisation solution for well construction optimisation. After
acquiring high-resolution data from multiple sources — geological and geophysical data, rig site, o set
well databases, and even third party applications — it transfers the data over a secure network to one
centralised cloud-based repository. Then, a web-based interface lets drilling experts interact with
complex data sets and displays advanced 2D and 3D renderings across numerous wells. Features such as
smart alerts, intelligent algorithms, and real-time engineering models support simulating downhole
conditions and anticipating hazards.

3.3 AUTONOMOUS WELL MANAGEMENT

Using real-time data and technical models, a mix of lift control, uid optimisation and IoT infrastructure
can achieve continuous production improvement. Since modern sensors can instantly detect anomalies
and progressions throughout the arti cial-lift system, a reciprocating rod-lift pumping unit can now be
equipped with an onboard sensory system that is regularly updated by embedded well-engineering
models [9].

Figure 7. Components for boosting production autonomously in multiple artificial lift scenarios. Source: https://www.weatherford.com/getattachment/50c1a851-

dd89-4e48-83d6-9406d3220a3b/Autonomous-Well-Management-System-Increases-Uptime

The unit will use an information base collected from millions of downhole cards and oil eld simulations
and independently determine what improvements can be made to optimise production in response to
any uctuations in production. For instance, if a formation begins releasing additional uids into a
wellbore, this in ux will immediately cause the calculations needed to determine the formation of an
under-pumped well. A fully automated system can calculate setpoint readjustments and maximise the
surge.

3.4 OPTIMISING SAGD

3. O S GS G

In situ recovery is one of only two methods involved when it comes to extracting oil sands and bitumen.
The thermal branch processes that are widely used and economically viable are: steam-assisted gravity
drainage — or SAGD —, and cyclic steam stimulation, whilst nonthermal recovery methods include
vapour extraction and cold heavy oil production. In Canada, for example, the viability of SAGD comes
from the fact that most of the deposits are too deep for mining is also too shallow for high-pressure
steam injection processes. Despite the commercial success of thermal in situ processes, they present
multiple challenges, including substantial water consumption, high-energy intensity, considerable supply
cost, and high GHG emissions [10].

Hence, oil sands green eld operations that use SAGD production method with notoriously di cult
geology and limitations to predict the output based on steam input are speci cally interested in an
optimisation feature. It is crucial for those looking for ways to reduce operating costs and optimise steam
to oil ratio, which that feature is ultimately intended to achieve. At some point, digitalised oil elds in this
context are already seeing +99 per cent prediction accuracy with the use of arti cial intelligence using a
hybrid model that is not a typical data-driven machine learning but rather a physics-inspired hybrid. It
takes into account thermodynamics, geology, and rendered results of an unprecedented level of
precision.

4 BIG DATA FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY

4.1 A TOP PRIORITY
Health and safety is on top of mind of any oil and gas executive and its number one priority to keep
operations safe. Data solutions are providing health and safety professionals with the unique ability to go
through decades of incident reports and nd root causes for similar incidents and mitigation strategies
that have been e ective in the past. Overall, they can help today’s work on designing policies that prevent
incidents and design safer operational practices.

4.2 ANALYSING HISTORICAL SAFETY DATA

Data analytics and deep learning can therefore enhance the implementation of process safety best
practice and improvements to reduce the signi cant loss of containment risks. During safety
investigations, what used to take several days of cross-referencing and searching can now be done in a
matter of hours. In other words, a ‘super-computer’ can provide oil and gas personnel with valuable
process safety insights at rst hand, allowing them to learn from past experiences more e ciently and
e ectively.

Initially, IBM’s Watson system was primarily focused on cognitive capabilities, which is indeed the ability
to comprehend, as we call it, unstructured data in documents or natural speech. But now Watson
provides a comprehensive environment that combines machine learning tools and is extensively used to
interact with programs and languages like TensorFlow, Python, or any other open-source tooling that
most data scientists in the industry tend to use and are familiar with.

