How COVID-19 Pandemic Bolsters China's Influence Toward Hegemonic Race in ASEAN

Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X
Vol. 4 No. 2 | December 2021 E ISSN 2621-735X

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How COVID-19 Pandemic Bolsters China's Influence

toward Hegemonic Race in ASEAN
Andi Ibnu Masri Rusli
Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Pelita Harapan
University, Jakarta Selatan – Indonesia
Email: andiibnurusli@gmail.com
Submitted: 4 August 2021 |Accepted: 20 October 2021
Abstract
The Covid-19 outbreak that occurred at the end of 2019 added to a long series of global crises at a time when the trade
war was still ongoing. The epidemic then quickly spread throughout the world. Southeast Asia is no exception. The
presence of this epidemic in Southeast Asia adds to the intensity of the struggle for hegemony between the United States
and China. Vaccine diplomacy from China, the United States, and ASEAN itself presents its own dynamics for the
competition for hegemony in this region from the two countries. This paper uses a qualitative method approach, where the
author presents a critical review of the current dynamics. While the theoretical basis, the author uses the theory of hegemony
through non-traditional security approach instruments centered on the vaccine diplomacy competition conducted by two
superpower countries. The results show how the dynamics of the superiority of China's vaccine diplomacy are important
points and provide broad projections of a new chapter in the struggle for hegemony in Southeast Asia.
Keywords: ASEAN, China, COVID-19, Hegemony, U.S.A.
Abstrak
Wabah Covid-19 yang terjadi pada akhir tahun 2019 menambah rentetan panjang krisis global di saat
perang dagang masih berlangsung. Wabah tersebut kemudian dengan cepat menyebar di seluruh dunia.
Tidak terkecuali di Asia Tenggara. Hadirnya wabah ini di Asia Tenggara menambah intensitas
perebutan hegemoni antara Amerika Serikat dan China. Diplomasi vaksin dari China, Amerika Serikat,
dan ASEAN sendiri menghadirkan dinamika tersendiri bagi persaingan hegemoni di kawasan ini dari
dua negara tersebut. Paper ini menggunakan pendekatan metode kualitatif, Dimana penulis akan
memaparkan ulasan kritis terhadap dinamika yang terjadi saat ini. Sedangkan landasan teori, penulis
menggunakan teori hegemoni melalui instrumen pendekatan non-traditional security yang berpusat
pada kompetisi diplomasi vaksin yang dilakukan dua negara superpower. Hasil penelitian
mengemukakan bagaimana dinamika keunggulan diplomasi vaksin China menjadi poin penting dan
memberikan proyeksi luas akan babak baru dalam perebutan hegemoni di Asia Tenggara.
Kata Kunci: ASEAN, Cina, Covid-19, Hegemoni, Amerika Serikat.
INTRODUCTION syndrome coronavirus two or SARS-

In the fourth quarter of 2019, a CoV-2 that attacks the human
new virus called severe acute respiratory respiratory system has emerged. The
virus is the host of the disease called
©Author(s) 2021. This work is licensed under a Creative Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v4i2.587

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Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
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COVID-19 can cause mild, moderate, dynamic to two existing challenges that
severe respiratory symptoms, with a existed before. These challenges are the
relatively high fatality rate in humans problems due to the trade war and the
and fauna, referring to the total death prolonged dispute over the sovereignty
toll as of May 26, 2021, which amounted of several ASEAN countries such as the
to 3.49 million people because the data Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei
is dynamic) worldwide. Darussalam, and Malaysia in the South
In addition to the high fatality rate, China Sea. It is inseparable from the
the transmission ratio of the virus is also hegemonic competition between China
categorized as dangerous because of and the United States and its allied
only four months after the first findings members such as the European Union,
in Wuhan, China, on March 11, 2020, Australia, and Japan.
WHO declared this virus a global For 54 years, ASEAN has become
pandemic (Tempo, 2020). Finally, on one of the oldest and most stable
December 23, 2020, the Chilean regional institutions besides the
government announced that its military European Union. The founders of this
base in the Antarctic continent had association of developing countries and
positive cases of COVID-19. This case former colonies of colonialism aspired
indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic to create a peaceful, secure, stable, and
has spread throughout the continents on prosperous Southeast Asian region
Earth without exception (The Guardian, based on the principle of free
2021). intervention and rejecting the use of
In the context of ASEAN, the force for its members (Southgate, 2019).
regionalism of the Southeast Asian The region has so much potential,
countries is also one of the fastest areas such as strategic location, the enormous
that faced Covid-19. Since the second potential of the trade market by its large
week of January 2020, ASEAN population, and the richness of natural
countries such as Thailand, Singapore, resources. That is why the area could be
the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia a strategic partner for the great powers,
announced the COVID-19 cases the United States and the Soviet Union
(Kompas, 2021). (Secretariat, 2021). That is the
If we look at the geopolitical point background behind the establishment of
of view of Southeast Asia regionalism, ASEAN in 1967. In this modern era, the
COVID-19 adds one significant struggle for influence in the Southeast

