Transformers

Mikhael Glen Lataza

Transformer Construction
Factors to Consider in Selecting/Designing
a Practical Transformer
Efficiency
Insulation
Cooling
Grounding
Transformer Construction
Ideal Transformer:
1. No winding resistance
2. No flux leakage
3. No excitation current
(Infinite permeability)
4. No core losses
Working Principle
• The transformer works by virtue of Faraday’s Law
•
• 𝒎

•
F
•
•
• 𝒎 𝐦 E
𝝎𝑵𝚽𝐦 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑵𝚽𝐦 𝟐𝝅
• 𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐦 𝐦
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
General Transformer Equation
• The induced emf across the coil is given by
• 𝐦
• Where is the induced emf (V)
• is the frequency (Hz)
• is the number of turns
• is the maximum mutual flux (Wb)
Example 1
• The 2300-volt primary winding of a 60-cycle transformer has 4,800
turns. Calculate: (a) the mutual flux Fm; (b) the number of turns in
the 230 volt secondary winding.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Example 2
• The maximum flux in the core of 60-cycle transformer that has 1,320
primary turns and 46 secondary turns is 3.76x106 maxwells. Calculate
the primary and secondary induced voltages.
•

•
Voltage Ratios in Transformers
• The ratio of the induced voltages between the primary and secondary
windings are given by
.
•
.

•
• a = Voltage Ratio = Turns Ratio
• If a < 1, step-up transformer.
• If a = 1, isolation transformer.
• If a > 1, step-down transformer.
Example 3
• The secondary winding of a 4600/230-volt transformer has 36 turns.
How many turns are there in the primary winding?
•

•
•
Example 4
• The volts per turn in a 25-cycle 2,400/230-volt transformer is 8.
Calculate: (a) the primary and secondary turns; (b) the maximum flux
in the core.
•
•

•
•
𝟐
•
Current Ratios in Transformers
• The ratio of the induced voltages between the primary and secondary
windings are given by
•
• P1 Ideal Transformer P2
•
𝑰𝟐 𝑵𝟏
• 1. No winding resistance
𝑰𝟏 𝑵𝟐 2. No leakage flux
• Current Ratio = 1/Turns Ratio 3. Infinite permeability
4. No core losses
• For step-up, current is reduced.
• For step-down, current is increased.
Example 5
• The secondary load current of 2300/115-volt transformer is 46 amp.
Calculate the primary current.
•
•
• 𝟏
Example 6
• The primary and secondary currents of a transformer were measured
and found to be 3.8 and 152 amp, respectively. If the secondary load
voltage is 116 volts, what is the primary emf?
•
.
•
• 𝟏
Equivalent Impedance of Transformer
X1 R1 X2 R2
a:1
• In primary side,
I1 I2
• E1 E2
•
• In secondary side, 𝑉 =𝐼 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
𝑉 =𝐼 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
• 𝑉
=𝑎
𝑉
• 𝑉 = 𝑎𝐼 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
𝐼
=𝑎 → 𝐼 = 𝑎𝐼
𝐼
𝑉 =𝑎 𝐼 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑉 =𝐼 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 + 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑎 𝑋
𝑉 =𝐼 ( 𝑅 +𝑎 𝑅 +𝑗 𝑋 +𝑎 𝑋 )
Example 7
• A 25-kva, 2300/230-volt distribution transformer has the following
resistance and leakage-reactance values: R1 = 0.8; X1 = 3.2; R2 = 0.009; X2
= 0.03. Calculate the equivalent values of resistance, reactance, and
impedance: (a) in secondary terms; (b) in primary terms.
•
.
• (a)
.
•
• (b)
•
Example 8
• For the transformer in Ex. 7, calculate the equivalent resistance and
reactance voltage drops for a secondary load current of 109 amp; (a)
in secondary terms; (b) in primary terms.
• (a)
•
• (b)
•
•
Equivalent Circuit & Voltage Regulation
• The voltage regulation of a transformer is given by
• Xe Re

• For ideal transformer, %VR = 0%.

