Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3 – 4: In which TWO areas did these research findings differ from those of the original
study?
5 – 6: What TWO skills did Leela and Jake agree they had learned from doing the
project?
Questions 7 – 15
You will hear part of a radio program in which food historian Andrew Dalford talks
about pepper, one of the commonest spices. For questions 7 – 15, complete the
sentences with a word or short phrase.
Andrew Dalford‟s recently published book about the history of spices is entitled
7……..………………
The colour of pepper is related to when the 8…………………….. occurs.
In the past, dishonest dealers would add cheaper plant materials such as 9………………..
and ……………….. to sacks of pepper.
Andrew uses the term 10….…………………. to describe the social importance of pepper
throughout history.
Together with ivory and 12…..………………., pepper was regarded as a luxury item in
the Roman Empire.
In medicine, both pepper and 13…..………………. were used to treat certain conditions.
Made into an ointment, pepper was used to treat irritated 14…..…………….. and to
relieve pain.
Questions 16 – 20
You will hear a radio discussion on the subject of dictionaries. For questions 16 – 20,
choose the answer A, B, C, or D which fits best according to what you hear.
18. According to Elaine, in which area of her work has new technology had the greater
impact?
19. According to Tony, what may influence a dictionary compiler‟s decision to include a
particular term?
A. technical experience
B. reading habits
C. personal interests
D. objective research
20. According to Elaine, what prevents dictionary compilers from inventing words
themselves?
II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR
Part 1: Choose the best answer.
1. To make the sauce, ……………. a small bar of chocolate and melt it over a pan
of water.
A. splash B. hack C. grate D. cut
2. The desk was so …………….. with papers that it was hard to find anything.
A. burdened B. cluttered C. overrun D. muddled
3. I‟m afraid we haven‟t got a spare bed. Can you …………. with a mattress on
the floor?
A. make do B. make by C. make over D. make up
4. What ………… the smoke and the noise, the party made me feel quite ill.
A. if B. with C. through D. of
5. Speed limits on the road …………….. to protect pedestrians as well as
motorists.
A. serve B. prove C. succeed D. intend
6. Tax ………….. deprives the state of several million pounds a year.
A. retention B. desertion C. escapism D. evasion
7. When all the students …………….., the professor began his lecture.
A. sat B. were sitting C. seated D. were seated
8. What are you going to do when all you money ……………
A. runs down B. runs deep C. runs dry D. runs short
9. Fred says that his present job does not provide him with enough ………………
for his organising ability.
A. scope B. space C. capacity D. range
10. A few political extremists ………… the crowd to attack the police.
A. animated B. agitated C. incited D. stirred
11. Although the new library service has been very successful, its future
is______________certain.
A. at any rate B. by no means C. by all means D. by any chance
12. Some people can_______________out of their shyness as soon as they are 20.
A. move B. change C. grow D. turn
13. Please don‟t talk about the day – I want to______________it all behind me.
A. block B. stir C. summon D. put
14. Advertisers often aim their campaigns at young people as they have
considerable spending_____________?
A. power B. strength C. force D. ability
15. The strike was________________owing to a last-minute arrangement with the
management
A. called off B. broken up C. set back D. put
down
16. The weather is usually mild, although we sometimes get a cold________at he
beginning of the year.
A. spell B. term C. interval D. wave
17. Hehad a ___________ escape since the bullet came within inches of his head.
18. I can‟t tell you the exact amount, but I can give you a ______ estimate.
Most but not all of the following lines contain one incorrect word. Underline the word
that is incorrect and correct it. If a line is correct, tick it.
01. education between age of 5 and 16. At the present, there are about nine million
02. school-children at about 40,000 schools. The number is increasing, mainly because of some
03. increase in the birth rate, and such primary school numbers are very high.
04. Although the birth-rate has now stabilize, each year more children stay
05. on at school from the minimum leaving age. There is, therefore, a
06. continuing need for more teachers and more school buildings. In England, Wales and
07. Northern Ireland, it is usual for boys and girls to be taught to gather in primary schools: that
08. is, up to the age of 11, but about half the secondary schools are for boys and girls
only.
9. Although mixed schools are more common in Wales and Scotland, where all but a few city
The tempo of music seems to be (5) …….. related to its emotional impact, with fast
music often (6) …….. as happier and slower music as sadder. It is the same with the
major biological rhythm of the body: our heart (7) …….. quickens when we‟re happy,
but slows when we‟re sad. Military music may have (8) …….. from attempts to get us
ready for (9)…….. by using fast drumming to (10) …….. our hearts into beating faster.
1 A amenable B dependable C responsible D reliable
2 A Views B Aspects C Factors D Pieces
3 A auditory B visual C imaginary D sensual
4 A expectations B implications C assumptions D propositions
5 A surely B plainly C evidently D directly
6 A felt B endured C encountered D touched
7 A pulse B speed C pace D rate
8 A evolved B extended C advanced D elevated
9 A battle B fight C quarrel D struggle
10 A activate B motivate C stimulate D animate
Part 2: Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Even today, the book‟s succinct style makes it compulsively readable. (6)………………
his approach is basically an emotional one. Wynne-Tyson goes to great lengths to back
(7)……..…………. every statement with considerable supporting evidence and statistical
data. Thus, even (8)…………………… of us who are widely read
(9)……………………. this subject of vegetarianism will gain fresh insights from this
book. It is generally agreed that his most skillful achievement is the slow revelation of his
main thesis (10)……………… the arguments unfold.
