DIRE DAWA UNIVERSTY

DIRE DAWA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER
FINAL YEAR PROJECT PROPOSAL
TITEL: AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMER BY
USING MICROCONTROLER AND RELAY
Abstract
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level. The aim
of the Project is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing. Due to
overload on transformer, the Efficiency drops, windings get overheated and may get burnt. Thus
by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting
another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller. The microcontroller compares the load
on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the
second transformer will share the extra load. Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and
damage is prevented. The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted
power supply, and short circuit protection. When designing low-voltage power system to the
supply large load currents, paralleled lower-current modules are often preferred over a single, large
power converter for several reasons. These include the efficiency of designing and manufacturing
standard modular converters which can be combined in any number necessary to meet a given load
requirement and the enhanced reliability gained through.
KEYWORDS: Transformers, Short circuit, Microcontroller, Reliable power supply
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
There are various terms utilized in power framework like load shedding, load sharing and so on--
-- so first we need to differentiate between sharing of load and load shedding. Load shedding is
the procedure to cut off load from that particular area in which load demand is greater than the
supply. Load sharing means to share load equally. If two transformers are connected, first (main)
transformer will meet the demand, normally. If the demand of load increases, then slave (second)
transformer gets connected in parallel to share the load equally. In power framework it is called
load sharing of transformer. Transformer is a static gadget which changes the voltage over power
shifting from source to load. It works whole day continually which makes it prominent from other
electric devices. At some instant, the load conditions of Transformer vary such as over load which
cause overheating and damage occur, which results in interruption of supply at consumer end.The
principle point is to deliver secure and reliable power supply. Hence, this is done by adding another
transformer in parallel to make the system secure and reliable. As transformer is the main part of
whole electric system, so due to extra load the efficiency of the system drops and the secondary
winding gets overheated. So, paralleling of transformer is the phenomena for saving the master
transformer from permanent damage. Once load on the master transformer has been increased,
above its rated capacity then slave (second) transformer connected in parallel will operate
automatically. In this way transformer will work efficiently and will deliver uninterrupted supply.
This project is made by using Arduino which compares the load, if load exceeds the prescribed
values, then Arduino sends signal to the control relay which makes slave transformer operate in
parallel, and connection is shown on LCD. After paralleling, the efficiency will increase and the
probability of harm is eliminated. We used relays and Arduino (a type of micro-controller) for
sharing of the load between two transformers. The total number of transformers connected parallel
depends upon the demand of that particular area. Furthermore, we have to keep in mind that for
such operation, we have to keep in mind some basics like X/R ratio, KVA rating, Polarity etc.
These all should remain identical in all the transformers connected in parallel. In this venture, there
are three main modules like sensing unit, control unit, Arduino (micro-controller). The first unit
which is sensing unit, senses the load demand and it sends signal to the control unit. The second
one is control unit; the main part is relay which operates according to signal. The third one is
micro-controller; the signal will be received and read by it, and it will give control to relay to cut
off the transformer or the parallel connection of transformer.
1.2 Objective of the project
1.2.1 General objective
The main objective of this project is to design automatic load sharing of power transformer using
microcontroller-based relay scheme

1.2.2 Specific objective

 Study and selecting of required material
 Design the circuit based on their specification
 To create a simulation model and consequently carryout a study of the proposed technology
and its operation.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Transformer failures are particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are
at risk. Institutions such as universities, hospitals, sewage treatment plants, mines, industry and the
like will usually have backup power sources such as standby generators, which will automatically
start up when electrical power is lost. Monitoring and controlling of transformer is an important
task for supplying healthy power to the consumers in this automated era. The risk of
blackouts, brownouts and fire are rapidly increasing. The transformer fluid leaks or internal
insulation breakdown cause overheating that leads to failures. But there is a need for an optimal
solution or technique for this problem is design automatic load sharing of power transformer using
microcontroller based relay scheme.

