D ~ BS 5400 : Part 5 : 1979 ®@ Steel, concrete and composite bridges Part 5. Code of practice for design of composite bridges Ponts en acier, en béton et ponts composites Partie 5. Code de bonne pratique pour le calcul des ponts composites Briicken aus Stahl, Beton und Gemischtbau Teil 5. Richtlinie fiir die Berechnung von Briicken aus Gemischtbau British Standards Institution Gr 8 , Coyrihtb the rion Slndords Iuton san Feb 08 1585BS 5400 : Part § : 1979 Contents Page Foreword 1 Cooperating organizations Back cover Recommendations 1. Scope 2 2 References 2 3. Definitions and symbols 2 3.4 Definitions 2 3.2 Symbols 2 4. Design: generat 3 aa n philosophy 3 aia ral 3 41.2 Design loads due to shrinkage ofconcrete 3 4.13 Design loading effects 3 42° Matotial properties 3 42.4 General 3 422 Structuralstoet 4 4.2.3 Concrete, reinforcamentand prestressing steels 4 43 Limitstaterequirements 4 43.4 General 4 432 Sonviceabiltyimitstate 4 43.3 Ultimatelimitstate 4 5. _Devignand dotalling of euporstructure for the serviceability limitstate 4 5A Analysis of structure 4 8.1.1 Distribution of bonding moments and vertical shear forces 4 62 Analysis of sections 4 521 General 4 82.2 Analysis 4 6.2.3 Effective broadth of concrete flange 4 5.2.4 Dockslabs formina flanaes of composite boame 5 528 Stedlsection 6 52.6 Control oferacking in conorete 6 53 Longitudinalshear 7 7 8 53.1 Goneral 83.2 Shearconnectors 5.3.3 Design of shear connection 2 84 Temperature effects and shrinkage modified by creep 2 541 General 12 5.4.2 Temperetureetfects 13 5.4.3 Shrinkage modified by creep 13 5.8 Detlections 4 BB1 Gonoral 14 55.2 Calculation of deflections 4 6. Design and detailing of superstructure forthe ultimate limitstate 14 6.1 Analysis of structure 4 6.4 General 4 6.1.2 Deck slabs forming the flanges of ‘composite beams 14 6.1.3 Composite action 14 6.1.4 Distribution of bending moments and vertical shear forces 14 6.1.8 Tomperature effects and shrinkage ‘modified by creep 15 6.2 Analysis of sections 15 6.2.1 General 15 8.2.2 Definitions 16 6.2.3 Analysis of compact eross sections 15 6.24 Analysis of slender cross sections 18 8.3. Longitudinalshoar 16 631 General 16 632 Decksiab 18 6.3.3 Transverseroinforcoment 18 8.3.4 Sheareonnectors 18 7. Composite box girders 18 71 General 18 Coprnht by the rsh Stndords Intuton Sun Feb 0 15:45:55 2005, Effective span Effective breadth Distribution of bending moments and vertical sheer forces Longitudinal shear Spacing of shear connectors Design of sheer connectors Torsion Composite plate Cased beams and filler beam, construction ‘Scope Limit state requirements Analysis of structure Transverse momentsin filler beam decks (approximate method) Analysis of sections Se ii Uttimate limit state Longitudinal shear Serviceabilty limit state Ultimate limit state ‘Temperature and shrinkage effects General Longitudinal stresses and strains Longitudinalshear Control of cracking General Cased beams Filler beams Design and construction Permanent formwork General Materiale ‘Structural participation Temporary construction loading Design General Non-partcipating formwork Participating formwork Precast conorate or composite precast concrete permanent formwork Design Welding of reinforcement Interfaces Coverto reinforcement ‘The use of friction grip bolts as shear connsetarsin composite beams General Design requirements: staticloaging Serviceabilty limit state Ultimate limitstate Fatigue Othe: considerations Composite columns General Scope Materials Shear eonnection Concrete contribution factor Limits on slonderness ‘Moments and forces in columns General ‘Somi-empirical design method for resitained composite columns Analysis of column cross section General ‘Axially loaded columns Columns under uniaxial bending about the minor axis UBSI BSxS4OO PARTS 79 MM Lb24b69 OOLI4G3 9 mt | PageBSI BSx5400 PART Ub24bb9 OOLLHLY O mt BS 6400 : Part 5 : 1979 Page Page @ 11.3.4 Columns under uniaxial bending about 4 Hctvabranhretin yfornenal ttevivemnerag oe oy 6. Cloardistance (mm) betwoon bars in 11.35 Columns under uniaxial bending about tension for propped construction 7 the major axis unrestrained against 6, Clear distance (mm) between bars in {allure about the minor axis 4 7 ehsignterunpropped constuction 7 41.8.6 Columns under biexal bending 28 jominal static strengths of sheat 11.3.7 Utimat strength of axially loaded connectors for different concrete coneretefilled circular hollow sections 24 strengths 8 11.8.8 Tensile cracking of concrete 28 8, Properties of concrete ange for 41.38 Design details 3S calculation of tomperatureetects 13 42. Influones of method of construction 9. Shrinkege strains and creep reduction endesign 2s factors 13 412.4 Sequence of construction 38 10. Maximum percentage redistibution of 422 Permanent formwork 3S bonding moments atthe ultimate strassing in composite construction limit tote 18 181 Gomme a neompesit construction 3 11. ffoctive length of colurmne 23 18.2 Methods of prestessing 25 12. Values of constants C; end C2for 183 Limitstaterequicoments 25 axially loaded concrete filed 13.4 Prestressing the steel beam 25 ta. ietlareliow suctions 28 188 Swrosslimitations in concreteatiransfer 25 Struteurve selection chart 28 136. Loseolprestress 3 181 ValusofeootcontAsforcoumn a) Appendices 13.2 Values of coofficient K, for column ‘A. Calculation of effective breacthr 2 curve 29 At Gonoral 27 18.3 Valuesof coottciontX, for column ‘2 Equivalentsimply supportedspans. 27 curve 30 ‘83 Pointloads notatmidspan 21 14, Values of yeoetficiont 30 ‘Ad — Combination offoads 21 B. Calculation of crack widths in composite Figures mombors 27 1. Distribution of ongitudinalstressin BA General 27 the concrete lange of acomposite B.2__ Formula forestimating crack widths due beam 6 toloxura ar 2. Shearconnectors 8 ©. Formulae and tablos ortho design 3. __Dimenafons of aunches " of composite columns 28 4 Dimensions of specimens for teston A Cooflciont ky 28 shear connectors 1" C2 Costfcient Kz 30 5. Range ot canerate mixes for which 3 Costiciont 3 table Sean be used 1“ C4 Ulimatomomentotresistance Muof 6. Shoarplanes and transverse ‘composite columns at reinforeoment ” Tables 7. Gootficient k 19 clues ofthe partial safety factor for 8 Foreediagramsforoatoulating My 33. 