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What's App 03101190027 Search our fb group: Fb.com/groups/NtsEteaKPESED (oui EducationInfo&TestPrenaration Admin: Muhammad AlFb.com/groups/NtsEteaKPESED — CONTENTS ae ws ss “ a oS o> S.No. Subject Page No. 1 Queen Vectoria’s Proclamation and 2 the Act of 1858 British Administration 5 Education Policy 12 Social and Economic Policy and 17 Communication Networks Acts of 1861, 1892,1909,1919 21 26 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Modern 28 Response Sir Syed’s Contribution towards 32 ModernEducation and Social Reforms Sir Syed’ s politicalaccomplishments 38 Establishment of Muslim Educational Institutions in areas 39 constituting Pakisan Response of Darul-Uloom Deoband and Nadvatul Ulama 42 tical Awakening in British India 49 Formation of Indian National 50 Congress (1885)Partition of Bengal (1905) 51 British India 4 * simla Deputation and the 56 © Foundation of AIML (1906) . Congress-League Rapprochement, 60 (1912-20): Role of M.A. Jinnah . Khilafat and Hijrat Movements, 62 (1919-24) . Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms | ep Act of (1919) and introduction of Diarchy in the provinces | » Civil Disobedience and | ei Non-Co-operation Movement | (1920-22) 4 _ | Quest for Political Settlement |. Delhi Muslim Proposals (1927) | 77 » Simon Commission and Indian | 78 Response | «Nehru Report (1928) f= 80 _. Jinnah’s 14 Points (1929) 82 ~ Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s | 83 Allahabad Address (1930) | « Round Table Conferences(1930-32), 89 | ¢ Separation of Sindh and 87 | Introduction of Reforms in | NWFP and Balochistan |, The Government of India Act:1935. °9 «Reorganization of the AIML 93 (1936-39) fof General Elections (1937) | 94 pate Congress Ministries in the 95 Provinces and the Muslims’ grievances - « World War-II and its impacts on 99a 5 Struggle for Pakistan 103 © Lahore Resolution (Pakistan 106 Resolution, 1940) © Cripps Mission (1942) 110 ° Quit India Movement (1942) M2 © Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944) 113 ® Simla Conference (1945) 114 © General Elections (1945-46) ae © Cabinet Mission Plan and Interim | Government (1946) 123 ° The London Conference and its implications (December 1946) 124 © 3 June Plan and Indian Independence Act (1947) 129 * Role-of the Quaid-e-Azam in the making of Pakistan B1 © Role of Minorities in the creation of Pakistan © Glossary 136 ___* Biblography 146 Fb.com/groups/NtsEteaKPESCHAPTER 1 CONSOLIDATION OF THE BRITISH RULE Students will be able to: Describe the Transfer of British Power in India from East India Company to the Crown and the salient features of Queen Victoria's proclamation. Delineate the structure of British administration in India and early efforts to co-opt Indians in the British setup. Outline the objectives and results of the British Education Policy with special reference to Lord Macaulay's Minutes (1836-37) and Wood's Dispatch (1854). Identify the salient features of colonial economic policy in India. Highlight the measures for the social transformation since the British accession to power. Specify the advantages and implications of communication networks introduced by the British. Discuss the quantum of devolution of power to Indians introduced in the Acts of 1861, 1892, 1909 and 1919.CONSOLIDATION OF THE BRITISH RULE Queen Victoria’s Proclamation and the Act of 1858 Transfer of Power to the British Crown Background In the sixteenth | century, the European t nations adopted the policy of colonization. They used to land in the weaker countries in the shape of traders and occupied them. The European travellers discovered the sea route between Europe and India. Similarly, the European nations including Holland. France England (U.K) came to India as traders. The British established an organization “The East India Company” for trade purposes It got influence and power. This company was established with the approval of Queen Elizabeth 1 on 31st December. 1600 Its first trading centres were set up in the Indian cities of Madras and Bombay in 1610 and 1611 respectively ae The British who came to India as traders wanted to iE, this region for their personal gain. Rulers and general the Coe Unconscious and weak that the British adopted Rae. Hee expansion and occupation. After the defeat of position str ler Ali and Tipu Sultan, they rapidly made the'’ 1843 and eng in Indo-Pak. After the occupation of Sindh unjab in 1849, the State of Awadh was captured by — ima | [them in 1856. Due to certain reasons a decisive war of independence was fought between the pays Indians and the British in 1857. The British won this war and occupied the whole of India. Government of India Act (1858) The first Act after East India Company is known as the Government of India Act (1858). The Act was passed by the British Parliament for India. The East India Company raised some objections but it was approved. Its key points were as under: 4. All powers were transferred from East India Company to the British Government. 