1.4 Significant of the project

 It used to control the components of the distribution transformer

 To verify how microcontroller, send information to the transformer
 To verify how Automatic Load Sharing by Transformer will supply power in overheating and
overload condition
 For Highly sensitive and reliable circuit

1.5 Scope of the project

The scope of this project is to design the simulation circuit of the system based on the required
components by using protues software.
 CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Abhishek G. et al proposed an Automatic Transformer Distribution and Load Sharing Using
Microcontroller in which a number of transformers were operated in parallel in order to avoid
overloading. It is same like parallel operation of transformers where the number of transformers
shares the system load. In the suggested approach slave transformers will share the load when the
load on the main transformer will rise above its rated capacity.
Automatic transformer load sharing issues and remedies are relevant project topics and a lot of
advanced researches are being carried out in this area. These issues are mainly due to increased
usage of power system utility and unbalanced loads occur in power system. Dynamic loads cause
power quality problems usually by voltage or current variations such as voltage dips, fluctuations,
momentary interruptions. Various publications define transformer load sharing in different
aspects. The project entitled "power transformer protection using microcontroller designed with
ardiuno. This project is mainly used to protect transformer from getting worn out due to electrical
disturbances. The electrical parameters like current, voltage of the transformer are fed as base
values, using a keypad to the peripheral interface controller and the output signal is provided to
operate a relay comparing the base value with the operation electrical parameters.
Furthermore, in 2007 S.M. Bashi et al, -designed and built a microcontroller based system for
power transformer protection. The system includes facilities for discrimination between internal
fault current and magnetizing inrush current, differential protection, over current protection has
been included. The performances of the proposed system have been examined and from the
experimental readings and observation, it was understood that the proposed system monitors and
controls the transformer when there is any fault.
2.1 Field survey on transformer overload
2.1.1 What Is Over Current
Over current is any current in excess of the rated current of equipment or the capacity of a
conductor. It may result from overload, short circuit, or ground fault. Current flow in a conductor
always generates heat. The greater the current flow, the hotter the conductor. Excess heat is
damaging to electrical components. Transformers in sub stations may be damaged due to different
reason. Some of the major reasons for these damages are:

2.1.2 Overload

As the city is on fast growing and its population increase rapidly from time to time. This is due to
establishment of different industries, and hotels resorts and public services. All mentioned above
need reliable and sustainable power to run their function properly. However, the transformer
mounted in the substation cannot capable of carrying the over increasing load of the outgoing
feeders to different cities.

2.1.3 Line-line or ground

This happened due to short circuit of the line in distribution network. Most of the city’s network
exposed for this fault. Since there are less trimming, sagging and animal and wind protection in
the network. On other hand, lightening is also the cause to this damage in the case of surge failure.

2.1.4 Insulation failure

The two reasons explained so far is the causes for the insulation failure. This occurred when
internal temperature of the transformer increased and transformer over heated result in the
breakdown of dielectric strength (insulation) of the transformer.

2.1.5 Oil level decrease

Most of the time oil level of transformer checked by distribution technicians and filled. But
sometimes due to a number of transformers some transformers may not checked. As a result, the
transformer oil level drop and the cooling system fail.so, the transformer over heated easily and
insulation break down that result in transformer internal damage. The transformer to function
properly, without any defect its phases, boxes and pillar must be equally (no current flow in the
neutral line i.e. IN=0). If each phases of transformer carrying different value of current and the
two boxes of the transformers are unbalanced. So, the neutral line forced to carry the current due
to unbalanced phase. Consequently, this is resulted in over load of transformer that causes for the
burning of the transformer.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
The methodology used to work this project are, case study analysis automatic load sharing power
transformer, simulation of automatic load sharing using PROTEUS and microcontroller. The
present system is designed around two transformers. One transformer (TF1) is working and the
other is used for sharing load.

Figure methodology flow diagram

General block diagram of load sharing of transformer

Figure Block diagram of the system

3.1 Operating principle of block diagram

In the proposed system, only one transformer is operating to feed the loads. A standby transformer
is connected in Parallel through a circuit breaker and relay. The current transformer continuously
measures the load current and feeds it to the microcontroller ADC pins. The reference value or the
maximum load limit is entered by the user and priority Level of the load is also set by the user or
concerned authority. As the load demand increase during peak hours, a single Transformer would
not be able feed all the load. During this condition, when the load demand exceeds the reference
Value, the microcontroller will give a control signal to energize the relay coil. Thus the standby
transformer will be connected in parallel and will share the load equally since the transformers are
the same ratings. Thus all the loads are fed efficiently providing un-interrupted power supply
sharing the load and shown in the LCD display. When the load increases further to a value which
is greater than the capacity of the two transformers, priority based load shedding will be
implemented. The loads which have the lowest priority will be shut down by opening the respective
circuit breakers to normal working condition, first transformer will be shut down in order to avoid
thermal overloading.
This is done because the first transformer operates for a longer time interval than standby
transformer and its body temperature rises. By providing alternative switching, the transformers
can be cooled by natural methods. This message is also sent to the control room.