1 Miter pber tel ater factor fo 4 8. Chartforavaluating 1 of one 2. Effective Doadthratiosy forsimply filled circular hollow sections 34 @ ‘supported beams, 5 3, Effective breadthatios y forcantilever beams 5 Copa by the rsh Stndords Instuton Sun Feb 0 15:45:55 2005,BSI BSx5400 BS 6400 : Part 5 : 1979 PARTSS 79 MM Db24bL4 OOLLULS 2 | Britsh Standard Steel, concrete and composite bridges Part 5. Code of practice for design of composite bridges 1. Scope ‘This Partof this British Standard supersedes CP 117: Part2 and augments the provisions of BS 5400 Parts 3, 4 and 10 for structural steel and reinforced or prestressed onerete when components of these materials are so interconnected thes they act compositely.. Igives recommendations for elled or fabricated steel ‘sections, cased or uncased, an¢ forfiller boam eystoms, Consideration is given to simply supported and continuous composite beams, composite columns and to the special problems of composite box beams. Therecommendations, for the concrete element cover normal and lightweight aggragate, cast in situ and precast concrete. Prestressing | and the uso of permanent formwork designed toact compositely with in situ concrete are also covered. 2. References ‘Tha titles ofthe standards publications referred to in this Part of BS 6400 arelistedin the inside back cover. 3. Definitions and symbols 3.1 Definitions. For the purposes ofthis Part of this British Standard the following definitions, and those given in Part apply. 3.1.1 eased composite beam. Aboam composed of either rolled or bullt-up structural steel sections, with a concrete encasement, which acts in conjunction with a concrete slab where the two elements are interconnected soasto forma composite section, 3.1.2 uncased composite beam. Abeam composed o either rolled or built-up structural steel sections, without a concrete ancasement, which acts in conjunction with a concrete slab where the two elements are interconnected ‘s0astoforma composite section. 3.1.3 composite box beam. A steal box girder acting ‘compositely with a concrete slab, NOTE. Ino closed steel box the conccato i cast on the top steel lange ‘whereet in en open see box the box eclosad by th concretseab, 2.1.4 composite column. A column composed aither of holiow steel section with an infil of concrete or of asteel section cased in conerate so that in elther case there Is Interaction between steel and concrete, 3.1.6 composite plate. An in situ concrete slab cast tupon, and acting compositely with, a structural steel plate. 3.1.6 concrete slab, The structural concrete slab that forms part of the deck ofthe bridge and acts compositely with the steel beams. The slab may be of procast, cast in situ ‘or composite construction, 3.1.7 composite slab. Aninsitu concrota slab that acts, ‘compositely with structurally participating permanent, formwork 3.1.8 participating permanent formwork. Formwork 10 in situ concrete, when the strength of the formwork is Copal by Ie Bib Slndods Isuion Sun Feb 0 15:45:56 2005, assumed to contribute to the sttength of the composite slab 3.1.9 non-participating permanent formwork. Pormanent formwork that may or may not act compositely with the in situ concrete but where the formwork noglected in calculating the strength ofthe slab. 3.1.10 filler beam construction. Rolled or built-up ste2l sctions that act in conjunction with a coneroto slab and which are contained within the slab, 3.1.11 interaction 3.1.1.1 complete interaction. This implies that no-slip ‘occurs between the steal and the concrete slab or fencasoment. 3.1.11.2,partal interaction. This implies thatslip occurs at ‘the interface between stool and conerete and a discontinuity instrain ocoure, 3.1.12 shear connector. A mechanical device to ensure interaction betweon concrate end steel 3.1.13 connector modulus. Tho lastie shoar stiffness of a shear connector. 8.2 Symbols. The symbols used in this Part of his, Standard have been derived in accordance with appendix F of CP110 : Part t :1972 and areas follows. ‘Ay Cross-sectional area of wansverse reinforcement Inthe bottom of tho slab Ane Cross-sectional area of other transverse reinforcement in the bottom of theslab Aw Cross-sectional area of additional transverse reinforcement Ac Cross-sectional area of concrete ‘As Effective cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement Ay Cross-sectional area of top flange of steel section A; Cross-sectional area of reinforcement ‘A Gross-seetional area of thesteol section ‘Asx Area ofthe encased tension flange of the structural steel mombot A; Area of tension reinforcement cross-sectional ‘ea of transversereintorcement near the top oftheslab a Distance from the compression face tothe point at which the crack width is calculated ey Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar 4 Width of section or portion of fiange orleast lateral dimension of a column, be Effective broadth of portion of flange bf Breadth of flange be External dimension of the wall of the RHS }; Effective breadth of the composite section atthe level of the tension reinforcement bw Halfthedistance between the contrelines of webs © Aconstant (with appropriate subscripts) idBSI BS*S4OO PARTS 79 MM LL24KE9 OOLLYEL 4 mm ~8S 5400: Pans : 1979 Foreword 8S 6400 is adocument combining codes of practice to Part8 Recommendations for materials and ‘cover the design and construction of stool, concrete and ‘workmanship, concrete, rsinforcement and ‘composite bridges and specifications for loads, materials prestressing tendons ‘and workmanship, Port 9 Code of practice for bearings comprises the follawing Parts Part 10 Code of practice for fatigue, Inthe drafting of BS $400 important changes have been Pa) Generalstatoment made in respect of loading and environmental assumptions, Part2 Specification forloads design philosophy, load factors service stresses and Part 3* Code of practice for design ot steel bridgos structural nai. Furthermore recourse hasheenmado ‘ode of practice for design of concrete bridges _to recentthooretical and experimental esearch and several Pant8 Cade of practice fordesionofcomposte ridges deslonstuceshave been made’on components nd Part® Specification formateriats andworkmanstip, __xperionee of diferent bridge types ls accumulated, urthor stee! ‘modifications willbe required. Part?” Specification for materials and workmanship, __t ghould be noted that this Par of 8S 6400 supersedes concrete, reinforcement and prestressing tendons p41]: Part 2 ‘in coure of proparation, The relationship between Part 3 and Part 5. The design of ‘composite bridges requires the combined use of Part 5 and Part 3 of 8S 5400. Part 6 was published in 1979, the major decisions on scope and approach having been taken some years previously; Part 3 was published in 1982, (tis natural therefore that some differences will exist between Part 3 and Part 5, Part 3 has been drafted on the assumption that for the design of steelwork in bridgee with either steel or concrete decks the methods of global analysis and all the procedures for satistying the limit state criteria will be as prescribed in Part 3. For beams Part 3 may be used without any modification in conjunction with those provisions of Part § that are applicable to the properties of the composite slab and its connection to the steel section, Part § also contains aptional provisions for increased redistribution of longitudinal moments in compact members or for plastic analysis of continuous beams for the ultimate limit state, which could prove economical in some instances, These procedures require special consideration of increased transverse deformations of the slab, which is not covered in Part 5, and of stability of the bottom flange, which is not covered in Part 3: | ‘they should not be used unless proper account is taken of these considerations. te will be noted that more serviceability checks are Fequired for composite than for steel bridges. This differ- ‘nce is due to the special characteristics of composite | construction, such as the large shape factor of certain | composite sections; the addition of stresses in a two-phase structure (bare steet/wet concrete and composite); and the effects of shrinkege and temperature on the gitders and con the shear connectors, ‘The method given in 4.1.3 a) of Part § should nat be Used, whan the relationship between loading end load ‘effects is non linear, and the values of Yq, for structural steel given in table 1 of Part 5 should not be used and reference made to table 2 of Part 3, It is intended to revise Parts 3 and § to coordinate them fully after there has been sufficient experience of their application, ah oni by he th lends nstuion Sn Tes 8 34596 2003{In appendix A is us Minimum cover to the tension reinforcement Diameter External diameter Depth ta neutral axis in composite column Seperation of symmeteicelly placed reinforcing bars Thickness of the concrete cover of encased steo! section Dopth of steel web in compression zone Static secont modulus of elasticity of concrete Modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcoment Modulus of elasticity of structural steel Tensile force per unitlength Concrete strength Enhanced characteristic strength of tiexilly contained concrete Concrete strength at (initial) transfer Characteristic concrete cube strength Longitudinal stress Maximum longitudinal stressin concrete lange Characteristic strength of reinforcement Tensile sires in uncracked concrete flange Reduced nominal yield strength of the steo!c Nominal yiold strength of structural ste ‘Thickness (with appropriate subscripts), ‘greatest latoral dimension of acolumn ‘Thiokness of the concrete slab forming the flange cof the concrete boam Second moment of area (with appropriate subscripts) Aconstant (with appropriate subscripts) ‘A constant (with appropriate subscripts) Longth of the shear plane under consideration Distance from face of supportto the end of a cantilever, o effective span of a beat (distance between centres of supports) orlengthof ealumn between centres of end rosteaintst Length of column for which the Euler load equals thesquash load Effective length of a column or /xor ly as appropriate Distance from and of beam Ono-fifthof the effective span Bending moment (with appropriate subscripts) Maximum moment Ultimate moment of resistance Uitimate moment of resistance about the major Ultimate moment of resistance about the minor ‘Moment acting about the major exis, longitudinal bonding moment per unit width of filler beam deck ‘Moment acting about the minor exis, longitudinal bending moment por unit width of ter boam dock Constant Ultimate axial load at the section considered ‘Axial failure loads Squash load of acoluma Design failure oad of acolumnsubjectedtoa constant design moment Mx Strength of a column in biaxial bending Design failure oad of acolumn subjected toa constant design moment My Total number of connectors per unitlength of girder Numberof connectors per unit length placed within 200 mm of the contre line of the web Nominalstatic strength Failure load of the connectors at conerete strength fe a8 the distance between adjacent pont Coprinht by the rsh Stndords Instuton Sun Feb 0 15:45:56 2005, “BSI BS¥540O PARTXS 79 MM Lb24EL9 OOLLYL7 & Which the bending moment ie 210. 3 BS 5400 : Part 6 : 1979 a Longitudinal shear force Q* Design toad a Longitudinal shear per unit length Ge Design longitudinal shear force per unit length of beam on the particular shear plane considered s Plastic section modulus S* Design ioading effects s Aconstant tross of 1 N/mm?re-expressed where necessary in units consistent with those used for other quantities % Spacing of bars Ty Tonsion t Wall thickness & Flanga thickness tw Webthickness x Neutral axis depth, coordinate y Coordinate a, Concretecontribution factor a Modular ratio a Ratio of the product ofthe partial safety factors ‘Yi. Yr for HB loading to the corresponding product for HA loading forthe limit state boing ‘considered B Ratio of the smaller to the larger of the two end ‘moments acting about each axis with appropriate subscripts Be Coefficient of linear thermal expansion ‘yu Partiat safety factor forloads and oad effects ‘tu Ya. ia, Partial saoty factors or loads and load effects Partial safety factor forstrength Yn AT Difference between the fae strains at the Controid of the concrete slab and the centroid of the stool beam ces Froeshrinkage strain em Average strain « Strain atihe level considered ” Imperfection constant for composite columns a Slenderness function (with appropriate ‘subseripts) Je Euler slonderness function u Coefficient of friction ° Ratio of the avorage compressive stress inthe concrete a failure to the design yield steongth of the steel, taken a8 0.4 ey/0.91fy ¢ bo Creep reduction factor x Non-dimensional coordinete y Effective breadth ratio, coefficient 4. Design: general 4.1 Design philosophy 4.1.4 General. Design should bein accordance with Port. 4.1.2 Design loads due