CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 2

DC CIRCUITS (Part 2)

I. THEVENIN’S THEOREM: III. NORTON’S THEOREM:

a
a Circuit IL
Circuit IL RL
RL
Network b
Network b

IL = a IL =
RTH
a RTH
IL
RL
IL ISC
VTH RL b
b

Figure
VTH – the open-circuit voltage measured
across terminals a and b with RL
removed.
RTH – the equivalent resistance with all
voltage sources shorted and all
current sources opened, across
terminals a and b with RL removed.
RL – load resistance.
IL – load current
Figur
ISC – the short-circuit current passing
through terminals a and b with RL
removed and terminals a and b
short-circuited.
RTH – the equivalent resistance with all
voltage sources shorted and all
current sources opened, across
terminals a and b with RL removed.
RL – load resistance.
IL – load current.

IV. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION:

II. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER:

➢ Maximum power transferred to the RTH a

a
load RL occurs when
RL = RTH
RTH
VTH ISC
Maximum Power: b
b
Pmax =
Figure
VTH = RTH ISC

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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 2

PREFIXES USED IN S.I. UNITS

V. MAXWELL’S (MESH) METHOD: R2 = Resistivity of Some
Common Materials Exa = 1018 Peta = 1015
Algebraic technique or procedure is Tera = 1012 Giga = 109
employed for writing the simultaneous Material Resistivity ρ
Mega = 106 Kilo = 103
equations in terms of mesh currents in Hecto = 10 2 Deca = 101
R3 = -m -CM/ft deci = 10 -1 centi = 10 -2
the electrical network.
milli = 10 -3 micro = 10 -6
-8
2.83ּ10 17.02 nano = 10 -9 pico = 10 -12
Aluminum
femto = 10 -15 atto = 10 -18
VI. NODAL ANALYSIS: SAMPLE PROBLEMS: Copper
1.724ּ10-8 10.371
Useful Conversion
In this method, a solution is possible
with n-1 equations, where n represents Example 1: In the figure shown, 2.44ּ10-8 14.676
determine the current I. Gold
the number of nodes. WORK, ENERGY & POWER
1V -8
98ּ10 589.4
- + Iron Work = Force  Distance Traveled
VII. DELTA-WYE TRANSFORMATION: + Power = Work per unit time
- I v0 1.629ּ10-8 9.805 1 hp = 550 ft.-lbs/sec = 746 watts
3V 10 Silver
1 1 + 1 watt = 1 joule/sec
1 Joule = 1 N-m.
Delta 1 erg = 1 dyne-cm
RC Wye
R1 R2 1 erg = 10-7 joule
RB RA Example 2: In the circuit shown, 1 kw-hr = 3.6 x 10 6 joules = 3,412 BTU
determine the voltage v across the 25- Inferred Absolute Zero 1 cal = 4.186 joules
resistor. Temperature 1 BTU = 778.26 ft.- lbs
2 R3 3 2 3 2v
50 1 BTU = 1,055 joules = 252 cal
- Material
+ T (oC)

Figure
RB =
RA = +
+ I 25 v 228
125 V Aluminum

234.5
RC = Annealed Copper
Example 3: In the figure shown, 241.5
determine the reading of the voltmeter V. Hard-Drawn Copper

180
16 4 Iron
VIII. WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATION: +
+
12V - V
1 1 243
8 8 Silver
Delta
RC Wye
R1 R2
RB RA Example 4: Calculate the power drawn
by RL. 10 80 40
2 R3 3 2 3

180 V +- 100 30 RL=20

R1 = Figure

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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 2

Example 5: Using MESH, determine the Example 9: By using the method of

18. Three resistances of 20 Ω each are currents I1, I2, and I3. source transformation, solve for the
connected star. If a source of emf of 5 current through RL.
120 V is connected across any two
5 RL = 8 10
terminals of the equivalent delta- 4 I2 9
connected resistances, find the 10V
+ I1
current supplied by the source. - 10
+
A. 1.5 A C. 3.0 A 1 100 V +- 20 40 +
- 50 V
- I3
B. 2.0 A D. 1.0 A 3V

7
19. A 120-V battery having an internal
resistance of 0.5 ohm is connected
through a line resistance of 9.5 ohms
to a variable load resistor. What Example 6: Using NODAL, determine Example 10. For the given circuit shown
maximum power will the battery the voltage v2 at node 2. below, determine the value of RL that will
deliver to the load? 5 result in maximum power transferred to it.
1 2
A. 1,200 W C. 7,200 W Also calculate the maximum power
B. 3,600 W D. 1,800 W transferred to this resistor.
2A 2 1 5A
20. Twelve similar wires each of
resistance 6 ohms are arranged to 30
form the edge of a cube. Find the +
120 V 150 RL
resistance between the two corners of
the same edge.
A. 1.133 Ω C. 1.125 Ω Example 7: Solve the current through RL
B. 1.102 Ω D. 1.167 Ω using Thevenin’s theorem.
1
<<< END >>>
Example 11. In a WYE connected
2A RL= 50 +
-
45 V resistors shown, RA = 1/2 Ω, RB = 3/8
Ω, and RC = 3/2Ω, calculate the values of
4 the equivalent resistors in delta.