IBM’s Watson systems have ingested more than 30 years of Woodside’s health and safety data with a
reported 80 per cent reduction in time taken to analyse safety incident information [7]. The HSEQ team
receives nearly 10,000 safety alert cards a month at one of their gas plants, manually going through them
would take hours, possibly days. What Big Data solutions allow HSEQ to do is analyse the cards to obtain
feedback on the permit process, and then provide those insights to site controllers to drive action and
improvement almost immediately.

4.3 ASSESSING COMMUNITY HEALTH RISKS

A recent study by the United States Environmental Protection Agency — US EPA — Integrated Risk
Information System indicated and increased carcinogenic potential for community exposures to airborne
ethylene oxide around facilities using the gas. The ethylene oxidation reaction is exothermic and, if this
heat is not released in time, the reaction may be violent. A large amount of heat accumulated may result
in threats to human health, loss of assets, or toxic discharges to the environment.

Figure 8. A decision tree algorithm application: Ethylene Oxide Safety and Environmental Protection. Source: [11]

El algoritmo de árbol de decisión es uno de los algoritmos más utilizados de la tecnología de minería de
datos. Divide un proceso de decisión complejo en una serie de opciones simples para explicar todo el
proceso de manera intuitiva. En este caso, todos los posibles incidentes relacionados con un problema
de seguridad del petróleo y el gas (por ejemplo, gestión del óxido de etileno) se seleccionan como el
conjunto de datos original, y se recopilan datos valiosos del incidente en el conjunto de datos original
para limpiar los datos [11].

4.4 SUPERVISIÓN DE LOS TRABAJADORES DE CAMPO

Other solutions already on the market are the “guardian angel devices” that are leveraging sensors
embedded in vests or helmets that monitor vitals of eld workers and alert them into either unsafe
location or unsafe conditions, as well as physical distress that the worker can be in. By doing so, they
provide an appropriate and e ective way of keeping the oil and gas operations safe. Operators are also
keen on putting their cleansed safety data as a seed to encourage community sharing.

5 FURTHER RESEARCH AREAS & LIMITATIONS

5.1 MODELLING NANOFLOWS
Solutions described so far represent work already completed, or that has been done over the last years
within the oil and gas industry. But researchers are currently focusing on digital rock, nanoscale ow
analysis, and modelling using a combination of machine learning capabilities. At IBM, for example,
experts are extracting the geological rock characteristics to create an a ordable thin layer that allows
conducting pore networks analysis, and several experiments monitoring nano-level ows — something
that is poorly described in other primary physics models [4]. Eventually, this would lead to an e ective
simulation that helps determine the production capacity of a particular geological formation where those
nano ows occur. There is hope on this capability bringing much greater certainty of productions in hard-
to-estimate sites.

5.2 SMART FILTRATION

There is also a so-called “self-adaptive water ltration” application of AI. For instance, within Water
Planet’s IntelliFlux software, machine learning is used to analyse continuous data from ow and pressure
sensors to determine optimal performance of ltration systems deployed in high-variability water
environments for oil & gas [12]. An AI-based software can therefore be used to control membrane
ltration, ultra ltration, nano ltration, reverse osmosis membranes, and any other ltration media
where periodical backwashing, cleaning or regeneration are required. After running a series of
demonstrations using waters provided by a group of California oil producers to evaluate treating
produced water for potential use in agricultural irrigation, it is now focused on scaling up its business
model. Arti cial Intelligence-guided adaptive cleaning for membrane and ltration processes are yet
expected to make treatment plants more e cient, reliable and economical.
5.3 VIRTUAL ASSISTANTS
Extracting insight from across this environment is an on-demand job for Data Analytics systems.
Engineers are creating personal virtual assistants using simple, natural language voice or text commands.
In seconds, these tools can search millions of les for relevant information that might otherwise take
days, weeks or even months to nd.

Willow, for instance, is an Alexa-like virtual avatar that lets sta interact with all of Woodside’s enterprise
systems using natural language voice commands. It will search for all the company’s systems and data
reserves, drawing relevant answers from more than 60 years of history. People continue to play a vital
role in our cognitive and arti cial intelligence work, as Willow learns with each interaction and piece of
feedback from sta .