to shrinkage of concrate. For shrinkage modified by creep the partial safety factor i. should be taken as 1.0 forthe serviceability limitstate and 1.2 forthe ultimate limit state. NOTE. Fer the defniton ofthe porta afety factor, s60 Pat. 4.1.3 Design loading effects. Tho design loading effects ‘S*fordesign in accordance with this Part of this British ‘Standard may be determined from the design loads O* from either (a) S*=etfeets of (740%) or (b) 8*=78 (effects of a") Tho partial factor of safety 7s should be taken as 1.10at tho ultimate limit state and 1.0 atthe serviceability limit state, Where the relationship between loading andload effectsie non-linear, a8 for example in slender columns orin beamsBSI BS*5400 5 :1979 BS 6400 = designed using simple plastic theory, the method given in (@) isthe more simple, 4.2 Matarial properties 4.2.1 General. nanalysing a structure to determine the load effects, the material properties associated with the Unfactored characteristic strength should be used Inraspective ofthe limitstate being considered. For analysis ‘of sections, the appropriate value ofthe partial factor of ‘safoly Ym to bo used in determining the design strength, ‘should be taken from Part 3 or Part 4 dopending on the materials and the limit state, Except where specifically Stated, it may bo assumed that allowance has been made inthe limiting stresses and expressions given inthis Part of ‘this British Standara, Tor the Values ot fm given intable 1 Table1. Values of the partial safety factor for materials 7, ‘Structural stool 1.10 Reinforcement 1.18 Concrete «| 100 13 is (a8 appropriate) ‘Shear connectors | 1.0 10 4.2.2 Structural steal. The characteristic ornominal propertios of structural tee! should be determined in ‘accordance with Part 3. 4.2.3 Concrete, reinforcement and prestressing ‘steals. The charactaritic properties of concrete, reinforcoment and prestressing steels should be determined inaccordance with Part 4. For sustained loadin be sufficlontly accurate to assume a modulus of elasticity of ‘concrete equal to one haif of tha valuo used for short term loading. 4.3 Limitstate requirements 4.3.1 General. Except whore otherwise recommended in this Part ofthis British Standard the design of structural steelwork and structural concrete elements forming part ‘ofa compositestructure should satisfy therecommendations of Parts 3, 4and 10. 4.3.2 Serviceability limit state, Aserviceability limit stato Iereached when any of the following conditions: (a)_ the stressin structural steel reaches the appropriate limit given in Part 3: (b) the stress in concrete, reinforcement or pestressing tendons reaches the appropriate limit given in Part4: (©) the width of a crack in concrete, calculated in accordance with 8.2.6, reaches the appropriate limit given in Part 4 (4) the slipat the interface between steel and concrete becomes excessiv NOTE. This e assumed to occur whan the ealoulated load on @ ‘shear connector excouds 0.85 times te nominal ttle stongth (e)_ the vibration ina structure supporting a footway or cycle track reaches the appropriate limit given in Pan. 4.3.3 Ultimate limit state, General ecommondations for composite structures at the ultimate limitstate are as sven in Part PARTSS 79 MM Lb24G9 OOLL4ES 6 ling of the superstructure y limit state 8.1 Analysis of structure 5.1.1 Distribution of bending moments and vertical shear forces 5.1.1.1 General, The distributions of bending moments and ‘vertical shear forces, due to loading on the composite member, may be calculated by an elastic analysis assuming the concrete to be uncracked and unreinforced. The effects of shearleg may be neglected. 8.1.1.2 Continuous beams. In continuous beams, atoach internal support, the apparent tensila stress in the concrete atthe top surface ofthe slab due to the maximum design hogging (negative) moment obtained from 6.1.1.1 should ‘becaleulated, For this calculation, the composite section should be taken as the appropriate stool memberacting compositely with a concrete flange equal in breadth tothe effective breadth determined in accordance with 6.2.3, The concrete should be assumed to be uncracked and unreinforced. If this tensile stress fe exceeds 0.1 fou then either (a) anew distibution of bending moments should be determined asin .1.1.1 butneglecting the stiffening effect of he concrete over 18 % ofthe length ofthe span ‘on each side of each supportso affected. For this purpose, longitudinal tensile rainforcementin the slab may be included. Or, alternatively, (b) provided adjacent spans do not differappreciably in Tength, the maximum design sagging moments in each span adjacentto each support so affected should be Increased by 40 fe/fev %t0 allow for cracking of the concrete slab atthe support. In this case, noreduction should be made in the support moment. 8.1.1.3 Presiressing in continuous beams. Where the cconerete flange in the hogging (negative) moment region of acontinuous composite beamistongitudinally prestressed the distribution of bonding moments and ‘vertical shear forces should be determined in accordance with 6.1.1.1 8.2 Analysis of sections 5.2.1 General, Composite elements should generally be dosigned to satisty tho requirements of the serviceability limit stato given in 3.2 in accordance with B.1 and 6.2. However, for slender cross sections (s00 6.2.2.2) wharo both the distribution of bonding moments and the stresses inthe composite section are determined by elastic analysis atthe ultimate limit state, temperature and shrinkage effects ‘being included, no check noed be made on the flexural strossos at tho sarvieoability limit stato, provided the stress limitations. the ultimate limit state given in 6.2.4.1 (a) are not exceoded. 5.2.2 Analysis. Stresses duc to bonding moments and Vertical shear forces may be calculated by elastic theory Using the appropriate elastic properties given in 4.2 and cffective breadths as given in 5.2.3, assuming that thereis {ull interaction between the steel beam and the concrete incompression. Vertical shear should be assumed to be resisted by the steel section aloneand the tensile strength ‘of éonereta should be neglected. 