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Asian region continues, but the United China's power in trading and foreign
States and China carry it out. politics.
It is typical if a superpower country Along with the South China Sea
targets ASEAN as a strategic partner. dispute, the rhythm of globalization,
For the estimation, the calculation of especially in the major of trade,
this region's trading potency is more investment, and movement of people
than US$ 5 trillion per year. The trade across global borders, had declined
market size of ASEAN is empowered by when President Donald Trump led the
the population of 10 Southeast Asian United States in 2017. A few months
members, which amounts to more than later, President Trump issued two
600 million people (Fravel, 2014). Let us detailed executive orders to increase
look at the background of the period. import duties on products from China
The main menu of the hegemonic race and conduct a review of trade policies
between the United States and China is towards countries with a trade surplus
a globalization of the international with the United States, including
economic regime that upholds the joint Indonesia. It is regarding the review of
progress of cooperating state actors the fiscal facility - which was finally
accompanied by economic progress that officially extended because after
adheres to a system of capitalism and negotiating many times since 2018
industrialism (Jemadu, 2008). regarding the extension of the G.S.P.
In chronological order, the rapid facility (Indonesian Ministry of Foreign
progress of China's industry and trade Affairs, 2020). The two United States
over the past four decades has turned policies marked the climax of the
the country into a superpower nation. escalation of the international trade war.
Thus, its government is confident to Lately, China's hegemony
initiate a very ambitious foreign policy maneuver has become significantly
which is also an effort to restart China's massive since the fourth quarter of
classical hegemony through the One 2019. It began when a new virus attacks
Belt One Road (OBOR (Lowy Institute, the human respiratory system called
2017). B.R.I. was a colossal trading route SARS-CoV-2. On March 11, 2020, the
across the world. From China as a World Health Organization (WHO)
starting line, through trans-continent declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a
routes. Modern B.R.I. will enchant global pandemic (Tempo, 2020).

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Although at the beginning race in the general case with the United
suspected by the whole world as a States. Vaccine distribution gaps were
COVID-19 mastermind subject, China obtained from official data. In this
has the capacity and capability to handle paper, data from Statista is used as a
this virus. Vaccine, declared by WHO time reference. Statista (2021) reported
almost on every occasion, is the silver that China has already exported 250
arrow to handle the spread of the virus. million doses. The United States has just
China has it. Every country needs a distributed 3 million doses in the same
vaccine as soon as possible. No matter period.
how much the efficacy, the vaccine is That realization makes the author
crucial to fulfilling as the number one believe that China will become a winner
priority. In the international relation in terms of vaccine diplomacy toward
context, this phenomenon makes the United States. Everybody is against
vaccine value increase tremendously. the time when facing a disease crisis.
COVID-19 vaccine had become one of The risk we should take while waiting
the powerful instruments. for vaccine availability will become
China and the United States are a bigger. COVID-19 pandemic is about
few countries that can provide vaccines people's health and people's lives in
to the world in the short term. However, general.
that short-term has a superb value The pandemic that led to
regarding what COVID-19 caused to tightening all of social activities
the world. From a peer-to-peer point of suddenly had a massive side effect to
view, China could provide vaccines almost all the aspects of life. Indonesia
faster than the U.S. This comparative economy, for example, faced the impact
advantage can be exploited by a country with a growth contraction from 5.02
such as the United States and China to percent in 2019, to minus 2.07 percent
gain the most significant possible in 2020 (Ministry of Finance, 2021).
advantage, especially in the political and Globally, the massive impact on geo-
economic fields such as trade. economics due to the pandemic can be
This paper explains how China's seen from the 2020 global economic
diplomacy vaccine, when COVID-19 growth statistics, which contracted 3.3
vaccine wanted by the world, can push percent from positive growth of 2.3
their intention in ASEAN such as B.R.I. percent in 2019.
for the specific case, or on hegemonic