2. The Crown nominated a Governor General who was delegated the powers of the Viceroy. He would get directives from the Secretary of State. The Company's army control was handed over to the British Government. From among the members for India the cabinet, a minister, namely the Secretary of State was nominated who would issue directives to the Governor General.5. All the powers of the East India Company were to be transferred to the Crown. The announcement would be made by the Viceroy at Allahabad Darbar. It was an important act in the history of India. It ended long occupation of the company and India came under the direct control of the Crown which lasted for about ninety years. Salient Features of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation Allahabad Darbar was held on 1st November, 1858, wherein the Governor General Canning read out the proclamation. Its key points were as under: This announcement is to assume the control directly and to relieve the Company of the administration. People were told to remain loyal to the Indian Government because it was the representative of the British Crown. 3. Canning was appointed as the first Governor General. He was directed to receive orders from the Crown through the Secretary of State for India. 4. The British government of British will not take ony aggressive steps against princely states whose rulers W! retain their power and respect.Progress and prosperity of the people of India will be ensured. 6. Therewillbenointerference in religious affairs. 7. Subjects will be treated equally and the government jobs will be provided on the basis of merit and capability. 8. Before enacting any law in India religious customs and traditions will be taken into account. 9. _ Priority will be given to law and order and all the crimes of Indians will be forgiven except that of killing the British. This proclamation of the British Crown was a landmark in the political history of Indian administration till 1917. British Administration in India British Administration After gaining full control of India, the British took the following steps in order to run the government smoothly and peacefully: 4. The Indian administration was under the Crown. A Secretary of State was appointed by the Crown from among the members of the British cabinet who looked after the directives of the British Government. Muhammad Ali 03101190027uncil was set up for Indian administration. An Executive Co 3. ALegislative Council was set up by the Governor General to make laws for the country. 4. Indian Civil Service, 1853 was set up to run the government affairs. Indians were given the opportunity to participate in it but they had to take training in England. 5. The Royal Army was organized for national defence. 6. The country was divided into provinces to facilitate administration. There were a British Governor in each province and an Executive and Legislative Council for his assistance. 7. Ajudiciary was set up for justice and the last appeal was to be filed in the British Privy Council for review. 8. There were several independent States in India and every State was ruled by its own ruler. 9. The key point of the British administration was to maintain its supremacy. But with the passage of ti had to include Indians in it. i" ¥ cee Policies of Sharing Power and Peace of British in Indo Pak After th be many cau. of Independence (1857) the British adopted cies to perpetuate thei i i i discussed in the following lines: Tate 2Lord Canning: (1858-1862) Lord Canning was the Governor General of India during 1858-1862. He spent most of his time in the War of Independence. During the war the British suffered great loss of life and property. They wanted to take severe revenge, but Canning adopted the policy of peace. In a letter, he wrote that he would not change his policy in his life time. He said that his policy was based on justice and in line Lord Canning with the requirement of time. He said “I will not rule with cruelty. Instead, | will bring justice. i will not allow the British government to deal Indians with anger and discrimination.” After suppressing all the revolts harshly, there will be patience, peace and justice. ; Lord Canning was a noble person. He was lenient and sympathetic. Due to his generous policies the British government demanded his return to London. Canning wrote to England “My present policy is based on mercy without any weakness. It will not affect the government supremacy”.CONSOLIDATION OF THE BRITISH RULE 2. Lord Elgin (1862-1863) ; Lord Elgin continued the J policies of Canning during his short government period. Elgin adopted the policy of peace and cooperation. He held several Darbars at Agra, Banaras, Kanpur and Ambala with the aim to remove misperception between the government and the Indian states to set up good relations. He § Lord Elgin imposed taxes and had a cuton military expenses. 