Chemical Engineering Science 73 (2012) 366–372

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Chemical Engineering Science

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Natural convection heat transfer on the outer surface of inclined cylinders

Jeong-Hwan Heo, Bum-Jin Chung n
Department of Nuclear and Energy Engineering, Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University #102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, South Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An experimental investigation of natural convection heat transfer was conducted on inclined cylinders
Received 17 November 2011 for Rayleigh numbers of 1.69  108–5.07  1010, and for angles of inclination of 01–901. A copper
Received in revised form electroplating system was employed to simulate heat transfer in a mass transfer system, based on the
6 February 2012
analogy between heat and mass transfer. The measured mass transfer coefficients were highest for
Accepted 7 February 2012
Available online 15 February 2012
horizontal cylinders, gradually decreased with increasing inclination angle, and were lowest for vertical
cylinders. The results showed trends similar to the existing heat transfer correlations for inclined
Keywords: cylinders, and were in good agreement with results for vertical and horizontal cylinders. This study
Analogy expended the studies to turbulent heat transfer correlations were derived for inclined cylinders in
Electroplating system
either laminar or turbulent flow. Copper plating patterns on the cylinders enabled visualization of the
Heat transfer
local heat transfer and fluid flow. Distinct lines denoting flow separation were observed, with were
Inclined cylinder
Natural convection dependent on the inclination angle.
Visualization & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Many researchers have studied natural convection heat trans-
fer on cylinders for various applications, such as pin fins and heat
exchangers, and have used their results to control electroplating
and forms of metal deposition, and other diffusion-controlled
processes such as corrosion (Goldstein et al., 2007; Stewart, 1981;
Oosthuizen, 1976). Natural convection heat transfer phenomena
are two-dimensional on horizontal and vertical cylinders, but are
three-dimensional on inclined cylinders due to the circumferen-
tial and axial developments of the boundary layers, making the
flow and heat transfer behaviors more complex (Stewart, 1981).
Compared to researches on horizontal and vertical cylinders, few
studies have focused on inclined cylinders (Goldstein et al., 2007).
Fig. 1 presents the geometry and dimensions of the inclined
cylinder considered in this study. According to Stewart (1981),
horizontal cylinders should be treated as infinitely long in the
axial direction, so the remaining length scale is the diameter of
the cylinder D. Vertical cylinders with a large radius of curvature
are treated as flat plates, and the length scale is the length of the
cylinder L (Stewart, 1981). However, the length scales on inclined
cylinders are both length and diameter. Lia and Tarasuk (1992)
used the cylinder diameter D and inclination angle j, and
j)
proposed the correlation NuD ¼m(j)Ran( D . In contrast, Al-Arabi
and Khamis (1982) used the cylinder length L and inclination
j)
angle j, and proposed the correlation NuL ¼m(j)Ran( L , where m
and n vary depending on the angle of inclination.
The heat transfer correlations for inclined cylinders proposed by
some researchers (Oosthuizen, 1976; Sedahmed and Shemilt,
1982; Al-Arabi and Salman, 1980; Stewart and Buck, 1980;
Stewart, 1981) at j ¼01 do not agree with the correlations for a
horizontal cylinder proposed by Morgan (1975) and Fand et al.
(1977). For a vertical cylinder, the proposed correlation at j ¼901
agrees with the Le Fevre (1956) correlation for laminar conditions,
but does not agree with the Fouad and Ibl (1960) correlation for
turbulent conditions. Thus, further research is needed to clarify the
absolute values of natural convection heat transfer from inclined
cylinders.
This study investigated natural convection heat transfer on the
outer surface of inclined cylinders with varying inclination angles.
Mass transfer experiments were carried out, replacing heat
transfer experiments using the analogy between heat and mass
transfer. A cupric acid-copper sulfate electroplating system was
employed as the mass transfer system. The measured electric
current due to the movement of cupric ions revealed the amount
of mass transfer, and the plating patterns appearing on the
cathode surface enabled visualization of the local heat transfer.
2. Background

2.1. Natural convection phenomena of inclined cylinders

n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ82 64 754 3644; fax: þ 82 64 757 9276. Fig. 2 shows cross-sectional views of the horizontal and inclined
E-mail addresses: bjchung@jejunu.ac.kr, bjchung123@naver.com (B.-J. Chung). cylinders, together with the fluid flows that develop along the outer