3.2 Design of Automatic Load Sharing of Transformer

Automatic load sharing of transformers is an integral part of the power system control process,
allowing smooth and immediate transfer of electrical current between multiple sources and the
load. Automatic load sharing of power Transformers is designed with two transformers. One
transformer TF1 is used as the main supply and the other transformer TF2 is used as sharing
transformer. These two transformers are connected with the relay which is controlled by the
embedded controller. The loads are connected to the main line TF1 and as well as to the TF2
through relay. Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run with this power. If the load on
TF1 is increase beyond its rating then controller will find out that and it will connect the sharing
transformer parallel to the main transformer, then controller will continuously monitor the current
flowing in the load and when the load current decreases below the TF1 rating it will turn off the
sharing transformer. Here we are using current transformer CT for measuring and protecting the
load current, and the output of CT is given to ADC for converting analog output of CT into digital
data. That ADC output is given to microcontroller for monitoring purpose.
When currents are beyond certain limit then we are going to sharing transformer.

3.2.1 Power supply

Power supply circuit design is one of the important parts of this project, without a power supply
the electronic devices such as microcontroller, relay, ADC, LCD display will not function. The
main power supplies needed for this project is 5V DC in order to power on the relay and other
electronic devices such as microcontroller, LCD and ADC etc. The design is done using a
transformer, bridge rectifiers, filter capacitor and a voltage regulator. Most of the power supply is
designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for
electronic circuits and other devices.
Figure block diagram of power supply

3.2.2 Transformer

In considering transformer selection, the maximum and minimum values of operating voltage and
current are important. The supply from mains considered is 220V-240V at 50Hz [5].

Figure Transformer

3.2.3 Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected, the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input to circuit is
applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the
remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a
positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A
will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4. The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1
and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass
through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow. The path for current flow
is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of the transformer
back to point B. One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full wave rectifier is that
with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of
the conventional full- wave circuit.
3.2.4 Rectifier Selection
When selecting a rectifier, the peak inverse voltage (PIV) is considered. The PIV is the maximum
voltage that occurs across the rectifying diode in the reverse direction.

PIV=Vmax
From the transformer secondary: Vrms=12V
Root mean square voltage from secondary terminal of transformer is;
Vmax=Vrms√2
PIV=16.97V
The peak value of current that the diode must be able to pass safely with resistance load I peak is;

I peak =π/ 2* Idc

= π /2 *198*10-3= 7.9A
IN4007 diode was selected from the data sheet and used.

Figure Rectifier
The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors.
It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

3.2.5 Filter
Filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove
unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. The most
common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design.

Filter Capacitor selection

Using a ripple factor of 4% for high current
 Irip=1/4*√3 ∗ 𝑐𝑓𝑅𝑙
To find the value of the capacitor,
RL=12/198*10-3=0.606k
1k is selected from data sheet
C=1/4*√3 ∗ 0.04 ∗ 50 ∗ 1000
C=72µF
The standard value of 100µF was selected from datasheets.

The voltage across the capacitor is

Figure filters

3.2.6 IC regulator
An IC regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage
level. Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Most regulators include some
automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal
protection').It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on
the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. The regulated DC output is
very smooth with no ripple .It is suitable for all electronic circuits.

Figure IC regulators
3.2.7 The Electromagnetic Relay
The relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls, and appliances.
It used to open and close under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the
switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts.

Figure Electromagnetic relay

When electricity is applied to V1 and V2, the electromagnet acts upon the switch so that B and C
terminals are connected. When the electricity is disconnected, then A and C terminals are
connected. It is important to note that the electromagnet is magnetically linked to the switch but
not linked electrically.

Basic operation of Relay

The EMRs have three components: the coil, spring and contacts. When electricity is applied to V1
and V2, then current flows through the coil, this creates magnetic field around the coil (the coil is
energized), which causes the armature to be attracted to the coil.
The armature’s contact like act as a switch i.e. closes or opens the circuit; the relay serves as the
protective device of the entire system. The relay receives trip signal from the microcontroller and
thereby connect the transformer two from the input ac to the load.