5.2.3 fective breadth of concrete flange 5.2.3.1 General. Exceptas providedin 6.3.1, forlongitud~ inal shear, and 6.6.2, for deflections, and in the absence of rigorous analysis, allowance forin-plane shear flexibility inthe flange (shearlag effects) should be made by using an effective breadth of flange. NOTE, The total fective beadth of lange associted with oach wob ‘ould bo taken asthe sum ofthe fet brandths ofthe portions of flanga coneldoredseparatly on aachsda ofthat web. Coprah Ey We Bri Slndords stuion Sun Feb 08 15:45:57 2005,‘The effective breadth be of each portion should be taken as: (a) yb for portions between webs where ‘bis equalto half the distance between the centre lines of webs, messured atthemid-plane of the, concrete flange; and (b) 0.85 yb for portions projecting beyond an outer web Where ‘bs equal o the distance from the free edge of the projecting portion to the contra line of the outer web, ‘measured at the mid-plano ofthe conerote flange {isthe distance from face of supportto the end of a ‘cantilover or the distance batwoen the centres of supports of a beam (exceptas noted in 6.2.5.4) 'y isthe offective breadth ratio from tables 2, 3 or. Velues of y ateross sections and for ratios b//other than those covered by tables 2, 3 or 4 may be ‘obtained by linear interpolation. Table 2. Effective breadth ratios y for simply supported beams. ieee | BES oo | Babies on ‘ Iunaepnver™ [suppor [rneion|™” [suppor a [ro fio fro [10 fro io d02 Jos los foss jos fio |to 005 Jose loss oss loa. fro Jt 610 |o2s loss jor joer fro Jt 820 lost lor Jose joss joss |to 820 joes fozo foxo [oss loss Joss 840 [oso lows lose oso loss |e 080 |o2e loss |o27 joss loa? lose “To be usod onl for point laede or rections of significant magnitude notiorwheslionts rss loot ‘Table 3. Effective breadth ratios y for cantilever beams it | lated over 8 tength fotioes then 57 faserter ree Quarter [Free support [point lens’ | suppore| paint” | end o [10 [to [10 f10 10 0.06 | 082 |10 | 092 Jost |1.0 10 | 063 |10 | 084 Joao |1.0 020 |os2 |10 | 070 }os7 jose o40 | 035 loss | 052 Joss jors 060 | 027 |osa | 040 Joss joo joss 080 | 021 |o49 | 092 }o30 oar |o70 1.00 | 018 |o38 | 027 |o24 jose |osa **To be used only for point loads or reactions of significant magnitude not for wee! loads or exe oes, i Coprinht by the rsh Slndords Instuton Sun Feb 08 15:45:57 2005, BSI BS*SYOO PART*S 79 MM Lb24bL9 OOLL4G9 T mm BS 5400 : Part 5 : 1979 Table 4. Effective breadth ratios y for internal spans of continuous beams oy | atatribited ever tength | midenon® 0 fio fro |1o |to [ro [to 002 |o9s jose jo77 joss |r0 Joss 005 joss joss jose jos7 |i0 joer 10 joss jose joat joss |10 joss 020 |o58 fo42 |o24 |o30 Jo.70 Jo30 030 jose fo30 Jo15 Jota Joa2 jois 40 |o2e fo21 jor2 jora fore joss 060 Jo20 fore fori jor2 fo20 jorz nsorefoar only for point loads or eactions of significant magnituds not for whee! ods or axe oede, 5.2.3.2 Standard highway orrailway loading. The effective broadth ratios y to be used in stress caleulationson structural elements subjected to standard highway or railway loading, as specified in Part2, should be the appropriate vaiues for uniformly distributed loading given intables2, 30r4. 5.2.3.3 Width over which slab reinforcements effective. Only reinforcement placed parallel tothe span of the stee! beam within the effective breadth of the concrete slab should be assumed to be effective in analysing cross sections. 5.2.3.4 Longitudinal stiffening. The effective breadth ratlos ivonin tables 2, 3and 4 take no account ofthe increase inshear lag inthe flange of a eampasite heam diiatathe presence of longitudinal stiffening members. Tables 2,3 and 4 may be taken to apply where the cross-sectional area of longitudinal stiffening mombers within breadth b ‘does not exoced ona quarter ofthe cross-sectional area of th flango within broadth b and whore these areas aro calculated for steel and conerets on the basis of the modular ratio. Effective breadth atios for heavily stiffened steel flanges are given in Part 3, 6.2.3.8 Endspans of continuous beams. For endspans of@ continuous beam, the effective breadth ratios y, forthe portion between the end support and the adjacent point of Contrafloxura, may be calculated in accordance with 5.2.3.1 for simply supported spans by considering the end span as en equivalent spen of length 0.97 8.2.3.6 Transverse members. The effective broadths given intables2, 3and 4 take no account of any contribution to the in-plane shear stifness of flange that may bemade by transverse members connectedtolk. 6.2.3.7 Effective breadth atintornal supports. The oltective breadth ratio atan internal support may be takon as the ‘mean value of y obtained atthet Supportfor each span adjacent to that support. Fora concrete flange in tension thatis assumed to be cracked the mean effective breadth ratio y obtained from table 3 or table 4 as appropriate, may bbe modified by adding (1-y)/3.BSI BS*5400 BS 6400 : Part 5 : 1979 5.2.3.8 Indeterminate structures and special loadings. For Indeterminate structuros not specifically covered by 5.2.3.1 to 2.3.7 and for load positions other than those given in tablos 2, 30r4, the effective breadth ratios y may be determined by the method aiven In appendix A. 6.2.4 Deck slabs forming flanges of composite beams 5.2.4.1 Effectsto be considered. Tho slab should be designed torosist (a) theetfects of loading ecting directly ont, and (0) the effects of loading acting on the composite ‘member or members of which It forms part, ‘These effects should be considered separately and, where thoy arieatogethor, in conjunction. Cooxletont ctrovses ‘acting inthe same direction should be added algebraically NOTE, Recommendations for thedesign of slabs subject olongtudinal shear ate given 6.2 and 6.3 8.2.4.2 Serviceability requirements. Excoptas directed 16.2.1, the stroases In the conerete slab and reinforcement should be determined by elastic analysis and should not ‘exceed the appropriate limits givenin Part. Crack widths should be controlled in accordance with 5.2.6. 