According to Janet, one of the best ways to identify a bargain is to hunt for
foreclosures. Foreclosures are properties banks have repossessed because their
owners were unable to meet the mortgage repayments. Banks want a quick sell on
these places, Janet says. They want to cut their losses and get their money back as
quickly as possible. Developing a network – making connections with city clerks
and bank employees who know which properties are about to be sold – can be an
excellent way to identify such bargains. And bargains they certainly can prove to
be; in a recent firesale auction („firesale auction‟ is the phrase that has been coined
to describe auction-room events dedicated entirely to the disposal of repossessed
assets) A house with a market value nearing $ 1,000,000, but with a low reserve
price designed to encourage bidders and secure a quick sale, went for $ 450,000;
that‟s a whopping 55% discount.
It‟s also important to be realistic though and not stretch yourself too far financially.
Janet says the biggest mistake you can make is to borrow too much or over-
borrow. For first time investors, lenders usually demand bigger payments because
you haven‟t got a proven track record. That‟s more of your money on the table and,
therefore, should anything go wrong, you‟re in for a big financial hit.
Her business partner, James Nylles, is in complete agreement on this point. He also
highlights the fact that the mortgage payments and deposits are only part of the
long term cost of buying a rental property. There is also the cost of repairs,
administration and maintenance, rental manager‟s fees, insurance and so on, all of
which require you to hold a significant amount of money in reserve. Failure to
factor this in when calculating how much you can afford to part with in mortgage
repayments can lead to disaster.
One of the biggest traps for first time investors, according to Nylles, is the
temptation to pay over the odds to get the property you desire. Buyers often get
carried away, especially in the auction-room setting, which can get quite
competitive and even descend into a racket of one-upmanship. They end up paying
top-dollar and landing themselves in a financial situation they can ill afford to be
in. Remember, you are in the property game to make money, so the more money
you have to pay upfront for a property, the less likely you are to recoup your
investment in the long run. The good news, however, is that the housing market is
not very hot at the moment, which means the danger of overpaying is not so great.
Always set emotions to one side and think from a purely business perspective. The
question of your liking or disliking the property is irrelevant. As Nylles points out:
“you will not be living there.” Business decisions are made in the cold hard light of
day; your objective is to minimize your outlay and maximize your return. Whether
you secure a huge home in pristine condition or a tiny flat with barely room to
stretch in is irrelevant – if the tiny flat gets you a better return on your investment
then the choice is a no-brainer.
And last of all, do your homework. You‟ve got to get to know the location in
which you are going to invest. Look out for areas which are earmarked for
government investment. Urban renewal areas are often very attractive since house
and rental prices in such places are low right now but can be expected to rise in the
not too distant future. The range of local amenities, safety and the state of the local
economy are all important factors to consider, too. As the old saying goes,
„location, location, location‟. Invest in a good location and you will maximize your
rental income.
Questions 1-7: Answer questions bellow using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
for each answer.
1. what are investors getting fed up with?
2. Janet Anderson is involved in the sale of property. What is another
phrase used in paragraph 1 to describe this type of business?
3. What is one of the best ways to identify a bargain in the property
market?
4. Failure to meet your what, can cause your home to be repossessed?
5. What do banks want to get back quickly on foreclosed properties?
6. Developing networks is an excellent way to find what?
7. What is the biggest error of judgement first time investor can make,
according to Anderson?
Questions: 8-14 - In spaces 8-14 bellow, write YES, NO, NOT GIVEN
8. Banks demand larger deposits from first time property investors.
9. By making a larger deposit, investors can limit their personal financial
risk.
10. There are a lot of long term costs to take into consideration before
purchasing a rental
Recently, however, the ozone layer over parts of the earth has been diminishing.
chief among the culprits in the case of the disappearing ozone, those that are really
responsible, are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs meander up from Earth
into the stratosphere, where they break down and release chlorine. The released
chlorine reacts with ozone in the stratosphere to form chlorine monoxide (ClO) and
oxygen (O2). The chlorine then becomes free to go through the cycle over and over
again. One chlorine atom can, in fact, destroy hundreds of thousands of ozone
molecules in this repetitious cycle, and the effects of this destructive process are
now becoming evident.
IV. WRITING
Exercise 1: Read the following extract and use your own words to summarise it.
Your summary should be about 80-100 words long. You must not copy the
original.
Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not
learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He
notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the
language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to
make his language like other people‟s. In the same way, children learning to do all
the other things they learn to do without being taught – to walk, run, climb,
whistle, ride a bicycle – compare their own performances with those of more
skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a
child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it
all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it
was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes
dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of
other children if he wants it, what this word says, what the answer is to that
problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.
Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them,
with our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of
knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one‟s life is nonsense in a
world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers
say, „But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need
to get on in the world?‟ Don‟t worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the
world and learn it.
Exercise 2: Write a short report for a university lecturer describing the information shown
below.
The bar chart below shows the estimated sales of jeans for two companies next year in Turkey.
The pie chart shows the projected market share of the two companies in jeans at the end of next
year.
People who have original ideas are of much greater value to society than those who are
simply able to copy the ideas of others well.
6. up 7. after 8. at 9. on 10. at
4. mortgage repayments 9. NO
Part 4: Read the passage and choose the best answer:10 points
People who have original ideas are of much greater value to society than those who are
simply able to copy the ideas of others well.