0009-2509/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ces.2012.02.012
 J.-H. Heo, B.-J. Chung / Chemical Engineering Science 73 (2012) 366–372
Fig. 1. An inclined cylinder.
Fig. 2. Flows for horizontal and inclined cylinders.
surfaces of the cylinders. As the cylinder inclines from the horizon-
tal, the cross-section becomes an ellipse with a fixed minor axis and
increased major axis.
The boundary layer development on an inclined cylinder is a
three-dimensional phenomenon (Stewart, 1981). The boundary
layer develops along the circumference of the ellipse and along
the axial direction of the cylinder. Fig. 3 shows a sketch of the
phenomena. At the top leading edge of a cylinder at y ¼1801, the
flow develops along the cylinder for a while and then separates
from the surface. Fig. 3(a)–(c) show flows subject to the influence
of circumferential and axial developments of the boundary layer.
Fig. 3(b) and (c) show the further downstream flows.
Natural convection heat transfer from vertical cylinders and a
flat vertical plate can differ significantly due to the curvature
effect. This effect becomes significant when the thermal boundary
layer thickness is comparable to or thicker than the radius of
cylinder (Popiel 2008). Popiel et al. (2007) suggested the curva-
ture effect criterion (1) for heat transfer from vertical cylinder
valid in the range of Pr from 0.01 to 100.
D
Gr 0:25
H ra þ b=Pr 0:5 þ c=Pr 2
H
where
a ¼ 11:474, b ¼ 48:92, and c ¼ 0:006085:
Kang and Chung (2011) investigated the curvature effect for a
more larger Pr using analogy experimentally. Tests were
performed for RaH from 1.4  109 to 4  1010, Sc from 2 094 to 4
173, and diameters D from 0.005 m to 0.035 m. Sc in mass transfer
367
Fig. 3. Flow development for an inclined cylinder.
systems corresponds to Pr in heat transfer systems. The curvature
effects did not appear and Kang and Chung (2011) concluded that
the vertical cylinders can be treated as flat plates at larger Pr.
Thus, vertical cylinders can be treated as flat plates when the
boundary layer thickness, dT is much smaller than then cylinder
diameter D (Bejan, 1994).
For horizontal (j ¼01) and inclined cylinders (01o j o901),
average heat transfer increases with RaD and inclination angle j;
the local heat transfer is highest at y ¼01 and lowest at y ¼901.
2.2. Natural convection heat transfer correlations for cylinders
Table 1 summarizes the natural convection heat transfer
correlations for vertical, horizontal, and inclined cylinders, as
proposed by several authors. The governing parameters are Ra,
Pr, inclination angle j, and L/D (Goldstein et al., 2007).
Fig. 4 compares the correlations for vertical cylinders with
those for inclined cylinders at vertical inclinations. In the case of
laminar flow (RaL o109), NuL calculated from the Al-Arabi and
Salman (1980) correlation for an inclined cylinder agrees well
with that from the Le Fevre (1956) correlation for a vertical
cylinder. However, in the case of turbulent flow (RaL 4 109), large
discrepancies appear between the NuL calculated from the
Sedahmed and Shemilt (1982) correlation for an inclined cylinder
and that from the Fouad and Ibl (1960) correlation for a vertical
cylinder.
Fig. 5 also compares the correlations for horizontal cylinders
and inclined cylinders at horizontal inclinations. NuD calculated
from the correlations for an inclined cylinder proposed by
Oosthuizen (1976), Stewart and Buck (1980), and Stewart
(1981) do not agree with those for a horizontal cylinder proposed
by Morgan (1975) and Fand et al. (1977).
2.3. Analogy experimental method
Heat and mass transfer systems are analogous; the governing
ð1Þ equations and parameters are similar. Through the analogy, heat
transfer systems can be transformed into mass transfer systems.
Table 2 describes the relationship between heat and mass transfer
systems (Bejan, 1994).
A copper electroplating system was employed to simulate a
heat transfer system. When a potential is applied to copper
electrodes in H2SO4–CuSO4, copper ions produced at the anode
move to the cathode and are plated on the surface of the cathode.
Due to the copper ion reduction, the concentration of copper ions
368 J.-H. Heo, B.-J. Chung / Chemical Engineering Science 73 (2012) 366–372

Table 1
Heat transfer correlations for vertical, horizontal, and inclined cylinders.