6.2.4.3 Cosxistent stresses, In calculating coexistent strossos in a deck lab, which also forms the flange of a ‘composite beam, account may be taken ofthe affects of shearlag to reduce the longitudinal bending stressin regions of the flangeramoto fram the web/Tlanige junction, Tnolongitudinal tress, at any pointin the flange distance x rom the centre line of the web, may be calculated from: fmf X4K(1 =X] where 4 (Sy —1) forportions between web centre lines, or k= § (4.28 y—1) for portions projecting beyond an outer wob Foaxis tho maximum stress in the concrete flange dueto longitudinal bending of the composite section caloulated by elastic analysis using the effective flange breadth determined in accordance with 8.2.3 y, bate asdefinedin .2.3, and crises given in igure Midpoint between —=| ‘webs cr free’ edge of slab Ln ft liter PARTS 29 MM Ub246b9 OOLL470 b Mm” HH the calculated value of f turns out to be negative it should bo taken as zoro, 5.2.6 Stee/section 5.2.5.1 General. Thesteel section should be designedin accordance withthe recommendations of Parts 3 and 10. Consideration should be given tothe effects noted In.2.6,2108.2.6.4, 5.2.5.2 Unpropped canstruction. Exceptasnoted in6.2.5.4, whore tho steel soction carries load priorto the development of composite action, the resulting stresses and doflactions should be added algebraically to thoselator Induced in the composite member, of which the section forms a part and the appropriate limit state bosatistied, 5.2.6.3 Propped construction. Where composite action has bean assumed forthe whole of the design load, ‘consideration should be given tothe nature and layout of the props to ensure that the assumptions made in the design will be achieved. Whore significant prop settlement cannot be avoided the reduction in propping force should be taken intoaceount. 5.2.5.4 Slab castin spocified sequence, Where the deck slabis castin a specified sequence the dead load stresses may be ealeulated on the composite section in accordance with 12.1, using the effective broadth determined from 8.2.3 andthe relevant design procedures. [NOTE, For the purpoe a estimating the effective breadth ofthe Mange, 1hn8.2.3, should be taken os the continuous length of eoncrateinthe fiangecoftaning the section under consideration which sessumed tc scteompostay 8.2.6 Controfof cracking in concrete 8.2.8.1 Goneral, Adequate reinforcement should be provided in composite beamsto prevent cracking from advorsoly afocting the appearance or durability of the structure, NOTE, Special recommendations for case beamsardilorbeame re fven in couse 8, 5.2.6.2 Loading. Incolculating crack widths inreinforced concrete flanges of highway bridges the loading should only comprise dead loading, superimposed dead loading, HA loading (with the HA wheel load excluded except for cantilever slabs, tho top flange of beam and slab decks and ‘open-type composite stool box gitder bridges) and/or pedestrian loading, In arriving atthe design value forthe & web Should Figu Coprah bye Bri Slndords helio Sun Feb 0 15:45:58 2005, 6 1, Distribution of longitudinal stress in the concrete flange of @ composite beamBSI BS*SUOD PARTXS 74 various loads the partial safety factors yi and 2 appropriate to load combination 1 (see Part 2) should be used with ya equal 1.0, except that for HA and HB loading thetotal partial sefety factor on loads Y1 11210 should beteken as 1.0, ,¢.the nominal load isadopted. For spans ess than 6.6 m 25 units of HB loading with associated HA loading should be considered. Fortailway loading the values of yw v2 givenin Part with ‘yisequal to 1.0 should be used 6.2.6.3 Limiting crack width, The engineer should satisfy himself that cracking will ot be excessive with regard to the requirements of he particular structure, its environment and thalimiteto tha widthe of cracke given in Part 4. Surface crack widths ina composite beam under the action of the loadings specified in 6.2.6.2 may be calculated by ‘the method given in appendix B. ina concrete flange where the effects of global and local loading cooxist the crack width due to globel longitudinal bonding should bo dotormined in accordance with 5.2.6 and appendix B, Tho crack width dueto longitudinal local bendingin theslab should be determined in accordance with Part 4. The sum ‘of the ecack widths due to longitudinal global and local bending, calculatedin this manner, should not exceed the appropriate limit. in calculating the strain due to global longitudinal bending account may be taken of the beneficial ‘ffact of shear feginregions remote from the webs in ‘accordance with6.2.4.3, 8.2.6.4. Maximum distance between barsin tension in highway bridges designed for HA and/or HB loading. Reinforcement provided in accordance with this clause Ue246b9 OOLLN7L B& BS 6400 : Part § : 1979 may bo doomed to satisfy the recommandations of 5.2.6.3, intespect of composite beams in moderate conditions of ‘xposure, provided the nominal cover to therainforcemont isnot greater than 30 mm, The clear distance between adjacent bars neat thetension face of a composite beam should be not greaterthan tho spacing given in table § or 6, as appropriate, depending on ‘thestrassin tha lnforcement at the ultimato limit atate and the amount of redistribution carried outin the analysis at thoukimatolimitstate. Roinforcoment bars of dlamoter loss than 0.46 times the diameter of the maximum sizo of tension bar atthe section Sensidered shouldbe neglecta forthe purpose ofthis 5.3 Longitudinal shear 5.3.1 Genoraf. Longitudinal shearper unit length of the composite beam g, whether simply supported or continuous, should bo calculated for the sorviceabillty limit state on tho basis of elastictheory using the propertias ofthe ttansformed composite cross section calculated assuming the concrete flange to be uncracked and unreinforcad. The cffective breadth of concrete flange may be assumed to be constant over any span and may bo taken asthe {quarterspan value for uniformly distributed loading given intable2,3,0r4,as appropriate, Where the second moment ofarea of he composite section, thus obtained, varies significantly along the length of any span account should be taken ofthe variation of, stiffnessin calculating the longitudinal shear flow. Table 6. Clear distance (mm) between bars in tension for propped construction Surossin FFype0t Sreqintution anatyeiser [section considered ist Unoracked | —a0 [25 ]-20 Fi8 [10 [8 | 0 erecked 20 |-16|-70| -8 | 0 [v6 [x10 25077, 200 [210 [226 [236 Jas0 [260 [27s 0/7 420 |130 {136 [148 |160 |160 [tes 460/7 110 [118 |120 [130 [13s |14o 150 Table 6. Clear distance (mm) between bars in tension for unpropped construction Strossin FTypeor [x redistribution Felnforcementat Janalysinat section considered tisimace limit vist state, N/m? lUncrecked | ~80 [28 [20] 18 [ta [5 | © [Cracked =20 =i [10 —s 6 [e10 7730 |240 [265 |270 }285 |300|300 440 [150 |160 |165 [175 |185| 190 128 165 |170 1130 [140 |145 155 “*Uhtimate limit state, Coprinht by the rsh Stndords