3. LordLawrence (1864-1869) Lord Lawrence was Chief Commissioner of Punjab before viceroy of India. It was his political Punjab. It was his political wisdom that Punjab did not participate in the freedom struggle. During his stay in Punjab as Chief Commissioner, he knew the psychology of the Indians. Using that experience, he was successful as Viceroy. He was a man of action and by sheer hard work, he had gained status among Special attention to the farmers and sts and gave them the right of 8 Lord Lawrence them. Lord Lawrence paid safeguarded their intere:CONSOLIDATION OF THE BRITISH RULE ownership. In Awadh he also gave the right of ownership on low rate. He protected their rights and gave them legal protection. The farmers became prosperous due to this policy. He paid special attention to the country's economy. During his period, Canals and railway lines were constructed and many other welfare schemes started. He was moderate in solving public issues. He was just in the running of state affairs. 4. Lord Mayo (1869-1872) Lord Mayo was the Viceroy of India from 1869 to 1872. He established friendly relations with the princely states. He founded a college in Ajmer for the children of princely rulers. Lord Mayo adopted centralized policy for the political participation of the people. Mayo handed over some departments to provinces for better administration in 1870. He developed peace and political representation in India. He established a responsible Lord Mayo governmentin India. 5. Lord Northbrook (1872-1876 Lord Northbrook acted upon the | policy of previous rulers and made meg no new experiences. He tried to | satisfy the people. Once he stated | aaa ae BeaneCONSOLIDATION OF THE BRITISH RULE ernment smoothly and is policy “| want to run the gov apes fully He. declared to cut taxes and stop ps es islation. This shows that Northbrook was a bas re hr loving person. In his time, there was a se : bel ~. The Secretary of State was appointed in British cabinet. c. The British established civil service to deal with the government affairs in J d. To protect cultural heritage department was established . e. Mr. SP Sinha was the first Indian who was included in Council. 2. Choose the right answer. a. The first constitutional act of India is called, the act of (i) 1858 (ii) 1861 (iii) 1892 (iv) 1909 b. safe guarded the interest of peasants in Punjab. (i) Lord Mayo (ii) Macaulay (iii) Lawrence (iv) Lord Lytton c. The British government encouraged gee institutions. i issionary (ii) Religious (iii) Private (iv) Government » To change the Indian mind set, Western type of ‘ was introduced. (i) Life (ji) Education (ili) Career (iv) IndustryINSOLIDATION OF THE BRITISH RULE e. oP es a Lord Dalhousie established in 1854. —_____ department Cn (i) Foreign (iii) Public Works (iv) Interior Write short answers to the following. When was the East India Company established? When and to whom was the power shifted from East India Company and who approved it? What happened to the Princely States after the transfer of power? Describe the salient points of Factory Act 1881? What was the other name of the Government of India Act 1919? Write detailed answers to the following questions? What were the impacts of the proclamation of Queen Victoria on the people of the subcontinent? Describe the key points of British administration. Discuss the objectives and results of British educational system. ‘ Describe the stages of different laws for the transfer of power to the Indians. Practical Work Arrange a speech competition on the merits and demerits of the British educationalsystem. _ Arrange a quiz in your class about British economic policy and communication system. _ Arrange an essay competition on the topic “Freedom”.AND THE ALIGARH MOVEMENT «+= Describe the dismal situation of the Muslims the post-1857 era. Highlight Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's affort if Anglo-Mushim rapprochement. lilustrale Sir Syed's success In persuading Muslims to acquire modem education, Delineale Sit Syed's role asa Social Reformer * Discwes Sir Syad's political testament ane manifesto; continued loyally to the Britek Crown. and abstention fram active polities, Discuss the