3.2.8 Current Transformer

Current Transformers (CT) are instrument transformers that are used to supply a reduced value of
current to meters, protective relays, and other instruments. Current transformer in this project plays
an important role by sensing the current through the load and sending feedback signal to the
microcontroller. Microcontroller is so programmed that as soon as the load exceeds a particular
current limit it will soon generate a control signals and the signal is fed to the electromagnetic
relay. The switching process occurs in the Relay which automatically connects the transformer in
parallel in accordance to the load sensed by the CT. we can see that the current of the transformer
rises as load increases, whenever the load current goes above the transformer rated current, and
the microcontroller detects an over current and it sends a trip signal to relay thereby the load shared
automatically by transformer two and protecting the transformer one from burning.

Operation of Current Transformer

In this project, the current sensor is capable of measuring up to 50A.The monitored current values
are displayed on the LCD display and as soon as the power transformer is overloaded the current
transformer sends the information to the microcontroller and the microcontroller energizes the
relay, thereby the load is shared by transformer 2. An ammeter cannot be used in measuring the
load current in this project because an analogue signal most be fed into the ADC of the
microcontroller for monitoring the load current. A current sensor was found to be the suitable
current sensing device for this purpose.

3.2.9 Power Transformer

Power transformers are used for conversion of voltage and current from high to low and vice versa.
A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors of the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field
through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. If a load is
connected to the secondary, an electric current primary circuit through the transformer to the load.
For transmission and distribution networks to transfer large amounts of alternating current
electricity over long distances with minimum losses and less cost, different voltage levels are
required in the various parts of the networks. For example, the transfer of electricity efficiently
over a long transmission line requires the use of high voltages. At the receiving end where the
electricity is used, the high voltage has to be reduced to the levels required by the consumer.
Transformers enable these changes in voltage to be carried out easily, cheaply and efficiently.
Transformer consists of two coils electrically separate but linked by a common magnetic circuit of
low reluctance formed by a laminated soft iron core. If one coil (the primary coil) is connected to
an AC supply, an alternating magnetic flux is set up in the iron core. This alternating magnetic
flux passes through the secondary coil and induces and alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
The magnitude of the secondary voltage is directly proportional to the ratio of the number of turns
in the secondary and primary windings and to the primary voltage.

Operation of power transformer

The present system is designed by two transformers. TF1 is used as the main supply and TF2 is
used as sharing transformer. They are connected with the relay which is controlled by the
embedded controller. The loads are connected to the main line TF1 and as well as to the TF2
through relay. Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run with this power.
In order to connect these two Transformers, the following conditions must be satisfied:
 The voltage ratio must be the same.
 The per unit impedance of each must be the same.
 The polarity must be the same, so that there is no circulating current between the transformers.
 The phase sequence must be the same

3.3 Mathematical modeling for Load sharing of two transformers

Let us consider the following two cases
Case1: Equal voltage ratios.
Case2: Unequal voltage ratios.
Case1: Equal Voltage Ratios
Assume no-load voltages EA and EB are identical and in phase. Under these conditions if the
primary and secondary are connected in parallel, there will be no circulating current between them
on no load.

Figure Equivalent circuit of parallel transformer

The Figure shows two impedances in parallel. Let RA, XA and ZA be the total equivalent
resistance, reactance and impedance of transformer A and RB, XB and ZB be the total equivalent
resistance, reactance and impedance of transformer B. From the Figure we have
 EA=V2+IAZA………………………………………………..........................eq4.1
EB=V2+IBZB
IAZA=IBZB
Since they are in parallel
IA/IB=ZB/ZA
ZA = RA + XA
ZB = RB + XB
IA/IB=
(RB+XB)/(RA+XA)…………………………………………………….eq4.2