Instuton Sun Feb 0 15:45:58 2005,BSI BS*S400 BS 6400 : Part 8 : 1979 8.3.2 Shear connectors 5.3.21 Nominal strengths of shear connectors embedded Innormal density concrete (a) Statie strengths. Table 7 gives the nominal static strengths of commonly used types of connectors, which arelustrated in figure, inrelationto the specified characteristic cube strengths of thenormal grades of concrete. The nominal strengths given in able 7 may be Used where the stab is haunched provided that the haunch complies with 6.3.2.1. Forother haunches reference should bemade 0.3.2.3. (b). Fatigue strengths. The fatigue strength of connectors should bedetermined in accordance with Part 0. (6) Strengths of connectors not included in table 7. Static strengths should be determined experimentally by push-out tests in accordance with .3.2.4, Wherethe ‘connector type is included in table 7, but the appropriate sizeisnotgiven, the fatigue strength should be determined in accordance with Part 10, 8.3.2.2 Nominalstrengths of shear connectors embedded Inlightweight concrete. The strengths given in (a) and (b) may be used where the slab is haunched provided thatthe haunch complies with 6.3.2.1. NOTE. For other haunchos 00 8.3.2.3, (a) Static strengths. The nominal static strengths of headed stud connectors embedded in lightweight. concrete of density greater than 1400 ka/m? may be taken a3 15% lessthan the values given in table 7. Static strengths of other sizes of stud and of ather types of ‘connectors should be determined experimentally by push-out tests made in accordance with.3.2.8. (b) Fatigue strengths Tha tatigue strength of shear connectars embedded in lightweight concrete of density ‘greater than 1400 kg/m? should be determined in ‘accordance with Part 10, Table 7. Nominal static strangths of shear connectors for: PARTXS 79 MM Lb24669 OOLLY72 T mm | 6.3.2.3 Nominalstrengths of shear connectors in haunched sfabs, Where the haunch doesnot comply with 6.3.2.1 the ‘hominal static strength ofthe shear connectors P, should be determined experimentally by push-outtests (500 6.3.2.4). The fatigue strongth should be determined in accordance with Part 10. 5.3.2.4 Tests on sheer connectors (a) Nominal strength. The nominal static strongth of a shear connector may be determined by push-ourttests Not less than threo tests should be made and the nominal taticstrenath Py may be taken asthe lowest. Value of feuP/fe for any of tho tests, where Pis tho failure load of the connectore at concroto strongth f, and outs tho specified characteristic cubestrength at 28 days. (b) Details of tests. Suitable dimensions for the push-out specimen are given in figure 4, Bond at the interfaces of the flanges of the steel beam and the concrete should be prevented by graasing the flange or by othersuitable ‘moans. Theslab and reinforcoment should bo oither as, sgivenin figure 4 orasin the beams for which the testis designed. Tho strengthof theconcrete/., atthe time of testing, should notdiffer from the specified cube strength fu of the concrete in the beams by more than 20%, Therate of application of load should be uniform and such that failures reached in not less than 10 min, (c) Resistance to separation. Where the connectors. composed of two separate elements, one to resist longitudinal shear and the other toresist forces tending tosoparate theslab from the girder, the ties which resist the forces of separation may beassumed to be sufficient stiff and strong if the separation measured in push-out tests does nat exceed half af the longitudinal Slip atthe corresponding load level. Only load levels up to 80% of the nominal static strengti of the connector need be considered, ferant concrete strengths Typeofeonnestor [Connector material Wor ataticatrongthe in kN perconnector fer concrete Btrongth fou N/mm? 2 [20 [a0 [o Hoaded studs (see figure 2 (a)) Diameter Overal height 28 100 22 100 19 100 19 78 16 6 13 65 ‘Material with a characteristic ylold stress of 385 N/mm? minimum elongation of 18% and a characteristic tensile strength of 495 N/mm? 139 |154 j168 | 183 112 |126 |1g9 | 153 90 |100 109 [149 7a | a7 | 96 108 66 | 74 | a2 | 90 42 | a7 | 52 | 57 Bara with hoops (sea figures 2(b) and 2(c) ) Grade 43 of BS 4360 : 1972 80mm x-40 mm x 200mm bar 25 mmx 25mm x 200mm bar 697 |s30 |963 fro96 aaa [ats |4a2 | 548 Channels (see figure 2(d) ) 4127 mm364 mm x 14.90 kg x 150 mm 4102 mm>61 mm x 10.42 kg x 160 mm 76 mmx 88 mm x 6.70 kg x 150mm (Grade 43 of BS4360 "1972 361 |a07 Jato | a2 293 |337 |364 | 80 239 |283 |305_|326 Friction grip bolts [Bs 4395 rngth at 28 das. NOTE 4 ful the specifi characteristic cub NOTE 2 Stren for concrte of Intarmedato rade may be cbtined by i se clause 10 NOTE 4: For bore (aoe figures 20) ond 2(¢), and channels (00 igure 2(4) of lengths dferane from those quoted above, the capsciis ste proportional othe lengths for length NOTE-4, For eus connectors of evel igh byte Bish lands liu 7m Sun Feb 0 15:45:58 2005, than 109mmSUOO PARTS 74 Mb24G69 OOLL473 2 a BS 5400 : Part 5 : 1979 e ‘Automatic stud weld Not tess than so D dia t - 1 7) (@) Stud connector 200 Welds to develop the tensile strength of the hoop 60 2s nin ‘ogy fe L weld ala Nn (b) 80 mm x 40 mm ber connector A lmonsions ar in milimotes Figure 2, Sheer connectors — Copyrinht by the rsh Stndords Insuton sa Fe 08 15559 05BSI BS*S400 PART#S 79 MM Lee4bb9 OOLLN74 3 BS 5400 : Part 5 : 1979 Welds to develop the tensile strength’ of the hoop —-12 dia sl | 25 min-b-l [ J, ! (©) 25 mm x 25 mm bar connector ‘Sup fillet wal 5mm fillet welds full wiath OY 4 (6) Chonnel connector {i cimensions at in milimoves. Figure 2. Shear connectors (concluded) 10 Coprah by te Bish Sendo sluton sn Feb 08 154600 205“BSI BS¥S4OO PARTSS 79 MM 124669 OOLLN75 5 ml BS 6400 : Part 5 : 1979 50_minimum 50 minimum concrete’ cover ss | \< 45° {All dimensions are in milimetes Figure 3. Dime ns of haunches e Led Lea abn V8 - 50. 