Author j L/D Pr Correlations

Sedahmed and Shemilt (1982) Inclined 4.65  14.3 2300 NuL ¼ 0:498ðRaL cosfÞ0:28 , ð2Þ
1:9  1010 o RaL cosf o 3:8  1011
1=4 þ 1=12ðsinð90fÞÞ1:73
Al-Arabi and Salman (1980) Inclined 25 0.7 NuL ¼ ½0:60:488ðsinð90fÞ1:09 ÞRaL ð3Þ
5:5 7
10 o RaL o 10
Oosthuizen (1976) Inclined 8,10,16 0.7 NuD 1=4
¼ 0:42½1 þ ð1:31=L Þ3 1=2 ,
ðGrD cosfÞ1=4
L ð4Þ
L¼ , 104 o RaD o 109
Dtanf " #
1=4  1=4
Stewart and Buck (1980) Inclined. 6, 9, 12 0.7 NuD D D
¼ 0:48 þ 0:555 þ
ðRaD cosfÞ1=4 Lcosf L ð5Þ
4  104 o RaD o 4  108
" 1=4  1=4 #
Stewart (1981) Inclined 6  12 0.7 NuD D D
¼ 0:53 þ 0:555 
ðRaD cosfÞ1=4 Lcosf L ð6Þ
104 o RaD o 108
Morgan (1975) Horizontal 1=4
NuD ¼ 0:48RaD , 104 o RaD o 107 ð7Þ
0:047
Fand et al. (1977) Horizontal 2.2 0.7  3090 NuD ¼ 0:474Ra0:25
D Pr ð8Þ
0:25  102 o RaD o 1:8  107
ð9Þ
Le Fevre (1956) Vertical NuL ¼ 0:67ðGrL PrÞ0:25 , Gr L o 109

NuL ¼ 0:31ðGr L PrÞ0:28 , Gr L 4 109 ð10Þ

Fouad and Ibl (1960) Vertical

Inclined correlation Table 2

103
Sedahmed and Shemilt (1982) Dimensionless groups for analogous heat and mass transfer systems.
Al-Arabi and Salman (1980)
Heat transfer system Mass transfer system
Vertical correlation
Laminar flow : Le Fevre (1956) Nusselt number hh D Sherwood number hm D
Tubulent flow : Fouad and Ibl (1960)
k Dm
Prandtl number n Schmidt number n
102 a Dm
Rayleigh number 3 Rayleigh number gD3 Dr
NuL

g bDTD
an Dm n r

near the cathode becomes lower, resulting in a reduction in fluid

density compared to the surrounding fluid. Therefore, when natural
101 convection is simulated by mass transfer, the cathode simulates the
heated wall and the amount of transferred copper ions, i.e., the
current, is the amount of heat transfer (Ko et al., 2006).
104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 Levich (1962) proposed the idea of applying an electrochemi-
RaL (at vetical) cal system to heat transfer problems. Selman and Tobias (1978)
further developed the theory, applying the electrochemical
Fig. 4. NuL vs. RaL at j ¼ 901.
method to convective diffusion. The empirical relations suggested
by Fenech and Tobias (1960) were used to find the values of
102 Horizontal correlation
physical properties, which are accurate within an error bound of
Morgan (1975) 0.5% at 22 1C.
Fand et al. (1977)
rðkg=m3 Þ ¼ ð0:9978þ 0:06406CH2 SO4 0:00167C2H2 SO4
Inclined correlation
Ooshuizen (1976) þ 0:12755CCuSO4 þ 0:01820C2CuSO4
Stewart and Buck (1980)
Stewart (1981) 0:00235CGlycerol þ 0:00353C2Glycerol Þ  103 , ð11Þ
NuD

mðcpÞ ¼ 0:974 þ 0:1235CH2 SO4 þ 0:0556C2H2 SO4 þ0:5344CCuSO4

þ 0:5356C2CuSO4 þ 0:1475CGlycerol þ0:2029C2Glycerol , ð12Þ

101 mDCuSO4 ðm2 =sÞ ¼ ð0:7633þ 0:00511CH2 SO4 þ 0:02044CCuSO4

þ0:0653CGlycerol Þ  10, ð13Þ

t CuSO4 ¼ ð0:26330:1020CH2 SO4 ÞCCuSO4 , ð14Þ

105 106 107 108 109
RaD (at horizontal)  
Dr DC H2 SO4
¼ CCuSO4 bCuSO4 bH2 SO4 , ð15Þ
Fig. 5. NuD vs. RaD at j ¼ 01. r DC CuSO4
 J.-H. Heo, B.-J. Chung / Chemical Engineering Science 73 (2012) 366–372 369