Suppose that if two transformers with different KVA rating are connected in parallel, the total load
will be divided in proportional to their KVA rating and their equivalent impendence are inversely
proportional to their respective rating.
IA/IB = ZB/ZA
IA/IL = ZB/ZL by current division formula
IA / (IA +IB) = ZB / (ZA + ZB)
IA = IL (ZB / (ZA + ZB)) ……………………………………….eq4.3
IB = IL (ZA / (ZA + ZB)) ………………………………….…….eq4.4
Substituting for ZA and ZB above by KVAA/ %ZA and KVAB/ %ZB into equations (3) and
(4) Produces the following equations
IA= (KVAA/%ZA) IL/ (KVAA/ %ZA+ KVAB/ %ZB) ………………….eq4.5
IB= (KVAB/%ZB) x IL/ (KVAA/ %ZA+ KVAB/ %ZB) ………………....eq4.6
Similarly, the load share of the main transformer
(TRA) SA = V2IA x 103 KVA
=V2I (ZB/ (ZA +ZB)) x 103 KVA …………………………………………eq4.7
Therefore, the total load will be
S = SA + SB

S= I KVA ………………………………..................................eq4.9
Case 2: Unequal Voltage Ratios

For unequal voltage turns ratio, if the primary is connected to the supply, a circulating current will
flow in the primary even at no load. The circulating current will be superimposed on the currents
drawn by the load when the transformers share a load. Let V1 be the primary supply voltage, a1
be the turns ratio of transformer A, a2 be the turns ratio of transformer B, ZA be the equivalent
impedance of transformer A (= RA + jXA) referred to as secondary, ZB be the equivalent
impedance of transformer B (= RB + jXB) referred to as secondary, IA be the output current of
transformer A and IB be the output current of transformer B. The induced EMF in the secondary
of transformer A is
EA=V1/a1=V2 +IAZA ……………………………………………….eq4.10
The induced EMF in the secondary of transformer B is
EB=V1/a2=V2+IBZB ……………………………………………………eq4.11
Again, V2 = IZL where ZL is the impedance of the load
V2= (IA+IB) ZL……………………………………………………………eq4.12
From Equations 10, 11 and 12 we have
EA=IAZA+ (IA+IB) ZL …………………………….…………………...…eq4.13
And EB =IBZB+ (IA+IB) ZL …………………………..….…………………….eq4.14
EA - EB = IAZA - IBZB …………………………….……………………..eq4.15
IA = ((EA –EB) +IBZB)/ZA ………………………….…………................eq4.16
Substituting IA from equation (16) in to equation (14), we have
EB =IBZB + ((EA –EB) +IBZB)/ZA *ZL +IBZL

IB

IB = (EBZA – (EA -EB) ZL)/ZAZB +ZL (ZA + ZB) ……………………….eq4.17

IA = (EAZB + (EA -EB) ZL)/ ZAZB +ZL (ZA + ZB) ………………………eq4.18

Case Study Analysis for power transformers in distribution: -

This part provides a case study for two power transformers load sharing in distribution. The
following assumption parameters for each transformer are considered.
Case 1: Equal Impedances-Equal Voltage Ratios- Different kVA

Although it’s not common practice for new installations, sometimes two Transformers with
different kVA and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no
circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same. In this project, the capacity of
the two transformers is Capacity of T1 (main transformer) = 600 - 800 kVA and each transformer
to only be loaded to its kVA rating. If each transformer have equal impedance and each with the
same turn ratios, since current has a direct relationship with kVA, substituting kVA for current
into equation (5) and (6) above
kVA1= KVA1 / (KVA1+KVA2) x KVAL
kVA2= KVA2 / (KVA1+KVA2) x KVAL
Although it‘s not common practice for new installations, sometimes two Transformers with
different KVAs and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no
circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same.
Let Capacity of T1= 800 kVA and capacity of T2= 600 kVA, Each transformer with 5.75%
impedance and each with the same turn ratios, the total load connected to a common is 1400 kVA.
Since current has a direct relationship with kVA, substituting kVA for current into equation (5)
and (6) above
kVA1= 800 / (800 + 600) x 1400 = 800 kVA
kVA2= 600 / (800 + 600) x1400 = 600 kVA
It can be seen in the calculations that even though there are different kVA ratings on transformers
connected to one common load, that current division causes each transformer to only be loaded to
its kVA rating. The key here is that the percent impedances are the same.