5.4 DRONES AND REMOTE SENSING

Oil and gas distribution pipelines require monitoring for maintenance and safety to prevent equipment
failure and accidents. Monitoring oil and gas pipeline networks requires periodic assessment of the
functioning and physical state of the pipes to minimise the risk of leakage, spill and theft, as well as
documenting actual incidents and the e ects produced on the environment. Drones, also known as
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are emerging as an opportunity to supplement current monitoring
systems.

Drone production is growing extremely fast. In ten years, industrial inspection in oil and gas, energy,
infrastructure and transportation will be the dominating purpose of drones worldwide [13]. In the
context of Big Data, the development of drones and associated operating systems provides a good
example of the fusion of technologies: technological progress could lead to improved simulation models,
new materials, and information and communication technologies including AI, miniaturised electronics,
and wireless 5G communication. All of these will have straightforward implications for both current and
future drone capabilities.

Drone tech and Big Data are fueling an array of enterprise initiatives. In general, drones are
comparatively low-cost and easy to deploy in mapping and data-collection missions. They can be
programmed, which also facilitates their use. The type of sensor carried by UAVs determines the sort of
data acquired and the obtainable information. Through research and operational cases, they are
demonstrating the capacity to support the inspection and monitoring of oil and gas pipelines. Prototype
systems to monitor pipelines are reviewed in the literature, and some monitoring scenarios are
proposed and illustrated [14], [15], [16].

Figure 9. Schematic illustration of monitoring scenarios. Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-017-

2989-x/figures/2

5.5 WHY DATA SCIENCE MIGHT FAIL IN OIL AND GAS

Big Data on its own is not a silver bullet for oil and gas companies. Today, we are seeing a lot of analytics
and vendors running around selling predictive maintenance to big industrial companies, but what these
companies seem to miss is real domain competence embedded into their teams. That means having
someone that is used to working with these machines and is working at the company fulltime – this is
important for several reasons.

Firstly, to tell when a machine is operating as it should, and when it is not, is hard work that requires a
share of an engineer’s time.

Secondly, the user has to know how the various sensors relate to each other to be good at predictive
maintenance. The user has to be able to tell which sensor tells something about a mechanical issue and
which sensor can say something about a performance issue, for instance. If the user does not know that,
then the typical noise levels of these sensors will lead the data scientist to over t their model. The last
one is almost always a problem, and that is why the use of physics-based models is recommended to
augment machine learning capabilities and deliver real value at scale.

6 CONCLUSION
Industry 4.0 re ects the next revolution of industrial innovation and now presents new opportunities for
raising oil eld production performance to new standards of e ciency, control, and recovery.

As we have seen through this article, such digital innovations in data analytics are highly adaptable, the
critical drivers for its adoption are the following:

1. Data analysis: rapid analysis of massive volumes of divergent data

2. Traceability: fact-based and traceable reasoning

3. Expertise: insight and expertise retained within the company

4. Decision-making: improved decision-making with greater certainty

5. Innovation: democratised innovation by scaling knowledge

One of the most impactful among them is the fact that the knowledge of the company’s best practices
and expertise of the most senior and experienced people is captured and retained through Big Data
systems in the corporation. This is the expertise that never retires and never leaves. The more is being
used, the better it gets; the more experts it interacts with, the more data it is being fed, providing higher
quality recommendations that drive operations to the new levels of operational performance. With that,
it is probably one of the closest contributors to sustain competitive advantage technology can provide.

Experts and trend research suggests that those who will be at the forefront of the oil and gas industries
are those able to generate energy for the lowest possible price. By digitising their upstream and
downstream networks, companies are cutting costs and improving productivity in their supply chains.
The advent of the “digital oil eld” has helped produce cost-e ective energy while addressing safety and
environmental concerns. The essential elements that comprise an Oil eld 4.0 are advanced data
analytics, the internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, arti cial intelligence, deep learning, and edge
connectivity. Oil & gas companies have seen a range of assets from adopting Big Data and analytics.
Some key bene ts of Big Data analytics include being able to visualise a drilling map, driving the drill
most e ectively and e ciently, or assessing the safety and environmental risk of oil and gas workers and
the surrounding community.
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