| | I1 V’2
• V1
| |

V1 I1Xe
V1
I1
I1Xe
V’2
I1 I1Re V’2 I1Re
Example 9
• Using the data of Example 7 & 8, calculate the percent regulation: (a)
for unity power factor; (b) a lagging power factor of 0.8; (c) for a
leading power factor of 0.866.
• (a) For unity power factor
•
•
•
•
Example 9
• Using the data of Example 7 & 8, calculate the percent regulation: (a) for unity power
factor; (b) a lagging power factor of 0.8; (c) for a leading power factor of 0.866.
• (a) For lagging power factor of 0.8
•
•
•
∗
∗ ∗
•
∗ ∗
•
•
•
•
Example 9
• Using the data of Example 7 & 8, calculate the percent regulation: (a) for
unity power factor; (b) a lagging power factor of 0.8; (c) for a leading power
factor of 0.866.
• (a) For leading power factor of 0.866
•
∗ ∗
•
•
•
•
Short Circuit Test
1. Conducted on the High
Side of the transformer
2. Low Voltage Side is
Short Circuited.
3. Carefully increase the
load until rated load
current is achieved in
the primary.
Short Circuit Test
• The equivalent resistance, reactance, and impedance can be
calculated from the measurements in a short circuit test.
•
Ze
• Xe

• Re
Example 10
• The following data were obtained when a short-circuit test was
performed upon a 100-kva 2400/240-volt distribution transformer:
Esc = 72; Isc = 41.6 amp; Psc = 1180 watts. All instruments were
placed on the high side, and the low side was short-circuited.
Calculate: (a) the equivalent resistance, impedance, and reactance;
(b) the per cent regulation at a power factor of 0.75 lagging.
•
.
.
•
.

•
Example 10
• The following data were obtained when a short-circuit test was performed upon a
100-kva 2400/240-volt distribution transformer: Esc = 72; Isc = 41.6 amp; Psc =
1180 watts. All instruments were placed on the high side, and the low side was
short-circuited. Calculate: (a) the equivalent resistance, impedance, and
reactance; (b) the per cent regulation at a power factor of 0.75 lagging.
• (purely sinusoidal)
•
∗ ∗
•
•
•
Open Circuit Test (No-Load Test)

1. Open Circuit
Test is
conducted on
the low side.
2. Adjust the
supply until
you have the
rated voltage.
Open Circuit Test
• Since the current is negligible, copper losses are negligible here. The
core loss is given by
•
• Incorporating no-load copper losses,
•
Components of Core Loss
• The core loss in the transformer is due to
•
• Hysteresis Loss: .
(material)
• Eddy-current Loss: (shape)
• Where proportionality constant depending upon volume and
quality of steel
• proportionality constant depending upon volume of the core,
thickness of the laminations, and resistivity of steel
Example 11
• A 4400-volt 60-cycle transformer has core loss of 840 watts, of which
one-third is eddy-current loss. Determine the core loss when the
transformer is connected (a) to a 4600-volt 60-cycle source, (b) to a
4400-volt 50-cycle source, and (c) to a 4600-volt 50-cycle source.
•
•

•
. .

•
Example 11
• A 4400-volt 60-cycle transformer has core loss of 840 watts, of which
one-third is eddy-current loss. Determine the core loss when the
transformer is connected (a) to a 4600-volt 60-cycle source, (b) to a
4400-volt 50-cycle source, and (c) to a 4600-volt 50-cycle source.
⋅
•
.
•
. . .
• . . .
. .

• . . . .
/ /
Example 11
• A 4400-volt 60-cycle transformer has core loss of 840 watts, of which
one-third is eddy-current loss. Determine the core loss when the
transformer is connected (a) to a 4600-volt 60-cycle source, (b) to a
4400-volt 50-cycle source, and (c) to a 4600-volt 50-cycle source.
.
• (a) .