establishment ef various me educalianal institulions in areas cons Pskistan wilh particular reference to Sindh Madrassalullsiam, Trace back the origins, evolution al accomplishments of Muslim Educa Conference. Discuss the response of Deoband and Nady fomodern education.indian States during War of Independence 1857 NOT FOR SALE4a Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Modern Response es ay Se Dismal situation of the Muslims inthe ap Post-1857 Era «+> The British and the Indians, especially the Muslims, fought a decisive war on different grounds which is called the War of Independence of 1857. This war badly affected the Indian Muslims. Effects of the war olindependence were. ='© 0 > 1. Although tha Muslims and the Hindus both participated in the War of Independence, bul the Brilish held only the Muslims, responsible for the war ef independence, The Hindus were awarded while the Muslims faced | Severe revenge. They were torlured badly. Prominent leaders were executed and mostef themwere exiled, The Muslim Nawabs were badly tortured. Proparty of the Muslims was confiscated, Abaut twenty four princes were hanged in November 1857_at Delhi, The Muslims faced greal misevies, a re _ ae ee i] After the war, the Hindu-Muslim unity was shattered. Misunderstanding was cregted between the two nations.The Hindus were dealt with leniency while the Muslims were subjected to torlure. Circumstances were created so that hatred might prevail between the two nations to forestall any united rebellion against the British in future. The Sikhs of Punjab apted out of the war. In the same way, hatred was created among the three big nations i.e the Hindus, the Muslims and the Sikhs, Similarly, the British policy of “divide and rule” was successfully applied. The War of Independence made the British rulers fepressive, Their attitudes became harsh and hateful towards the public, especially the Muslims. They began to rule with cruelty. They treated the Indians as slaves. The British soldiers started hating those native troops who had supported the British in the war of independence. The environment of confidence completely vanished. The English left no stone untumed to press and harass the local people. The British government tightened its grip on India and they planted the seeds of hatred among the Indian nationalities. The British started organizing their army. The British increased and trusted in their own army. They discourged the local people in the army. Heavy weapons especially arillery was in the control of the British troops. More troops were deployed on important posts. They increased military expenditure, particularly on the British forces. The Muslims had started the movement for the revival of Education. Due to the war it received irreparable loss. The Muslims’ spiritual life was ruined. In Delhi this movement was severely smashed.Ai properties were lost. foremployment were limited. 7. The Hindus and the Sikhs took advantage of the wors condition of Muslims and thay organized themselves The Muslims could notremain united and their leadership} was scattered. Muslim freedom fighters were arrayed I) be blown away by artillary. sou as 4 Sead Social and educational reforms of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan BIT ep ¢ SU Ale Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Modern Era ~~ sth sbp Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was bor on “s 17th October 1817 ipa well-off family af _ Delhi, His father, Mir Muttaki, was an [., enlightened man while his mother was a sober and religious woman. His grand: father Khawaja Farid-ud -Bin had remained an employee of the East india Company. He was jamous tor his several national services. Sir syed Ahmad Khan was appoinled as a sub-Judge in — : 1841-He wrote several books during Sir Sye » that period, In his book “Jilaul-Quloob £2" the » Be Zikril-Mehbaob”, he described the birth, death, miracles ang other events of Hazrat Muharnmad (S.A.WV.8). In Delhi he wrote his famous book Asarul-Sanadeed. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted that the Muslims shoul follow madern time. He sensed that the main cause of the decline of the Muslims was their conservation and hatred d Ahmad Khaards Western education. He thought that if the Muslims ‘eruinued their hateful attitude jawed fear omeatone gcentific studies and English language, thay would remain far pehind in the struggle of hfe. Therefore, he tried whole heartedly jppersuade the Muslims towards modem education. ao ins sirSyed's Efforts for British-Muslim Friendly relations sir Syad Ahmed khan was of the view that it was crucial for the Muslims to be loyal to the Britishers. In his journal “Asbabe-Baghawal-e-Hind” he declared very clearly and boldly thatthe uprising of LBStwas the result of Indians’ ill feeling towards the Britishers. He boldly stated that this distrust was created due to the aggressive and aulhoritative approach of the Britishers. The hatred among the native troops aginst tne British was roused by the religious prejudices of tne Hindus. But when the War of independence started, the Muslims fought more enthusiastically than the Hindus in the battlefield. Both military personnel and mujahideen fought with bravery and beldness and received more casualties. The British oppressed the Muslims Severely to overcome reballions. The non-Muslim benefitted greatly from the crushing policy of the British towards the Muslims. All these events were unbearable for Sir Syed. He wrote 2 magazine by the name of “Asbabe- Bagahawat-e-Hind” and tried to remove the hatred from the hearts of the British, Sir Syed thought that the main cause of {857 insurgency was thatthe Indians were kept away from the legislation. The Indians could not understand the orders issued hy the government. The Muslims would call the Britisn 8s Nasara as they were Christians. Sir Syed wrote a short book en this erm (Nasara) and proved that this word was notused aut of fatred and not to insull the Briish, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrotea -j-Ta'am Ahie-Kitab” in which he tried to bring the Musime onde Cristans doseriogether.nthis Magazine, he wrote that a Muslim could dine with a Christian because the Christians are the holders of a divine book i.c. Ihe Bible. He termed as “Ahle-Kitab". ‘ nie ae Syed Ahmad Khan tried lo remove tha misunderstandings between the Muslims and the Britishers, He Wrote an interpretation of the Bible to bring those Muslims and the Britishers close together and to befriend them. He explained similarities in the basic principles of both of the religions and tried to ramove the prejudices and the narrow mindedness af both the partias. In this book Sir Syed opposed the Muslim Ulama in different places, due to which the Muslims became unhappy, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote several articles under the title of “The Loyal Muhammedans of India". In these arlicles, he mentioned thé Sincere services of the Muslims which they had rendered in favour of the British government....> yo.) He wished to remove misunderstandirigs between the (Muslims and the British. His primary aim was thal other nations of India should not exploit the misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British, Due to their hatred towards the Britishers, the Muslims started to hate their cullure, lanquage, education and even science. The British were thinking the same way. The gulf of hatred between the two nations was alarming. Sir Syed tried to bring the two nations close together, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan accelerated the educational development of the Muslims and urged that the Muslims should avoid polities and focus on education only. 7sir Syed's contribution towards Education and Social ena 3 girSyed Ahmad Khan andmoderneducation <,"_.,, gir Syed Ahmad Khan tried successfully to the acquisition of modem education for the Muslims. He thought that all their problems could be solved through western education. Therefore, he laid great emphasis on education only, He took thefollowing steps to achieve his educational objectives: 4, Muradabad school = 1454 Sir Syed wrote many magazines and articles to attract the Muslims for western education and tried to make them understand its benefits. Besides, he established madrasas and schools at different places, In this regard, he established the firstschoo! at Muradabad in 1859, 2, Scientific Society The important achievernent of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the establishment of a scientific society to translate books into Urdu. Besides, he wanted to create close relations between the Indians and the Britishers. This society was organized to translate mostly those English (History) books into Urdu in which the rise and fall of hations was discussed. agea : 3. Aligarh Institute Gazette > es- >\tb&- Ove In 1864 Sir syed was transferred to Aligarh. After the Construction of the building for scientific society, several Meetings were held there and lectures were delivered on different topics every month under the umbrella of this society. Several books were translated. These included history of India by Elphinstone, ancient Greek history and the history of China tlc. The Society published a newspaper (Aligarh Institute Gazette) in a March, 1866. This newspaper published articles on Political-educational, moral, and social issues. In the first few