4 ia | axe 4 ‘O- =I) 460 ty es emer 5 ‘Bedded in mortar bq —200_,] ered ae | s00 st amandone nite NOTE slocanen hv bv 0 mda. Figure 4 Dimensions of specimens for test on hes connectors —_—_—. " Copyrinht by the rsh Stndords Intuton sn Feb 08 154600 205BSr BS*S4O0 PARTXS BS 5400 : Port 5 : 1979 6.8.8 Design of shear connection 5.3.3.1 General, The longitudinal spacing ofthe ‘connectors should benot greater than 600 mm or three. times tho thickness ofthe slab or fourtimos the height of tho ‘connector, including any hoop whichisan integral part of tho connector, whichever isthe east, except tha (a) in negative (hogging) momentrogions of continuous cross girders no connectorshould be placed withina distance 2b; of the nearest connectors on the main titdor ; where ys the breadth ofthe tension flange of the stool cross-girdor; (b) connectors may be placed in groups, with the group spacing groater than that specified for individual ‘connectors, provided considerations given in design to the non-uniform fiow of longitudinal shear and of the ‘greater possibilty of slip and vertical separation between theslab ana the stoel member. ‘The distance betwoen the edge of ashear connector and the ‘edge of the plate to which itis welded should be not loss than 25mm (see figure 2) ‘The diameter of stud connectors wolded toa flange plate, Which is subjact to tensile strasses, should not exceed on and a half times tho thickness ofthe plate. Where a plateis ot subject to tensile stresses the diameter of stud connectors should not exceed twice the plato thickness. Theleg length of the weld joining othortypes of connectors: tothe flange plate should not exceed half the thickness of theflenge plate. Excopt where otherwise permitted for encased and fillor beams shear connectors should be provided throughoutthe length of the boam, 6.8.3.2 Horizontal cover to connectors. the horizontal distance between a roe coneretesuriace and any shaat Connector should be notless than 50mm (see figure3). At theand ofa cantilever, as for examplein acantilever- suspended span structure, sufficient wansverse and, Tangitudinal reinforcement should be positioned adjacent to the free edge ofthe concratasiabto transfer the Tongitudinal shear connector loads back into the conerate slab, 6.3.3.3 Resistance to separation. The slab should be positively tiod to the girdorin accordance with the following Fecommendations, (a) The overall height of a connectar, Including any hoop ‘which is anintegral part of the connector, should be not less than 100 mmor the thickness of the slab less 25 mm ‘whichover isthe lesser (b) The surface of aconnectorthat resists separation {forces Lo, the inside of a hoop, the inner face ofthe top flange of a channel or tho underside of the head of astud, ‘should noither exten¢ less than 40 mm cloar abovethe bottom transverse reinforcement (see figure 6) norless than 40 mm into the compression zone ofthe concrete flangeinregions of sagging longitudinal moments. Alternatively, where concrete haunch is used between, thestoel girders and thesoffitof the slab, transverse reinforcing bars, sufficient to satisty the requirements 06.3.3, should be provided in the haunch at least 40 mm clear below the surface of the connector thatrosists Uplift. Where the shear connection is adjacent toa longitudinal edge of a concrete sleb, transverse relaforcemant provided in accordance with 6.3.8should be fully anchored in the concrete botwoen the edge of the slab and the adjacentrow of connactors. (c) Where the slab is connected to the gitder by two separate oloments, one toresist longitudinal shear and the other to resist forces tending to separate the slab fromthe gitder, the ties which resist the forces of separation should be in accordance with (a) and (b).. 12 Coprah by Ue Brie Slndords slain Sun Feb 0 1:46:00 2005, 79 MM Le24b69 OOLL7S 7 a 8.3.3.4 Uplifton shear connectors. Whore he shest connectors are subject to significant calculable direct tension due eitherto (a) forces tending to separate the slab froma girder ‘caused, for example, by differential bonding ofthe ditders o ofthe (wo sides ofa box girder ortension-field Action ina web, or (b) tansvorso moments on 8 group of connectors resulting from transverse bonding ofthe slab particularly inthe region of diaphragms or transverse cross racing, then adeitional ties, sultably anchored, should be provided toresist these forces. Alternatively, stud shear connectors may be used and should be checked forthe ultimate limit Stateand, if eppliceble, for fatigue ‘Tho otfact of axial tansion on the static o fatigue shear strength of aconnector should betaken intoaccountas, follows, unless thereductionin Py oF the increase in Omax Islossthan 10%. Forstud connectors the nominal static ultimate shear strength P,”inthe presence of tonsion Tumay be taken as Pim Pu—Tol V3 where Pais the nominal static ultimete shoarstrength as defined in 5.3.2.1 Where a studis subjoctto shear Qand tension Te thevalue (0f Ona, tobe used for calculating the shear range in fatigue calculations, should be taken as Onecee,f 02 4 5.3.8.5. Design procodure: ganeral, Shear connectors should be dasigried initially to satisty the serviceability imitstato in acoordance with5.3.3.6. The initial design should be checked in accordance with Part 1Ofor fatigue. Except asdirocted in 6.3.3.4 and 6.1.3 no check on the statio strength of shear connectors need be made at the ultimate limit state 8.8.8.6 Design procedure, static loading. The size and Spacing ofthe connectors ateach end of each span should ‘be not loss than that required for the maximum loading considered, Thissize and spacing should bo maintained for atloast 10 %of the langth of each span. Elsewhera, the size and spacing of connectors may be kept constent over any length where, under the maximum loading considered, the ‘maximum shear force per unit length does notexceed the design shear flow by mora than 10 %. Over every such. length the total design longitudinal shear force should not exceed the product of the number of connectors andthe design static strength per connecior (0.58 » nominal static strength), 5.4 Temperature effects and shrinkage modified by creep 6.4.1 General, Longitudinal stresses due to the effects of temperatureand shrinkage modified by creep need only be considered atthe serviceability limitstarein composite beams where the cross section ofthe steel memberis compact, as defined in 6.2.2.1, or insiender sections as directed in 6.2.4.1 (b), Account should be taken of the longitudinal shear forces arising from these effectsin the design of all composite beams for the serviceability limit, state, Waere appropriate, variationsin thestifiness of composite beam along its length, ¢.g. due to changesin the cross section ofthe steel member ar where the concrete fiangeis castin stages, should be taken into account when caloulating the longitudinal shear force per unit length.