Example 8: By using Norton’s theorem, RC Wye

solve for the current through RL.
1 RB RA

2 3
+
2A RL= 50 -
45 V

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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 2

5. Using MESH, determine the current 9. By using the method of source 13. The equivalent resistances between
I1. transformation, solve for the current terminals of a DELTA connected
Practice Problems: through the 4-Ω resistor. resistors are R12=0.9 Ω, R23=1.3 Ω,
1 I2 2 4 6 5 R31=1.1 Ω. Determine the individual
1. In the figure shown, determine the 7V
+
resistances of the equivalent WYE
- 5V 3 connected resistors.
current I. +

1V
I1 - 2 6 V +- 30 20 +
- 40V A. 0.35Ω, 0.75Ω, 0.55Ω
I3
B. 0.25Ω, 0.95Ω, 0.55Ω
+ 1 10
7 C. 0.54Ω, 0.12Ω, 0.87Ω
+
I D. 0.35Ω, 0.98Ω, 0.32Ω
+ 10 v0 A. -4.0 amps C. -2.4 amps A. 0.361 amp C. 0.245 amp
3V 14. A 72- Ω coil of wire is connected in
B. -1.8 amps D. 3.5 amps B. 0.825 amp D. 0.623 amp series with an adjustable resistor
6. Using NODAL, determine the current 10. For the given circuit shown below, whose resistance can be varied from
through RL. determine the value of R L that will 0 to 88 ohms. If the potential is 115
A. 0.6 A C. 2.4 A RL = 15 result in maximum power transferred volts, calculate the rheostat
B. 1.8 A D. 0.4A to it. Also calculate the maximum resistance when the power taken by
2. In the circuit shown, determine the power transferred to this resistor. the coil is 90 watts.
voltage v across the 2- resistor. A. 52 Ω C. 31 Ω
2A 10 5 4A 30 B. 61 Ω D. 45 Ω
2v
50 360V
+ 150 RL 15. The resistance of a conductor with a
- + uniform circular cross-section is
+
A. 4 amp C. 2.4 amp 1.5ohms. The conductor is stretched
I B. 3 amp D. 0 amp until the final length is increased by
72 V
+ 2 v
7. Solve the current through RL using A. 465 watts C. 240 watts 10%. Determine the percent change
Thevenin’s theorem. B. 900 watts D. 300 watts in resistance of the wire. (Assume a
4 5 11. In a WYE connected resistors shown, uniform cross-section for the
A. 3.6 volts C. 2.4 volts RA = 1/2 Ω, RB = 3/8 Ω, and RC = stretched wire.)
B. 6.0 volts D. 3.0 volts 3/2Ω, calculate the values of the A. 15% C. 10%
3. In the figure shown, determine the + RL= 2 equivalent resistors in delta. B. 21% D. 35%
9v - 4 1
reading of the voltmeter V. 16. A 500-watt 230-V electric kettle takes
6
Delta 15 minutes to bring 1 kilogram of
8 water at 15 ºC to boiling point.
18 A. 0.612 amp C. 0.345 amp R1 R2
+ + Determine the heat efficiency of the
24V - V B. 1.48 amp D. 0.261 amp kettle. (Specific heat of water = 4.186
16 30 8. By using Norton’s theorem, solve for J/g- ºC)
the current through RL. 2 R3 3 A. 79.06% C. 93.11%
A. -1.0 volt C. 1.0 volt B. 88.20% D. 82.59%
B. -1.8 volts D. 3.50 volts
4 5 A. 1/2 Ω, 3/8 Ω, 3/2Ω
B. 1/3 Ω, 3/8 Ω, 5/2Ω 17. A circuit has three branches in
4. Calculate the power drawn by RL. C. 1/2 Ω, 7/8 Ω, 3/2Ω parallel.
10 6 + RL= 2 D. 1/4 Ω, 3/8 Ω, 7/2Ω First branch: 15-V battery in series
9v 4
-
with 6-Ω resistance.
6 12. Two 30-ohm resistors are connected Second branch: 10-V battery in
in series. When a resistor R is series with 4-Ω resistance.
120 V +- 25 5 RL=20 connected across one of them, the Third branch: 3.6-Ω resistance.
A. 0.612 amp C. 0.345 amp total circuit resistance is 40Ω. Find Determine the current flowing in the
B. 1.48 amp D. 0.261 amp the ohmic value of R. third branch.
A. 36 watts C. 24 watts A. 30 Ω C. 45 Ω A. 1 A C. 1.5 A
B. 18 watts D. 20 watts B. 15 Ω D. 10 Ω B. 2 A D. 2.5 A

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