contained in a rectangular tank made of acryl. A simple arrange-

ment was installed to vary and measure the cylinder inclination.
The electric potential was applied by a power supply (VüPOWER
IPS18B10), and the current was measured using a dual display
multimeter (FLUKE-45).
Table 3 presents the test matrix. The diameters D of the
circular cylinders were 0.01, 0.034, and 0.067 m, and two lengths
L were tested: 0.25 and 0.45 m. The concentrations of the CuSO4
and H2SO4 were 0.01 and 0.1 M, respectively, corresponding to Pr
of 2 094, RaD of 1.69  108–5.07  1010 and RaL of 2.64  1012–
1.54  1013. H2SO4 was added as the supporting electrolyte to
minimize the electric migration of the cupric ions from the anode
to the cathode. The angles of inclination j were 01–901.

4. Results and discussions

4.1. Experimental results

Fig. 6. Typical limiting current curve. Fig. 8 shows the experimental results together with the correla-
tions reported by other researchers listed in Table 1, using the length
scale L. Triangles denote D¼0.01 m, circles denote D¼0.034 m, and

DCH2 SO4
¼ 0:000215 þ 0:113075g1=3 þ0:85576g2=3 0:50496g,
DCCuSO4
ð16Þ

CCuSO4
g¼ , ð17Þ
CCuSO4 þ CH2 SO4

 
1 @r
bj ¼ : ð18Þ
r @C j T,C k aj

Chung et al. conducted a series of tests on the applications of

the analogy experimental methodology for various flow condi-
tions (Chung et al., 2011; Heo and Chung, 2011; Ko et al., 2006,
2010; Kang and Chung, 2010).
In the present study, a limiting current technique was applied
to determine the cupric ion concentration at the cathode surface.
The current between two electrodes increases as the applied
potential increases, until it reaches a plateau region at which the
increase of the applied potential does not affect the current due to Fig. 7. Experiment apparatus and system circuit.
the full reduction of cupric ions on the cathode surface. At this
point, the current is called a limiting current (see Fig. 6), and the
concentration of copper ion at the cathode surface can be
regarded as 0. Thus, the mass transfer coefficient hm can be GrL=1.26x109, L=0.25 m
3x103 D=0.010 m, L/D=25
calculated using only the bulk concentration Cb and limiting D=0.034 m, L/D=7.4
current density Ilim: D=0.067 m, L/D=3.7
GrL=7.34x109, L=0.45 m
ð1t n ÞIlim D=0.034 m, L/D=13.2
hm ¼ : ð19Þ D=0.067 m, L/D=6.7
nFC b
2x103

2.4. Visualization methods using the electroplating system

NuL

In the copper electroplating system, the amount of copper

reduced or plated at the cathode can be regarded as the amount 1x103 Inclined correlation
of heat transferred. This also means that observation of plating Sedahmed and Shemilt (1982) : L/D=4.65~14.3
patterns on the cathode surface will reveal the local heat transfer Al-Arabi and Salman (1980) : L/D=25;

patterns, as demonstrated experimentally by Heo and Chung (2011). Vertical correlation

Le Fevre (1956) : Laminar flow
Fouad and Ibl (1960) : Tubulent flow
3. Experiments
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Fig. 7 shows a schematic diagram of the test rig, which
Horizontal Angle of inclination Vertical
consisted of a vertical copper anode of sufficient height and an
inclined cylinder immersed in a solution of H2SO4–CuSO4 Fig. 8. NuL vs. inclination angle.
370 J.-H. Heo, B.-J. Chung / Chemical Engineering Science 73 (2012) 366–372

Table 3
Test matrix.

j (1) L (m) RaL D (m) RaD

0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 0.25 2.64  1012 0.01 1.69  108
0.034 6.63  109
0.067 5.07  1010
0.45 1.54  1013 0.034 6.63  109
0.067 5.07  1010
CuSO4 0.1 M, H2SO4 1.5 M, Pr ¼2 094