Case 2: Unequal Impedances-Equal Ratios-Different kVA

Transformers in industrial and commercial facilities connected to one common bus with different
kVA and unequal percent impedances. However, there may be that one situation where two single-
ended substations may be tied together via bussing or cables to provide better voltage support
when starting large motors. If the percent impedances and kVA ratings are different, care should
be taken when loading these transformers.
Capacity of transformer 1
800 kVA (kVA1) with 0.571 per unit impedance
Capacity of transformer 2
600 kVA (kVA2) with 0.428 per unit impedance, each transformer with the same turn ratios,
connected to a common 1400 kVA load.
Using equations (5) and (6):
kVA1= 800 / (800 + 450) x 1400
= 896 kVA
kVA2= 450 / (800 + 450) x 1400
= 504 kVA

The load current carried by the combined transformers will be less than their rated kVA.
As similar to ―case1 because, it is overloaded with a less than combined rated load.

Case 3: Unequal Impedances-Unequal ratios- Different kVA

Although it appears highly unlikely that all of these parameters would be different in practice, we
will address this situation by looking at circulating currents. Unequal impedances equal ratios
different kVA addressed different kVA, but ignored the X/R ratios of the transformer. If both the
ratios and the impedances are different, the circulating current (because of the unequal ratio)
should be combined with each transformer's share of the load current to obtain the actual total
current in each unit. For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn ratios)
results in only half percent to the total current.
At lower power factors, the circulating current will change dramatically. The effect of having
parallel transformers with different percent impedances, along with different turn and X/R ratios
connected to one common load. Consider two transformers connected in parallel:
Transformer A has 5500 V, equivalent impedance (0.4 + j4) ohm
Transformer B has 5400 V, equivalent impedance (0.1 + j 1.5) and supply a common load. The
load impedance is (10 + j 6) ohm. The current supplied by each transformer. By using equation
17 and 18 we can get the current of each transformer
IA = (5500(0.1 + j1.5) + (5500 - 5400) x (10 + j6))
((0.4 + j4) x (0.1 + j1.5) + (10 + j6) x (0.4 + j4 +0.1 + j1.5))
= 1550 + j8850
-33.96 + j59
= (101.31 – j84.58) A
IB = 5400(0.4 + j4) - (5500 - 5400) x (10 + j6)
((0.4 + j4) x (0.1 + j1.5) + (10 + j6) x (0.4 + j4 +0.1 + j1.5))
= 1160 + j2100
-33.96 + j59
= (258.85 –j168.66) A
To calculate the circulating currents, the difference in ratios must be expressed in the percentage
of the normal ratio. The circulating current is obtained by dividing this value by the sum of the
impedances of the two transformers.
This would be the total impedance through which the circulating current is flowing.
%IC = %e x 100
((%R' + K%R'') 2+ (%Z' + K%Z'') 2)
Where,
%IC= circulating current in the transformers in percentage of the rated current.
%R', %Z', %R", and %Z" are the percentage resistances and reactance based on the
X/R ratio on units kVA' and kVA". k = kVA' / kVA"
%e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal.
So we consider another two transformers connected in parallel:
Capacity of transformer 1 800 kVA1 with 5.71% impedance, X/R ratio of 8,
Capacity of transformer 2 600 kVA2with 4.28% impedance, X/R ratio of 5 and
800 kVA1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and 600 kVA2 tapped at nominal.
The percent circulating current (%IC) by using the above equation we can solve % of circulating
current:
Z' = 5.71, therefore %R'
= %Z' / [(X/R) 2+ 1)] 1/2
%R' = 5.71 / ((8)2+ 1)1/2
%R' = 0.708
Solving for %X':
%X'= %R x (X/R)
%X' = 0.708 x 8 = 5.66
%Z" = 4.28, therefore %R" = %Z" / [(X/R) 2+ 1)]1/2
%R" = 4.28 / ((5)2+ 1)1/2
%R" = 0.839
Solving for %X":
%X" = %R x (X/R)
%X" =0.784 x 5 = 4.19
% IC = 2.5 x 100
((.713 + (800/600) x 0.784)2+ (5.7+ (2000/1000) x 3.92)2)
%IC= 250 / 13.73 = 18.21
This shows that the combined load of the transformers will be limited to [3000 - (.1821 x 3000 =
546 kVA)] = 2454 kVA before a load is connected.

We summarize our case study as follows: -

When paralleled transformer turn ratios and percent impedances are the same, equal load division
will exist on each transformer. When paralleled transformer kVA ratings are the same, but the
percent impedances are different, then unequal load division will occur. The same is true for
unequal percent impedances and unequal kVA. Circulating currents only exist if the turn ratios do
not match on each transformer.