• (b)
• (c)
Regulation Calculations Using Short-Circuit
Data
•

•
% %
•
Example 12
• Using the data in Ex. 10, calculate the percent regulation of the
transformer (a) for a unity power-factor load, (b) for an 0.8 lagging
power-factor load, (c) for a 0.866 leading power factor load.
• Esc = 72; Isc = 41.6 amp; Psc = 1180 watts
•

•
•
Example 12
• Using the data in Ex. 10, calculate the percent regulation of the
transformer (a) for a unity power-factor load, (b) for an 0.8 lagging
power-factor load, (c) for a 0.866 leading power factor load.
• Esc = 72; Isc = 41.6 amp; Psc = 1180 watts
% %
• (a)
. ⋅ . ⋅
•
. ⋅ . . ⋅ .
• (a’)
•
Example 12
• Using the data in Ex. 10, calculate the percent regulation of the
transformer (a) for a unity power-factor load, (b) for an 0.8 lagging
power-factor load, (c) for a 0.866 leading power factor load.
• Esc = 72; Isc = 41.6 amp; Psc = 1180 watts
% %
• (b)
. ⋅ . . ⋅ .
•
. ⋅ . . ⋅ .
• (c)
•
Efficiency of Transformer
• The efficiency of transformer is given by
•
• The maximum efficiency occurs at
•
•

•
Example 13
• Using the data in Example 12, calculate the kilovolt-ampere load (at a
power factor of 0.8) when the efficiency is a maximum and the maximum
efficiency.
• Esc = 72; Isc = 41.6 amp; Psc = 1180 watts; Pc =500 watts
•
•
•
•
•
All-day Efficiency
• The all-day efficiency (ADE) indicates how energy is transformed by
the transformer in a day.
•
Example 14
• The transformer in Ex. 13 operates with the following loads during a 24-
hour period: 1.5 times rated kva, power factor = 0.8, 1 hr; 1.25 times rated
kva, power factor = 0.8, 2 hr; rated kva, power factor = 0.9, 3 hr; 0.5 rated
kva, power factor = 1.0, 6 hr; 0.25 rated kva, power factor = 1.0, 8 hr; no
load, 4 hr. Calculate ADE.
•

•
Autotransformer
Example 15
• An autotransformer having a primary voltage of 116 and a secondary
voltage of 80 delivers a load of 4 kw at unity power factor. Calculate
the transformed power and the power conducted directly from the
source to the load.
•
•
•
Example 16
• A conventional 3-kva 2200/220-volt distribution transformer is to be
connected as an autotransformer to step down the voltage from 2420
to 2200. (a) Make a wiring diagram showing how the transformer
should be connected. (b) With the transformer used to transform
rated power, calculate the total power input. Assume unity power
factor.
• 2420
220

•
• 2200
Instrument Transformer
• There are two kinds of instrument transformers:
• Current Transformer
• Potential Transformer
Example 17
• An 80:5 current transformer is connected to a 5-amp ammeter. If the
latter registers 3.65 amp, what is the line current?
•
Example 18
• A 50:1 potential transformer and a 150-volt voltmeter are connected
for the measurement of the high-side voltage of a distribution
transformer. If the voltage deflection is 133, what is the transmission
line voltage?
•
Parallel Operation of Transformers
• Conditions to operate transformers in parallel:
• 1. Same voltage ratings.
• 2. Same polarity. Same vector group.
• 3. Equivalent impedance should be inversely proportional to the kVA
ratings.
• 4. Same ratio of equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance.
Parallel Operation of Transformers
• The sharing of load for transformers A and B are given by
•
•
•
Example 19
• The following information is given for two transformers connected in parallel and
delivering a total load of 300 kva:
• Transformer 1: 150 kva, 6900/230 volts, Ze = 9.4 in primary terms.
• Transformer 2: 250 kva, 6900/230 volts, Ze = 5.8 in primary terms.
•
⋅
.
•
.

•
•
•
•
Three-phase Transformers
• Transformer banks can be made by interconnecting several single-
phase transformers.
• Standard Configurations:
• Y-Y
• D-D
• D-Y
• T-D
Example 20
• Three 5:1 transformers are connected in D-Y to step up the voltage at
the beginning of a 13,200-volt three-phase transmission line.
Calculate the line voltage on the high side of the transformers.
V-V Connection
• The power delivered by each transformer is given by
•
•
Example 21
• (a) What should be the kilovolt-ampere rating of each of two
transformers in a V-V bank when the three-phase balanced load is
43.5 kva? (b) If a third transformer is added for D-D operation, what is
the rated capacity of the bank? What per cent increase in load does
this represent?
Vector Group
• Yy0
Vector Groups
• Dd0
Vector Groups
• Dy1
Vector Groups
• Yd 1