Inclined correlation Horizontal correlation

103
Ooshuizen (1976) : L/D=8,10,16 Morgan (1975)
Stewart and Buck (1980) : L/D=6, 9,12 Fand et al. (1977)
Stewart (1981) : L/D=6, 9, 12
NuD

102

GrD= 6.27x104, D=0.010m, L/D=25

GrD= 3.17x106, D=0.034m, L/D=7.4 GrD= 3.17x106, D=0.034m, L/D=13.2
GrD= 2.37x107, D=0.067m, L/D=3.7 GrD= 2.37x107, D=0.067m, L/D=6.7
101
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Horizontal Angle of inclination Vertical

Fig. 9. NuD vs. inclination angle. Fig. 10. NuD vs. inclination angle for the proposed correlation.

squares denote D¼0.065 m. Solid and open symbols denote cylin- changed from L to D, the effect of L disappeared; as a result, the
ders with lengths of 0.25 and 0.45 m, respectively. open and closed symbols had similar values.
NuL was highest for j ¼ 01 (horizontal), gradually decreased with The test results revealed similar trends as those reported by
increasing inclination angle j, and was lowest for j ¼ 901 (vertical). Morgan (1975), Stewart and Buck (1980), and Stewart (1981), but
NuL for j ¼ 301 was 4.32% lower than the horizontal case, while NuL the absolute values differed. It is worth noting that the present
for the vertical case was 60% lower than the j ¼301 case, meaning results were in good agreement with the existing heat transfer
that NuL varied significantly for j ¼301–901. correlations for a horizontal cylinder. The deviations of the test
The curvature effect did not appear due to the large Sc in the results for the horizontal inclination from the correlations of
system as Kang and Chung (2011). The angular variation trend of Morgan (1975) (laminar) and Fand et al. (1977) (turbulent) were
NuL was more similar to that reported by Sedahmed and Shemilt about 5% and 10%, respectively.
(1982) than by Al-Arabi and Salman (1980). A perfect agreement Figs. 8 and 9 reveal that the experimental results exhibited
was not expected due to the difference in the cylinder diameters. similar trends as the existing reported correlations for inclined
However, NuL for vertical cases should remain constant, regard- cylinders, and were in good agreement with the existing reported
less of variations in the cylinder diameter, because for the vertical correlations for vertical and horizontal cylinders. Therefore, the
case, the length scale is length of the cylinder only. The results experimental results of this study appear to be reliable. Heat
indicated that the test results converged to a constant value as the transfer correlations using the length scale D (20, 21) and using
inclination angle increased to vertical. NuL for vertical cases the length scale L (22, 23) were formulated based on the test
agreed reasonably well with the existing heat transfer correlation results (see Figs. 10 and 11). The range of the tests were L/D of
reported by Le Fevre (1956) for laminar conditions and by Fouad 3.7–25, RaD of 1.69  108–5.07  1010, RaL of 2.64  1012–
and Ibl (1960) for turbulent conditions and the deviations of the 1.54  1013 and Pr of 2 094 in either laminar or turbulent
test results from those correlations were about 1% for laminar and conditions. The relative errors were about 2–6%. The correlations
12% for turbulent. For horizontal cases, under both laminar and may be applied to the cylinders with non-circular cross-section
turbulent conditions, cylinders with smaller diameters exhibited such as ellipse as the circular cross-section becomes ellipse with
greater heat transfer. the inclinations.
Fig. 9 presents the same results as Fig. 8, using length scale D.
NuD ¼ 0:3Ra0:25
D ð1 þ 0:7cosjÞ ðLaminarÞ ð20Þ
Triangles denote D¼ 0.01 m, circles denote D¼0.034 m, and squares
denote D¼0.065 m. Solid and open symbols denote cylinders with
NuD ¼ 0:13Ra0:3
D ð1þ 0:6cosjÞ ðTurbulentÞ ð21Þ
lengths of 0.25 and 0.45 m, respectively.
NuD was highest for the horizontal cylinder, gradually
NuL ¼ 0:67Ra0:25
L ð1 þ1:44Ra0:04
D cosjÞ ðLaminarÞ ð22Þ
decreased with increasing inclination angle, and was lowest for
the vertical cylinder. These results are similar to those shown in
NuL ¼ 0:26Ra0:28
L ð1 þ1:89Ra0:044
D cosjÞ ðTurbulentÞ ð23Þ
Fig. 8. However, since the length scale in the Nusselt number was
 J.-H. Heo, B.-J. Chung / Chemical Engineering Science 73 (2012) 366–372 371