%X' = 0.708 x 8 = 5.66

%Z" = 4.28, therefore %R" = %Z" / [(X/R) 2+ 1)]1/2

 %R" = 4.28 / ((5)2+ 1)1/2

%R" = 0.839

Solving for %X":

%X" = %R x (X/R)

%X" =0.784 x 5 = 4.19

% IC = 2.5 x 100

((.713 + (800/600) x 0.784)2+ (5.7+ (2000/1000) x 3.92)2)

%IC= 250 / 13.73 = 18.21

This shows that the combined load of the transformers will be limited to [3000 - (.1821 x 3000 =
546 kVA)] 2454 kVA before a load is connected.

We summarize our case study as follows:-

When paralleled transformer turn ratios and percent impedances are the same, equal load division
will exist on each transformer. When paralleled transformer kVA ratings are the same, but the
percent impedances are different, then unequal load division will occur. The same is true for
unequal percent impedance and unequal KVA. Circulating currents only exist if the turn ratio don’t
match on each transformer.
Figure 1overall parallel transformer connection summary

3.4 Ardiuno UNO R3

The Arduino is a microcontroller based 14 digital input output pins and 6 analogue inputs, USB
connecting and a reset button. It is used to control the automatic operation this project. It is used
as main component of the project as it connects with a relay to connect the slave transformer in
parallel.

Figure Arduino pin configuration

3.5 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Interface

The alphanumeric 16 character X2line LCD requires 8data lines and also 3 control signals. By
using 2 ports, port 0&3 data pins are connected to LCD as data bus. Port0 can be basically used as
I/O port i.e. it can be programmed as an input or as an output port. That means if it is programmed
as output port, suppose if it is required to read data from LCD immediately it is not possible. Before
reading the data, it is required to make the port as an input port. Data reading from LCD gives an
erroneous reading & should not be implemented. Because of this port5 is made as input / output
port depending on the situation. The control signals are connected to port 3 pins. They are EN bar,
RS bar & RW bar. At different instance such as data write / command write / data read etc. Various
signals are to be provided as indicated by the by the LCD manufacturers. To interface the LCD, to
the Micro controller it requires an 8 bit and also three control signals differentiate the data from
the control words send to the LCD. The Microcontroller has to send the necessary control words
followed by the data to be displayed. Depending on the operation to be performed the control
words are selected and passes to the LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the
ASCII format. Thus, all the character to be displayed are converted into ASCII form and then sent
to the LCD.

LCD pin description

VDD, VSS and VEE While VCC and VCC provide +5V and ground respectively, VEE is used for
controlling LCD contrast. RS, register select. There are two very important registers inside the
LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code
register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home,
etc., If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the
LCD. R/W, read/write R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read
information from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing. EN, Enable the LCD to latch
information presented to its data pins uses the enable pin. When data is supplied to data pins, a
high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at
the data pins. The 8-bit data pins,
D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the LCD’s internal
registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, and
numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.
There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or force
the cursor to the home position or blink the instruction command codes. We also use RS=0 to chew
busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information.

Figure LCD display

3.6 Analog to digital converter (ADC)
Analog to Digital Converters are most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital Computers
use Binary values, but in the physical world everything is analog in nature.
A physical quantity which is analog in nature is converted to electrical signals using a device called
transducers. Transducers are also referred to as sensors. Sensors produce an output that is voltage
or current. Therefore we need an ADC to translate the analog signals to digital numbers so that
micro-controller can read and process them. Microcontroller can only perform complex processing
on digitized signals. When signals are in digital form they are less susceptible to the deleterious
effects of additive noise. ADC Provides a link between the analog world of transducers and the
digital world of signal processing and data handling.

Application of ADC
ADC is used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to be processed, stored, or
transported in digital form. Some examples of ADC usage are digital volt meters, cell phone,
thermocouples, digital oscilloscope, sound processing, temperature processing etc...
Microcontrollers commonly used 8, 10, 12, or 16 bit ADCs; our micro controller uses an 8 bit
ADC.
Analog-to-digital ADC converters are used to transform analog information into a form suitable
for digital handling, which might involve any of these operations:
 processing by a computer or by logic circuits, including arithmetical operations,

Comparison, sorting, ordering and code conversion,

 Storage until ready for further handling,

 Display in numerical or graphical form and

 Transmission