5. Conclusions

This study experimentally investigated natural convection

Fig. 11. NuL vs. inclination angle for the proposed correlation.
heat transfer on inclined cylinders. Using an analogy, the heat
transfer systems were replaced by mass transfer systems. Using a
CuSO4–H2SO4 electroplating system, mass transfer was measured
and simultaneously visualized for circular cylinders with
diameters of 0.01, 0.034, and 0.067 m, and lengths of 0.25 and
0.45 m, which corresponded to a RaD of 1.69  108–5.07  1010
and a RaL of 2.64  1012–1.54  1013.
The measured mass transfer coefficients exhibited similar
trends as the existing heat transfer correlations for inclined
cylinders, with some difference in absolute values. However the
test results were in good agreement with the existing heat
transfer correlations for vertical and horizontal cylinders. There-
fore, the experimental results of this study appear to be reliable.
Heat transfer correlations were proposed for inclined cylinders in
both laminar and turbulent conditions. The heat transfer rates for
cylinders with an inclination angle of 301 were only about 5%
lower than for horizontal cylinders. Therefore, the results indicate
that in terms of heat transfer, cylinders with low inclination
angles can be approximated as horizontal cylinders.
The copper plating patterns on the cylinders revealed informa-
tion about the local heat transfer and fluid flow. Distinct lines
denoting flow separation were observed, and were dependent on
the inclination angle. This visualization was useful and helped
reveal the amount of natural convection heat transfer as well as
the fluid motion. This methodology provided flow visualization
and simultaneous measurements of the mass transfer coefficients.

Nomenclature

Cb Cupric ion concentration in the bulk (mol/m3)

D Diameter of cylinder (m)
Dm Diffusivity (m/s2)
F Faraday constant, 96,485 (C/mol)
g Gravitational acceleration, 9.8 (m/s2)
hh Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
Fig. 12. Visualization of flow separation at RaD ¼2.64  1012, D ¼0.034 m.
hm Mass transfer coefficient (mol/s)
I Electric current (A)
Ilim Limiting current (A)
Fig. 12 shows top views of the plating patterns appearing on k Thermal conductivity (W/mK)
cylinders with different inclination angles, for cylinders with a L Length of cylinder (m)
diameter of 0.034 m. The vertical cylinder was evenly plated with n Number of electrons in charge transfer reaction
copper. As the cylinder inclined to horizontal, thin lines appeared, NuD Nusselt number using diameter as the length scale
denoting signs of flow separation at those positions. These thin (hhD/k)
lines were directed vertically upward. NuL Nusselt number using length as the length scale (hhL/k)
Pr Prandtl number (n/a)
RaD Rayleigh number using length scale by diameter
4.2. Uncertainty analysis (gbDTD3/an)
RaL Rayleigh number using length scale by lengths
The uncertainties involved in measuring in the electroplating (gbDTL3/an)
system were analyzed by data reduction equations (Coleman and Sc Schmidt number (n/Dm)
Steele, 1999). T Temperature (K)
tn Transference number
hm L
ShL ¼ ) ShL ¼ f ðhm ,L,Dm Þ and
Dm Greek symbols
 2  2  2
@ShL @ShL @ShL
U 2ShL ¼ U hm þ UH þ U Dm ð24Þ a Thermal diffusivity (m2/s)
@hm @L @Dm
b Volume expansion coefficient (m3/K)
The uncertainties of individual variables U hm , U L , U Dm were dT Thermal boundary layer thickness (m)
estimated using the data reduction equations with the errors of y Angular position (1)
basic measurements as the halves of graduations. The uncertainty n Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
was 2.59 when Sherwood numbers were around 300, indicating r Density (kg/m3)
that the measurement accuracy was quite high. j Angle of inclination (1)
372 J.-H. Heo, B.-J. Chung / Chemical Engineering Science 73 (2012) 366–372
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Priority Research Centers Program
through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded
by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST)
(Grant code: 2011-0018391).
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