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As of May 10, 2021, U.S. News Southeast Asian region. For example, in
reported that only 11 countries had been the economic and investment fields,
completely untouched by the COVID- China and ASEAN formed the
19 pandemic. The 11 countries are; the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area
Cook Islands, Kiribati; Nauru; Nieu; (ACFTA) pact, fully enforced in 2010.
Palau; the Pitcairn Islands, Tokelau; Since 2001, China has also been noted
Tonga; Turkmenistan; Tuvalu; to have cooperated in non-traditional
Micronesia (Kompas, 2021). security fields such as narcotics,
Nevertheless, although there are maritime, health, and crime,. A
pandemic survivors, those countries competing multilateral donor to the
cannot survive either. Every country World Bank, the Asian Infrastructure
should be safe together in order to gain Investment Bank (AIIB), was
global recovery. That is the globalization established in 2016 (Lichtenstein, 2018).
order. This pandemic has awakened the
In this pandemic, everyone is importance of reviewing non-traditional
racing against time. China has started world security and raising awareness of
exporting its vaccine at the end of 2020 the impact of non-traditional security
until May 2021 to get through all born due to the globalization era (Nihas,
ASEAN members. On the other hand, 2020).
the United States took more than six In previous pandemic research
months to deliver its vaccine to such as H.I.V. and malaria, great power
Southeast Asia. Six months gap, in this countries, especially the United States,
situation, is very crucial. The country handled the outbreak. As a country and
that can provide the COVID-19 vaccine agent of multilateralism, the U.S. took all
will get significant bargaining power. the critical steps to health the world. The
China can manage this chance to bolster United States was also initiated a couple
its influence within ASEAN. of innovative funding schemes that
In the previous research subjecting could invite funding sources from non-
hegemonic race in the Southeast Asian state actors such as philanthropy
region, Arase (2010) mentioned that (Hotez, 2001).
China greatly expands its cooperation in According to Hofman (2020), the
the non-traditional security sector to COVID-19 pandemic has become a
expand or even exceed the influence new international diplomacy battlefield.
that the United States already had in the The state of the pandemic has increased

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to become a determinant of both superpower countries. This pandemic is

countries in the global political arena. strongly predicted to increase global
The United States attacked China as the protectionism, hitting other security
ringleader of the COVID-19 pandemic aspects such as the economy and other
by using the jargon as the Wuhan virus. security aspects. Global health
This attack is undoubtedly intended to diplomacy has become one of the most
tarnish China's name globally. The critical aspects of China's foreign policy.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the China has been using health diplomacy
Bamboo Curtain responded as a soft power instrument in its foreign
immediately by saying that this virus policy since 1949. President Deng
came from the United States, Xiaoping (1978–1992), China has used
deliberately brought to Wuhan to end comprehensive multichannel health
up in the country. Even geopolitical diplomacy that includes both bilateral
tensions were no less high when the and multilateral medical and health
folio pandemic occurred in 1950 cooperation. Under Xiaoping, Beijing
between the United States and Russia has embarked on a new road to
during the cold war era. economic modernization and reoriented
Hofman underlined that every its foreign policy to heighten the
crisis phenomenon such as the COVID- diplomatic relations' with two essential
19 pandemic has the opportunity to characteristics' peace and development
create a new shift in the balance of (Flavel & Medeiros 2003). Also, the
power. The geopolitical factor between Chinese foreign policy had stood for 'a
the two major powers during the low profile, do something and
pandemic that hit in the modern era, concentrating on establishing a
such as starting with HIV-AIDS (2002), favorable external climate for domestic
H5N1 (2009), SARS (2009), Ebola economic growth (Chang, 1991).
(2012), and COVID-19 (2020). This China's stance changed since the
analysis is quite important to explain. severe acute respiratory syndrome—
After all, the superpowers significantly SARS (2003) outbreak, and its inability
influence every international to handle the same had significantly
community, as Hofman obtained the dented its global image. Moreover, it
results based on a historical approach. A had highlighted the significant
global crisis like a pandemic will deal a shortcomings of China's healthcare
more significant blow to non- system. In terms of the SARS pandemic

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period, China has lost to more than US$ opportunity to increase its hegemonic
6.1 billion or gross domestic product influence (Segev & Lavi, 2021).
(G.D.P.) contraction of about 0.5 In the findings of Segev and Lavi,
percent in 2003. It had compelled the the new assessment is based on general
Chinese government to increase its data, namely the coverage of vaccine
budget on public health. distribution in China and the United
President Hu Jintao (2002–2012) States. The author will continue the
had transformed China's health assessment to the Southeast ASIA
diplomacy with the tag line of regional scope. This research will
'Harmonious Society' (Goldizen, 2016). attempt to describe how China and its
China has used the calls for 'peaceful rival – the United States- responded to
development' and 'harmonious world' to managing the COVID-19 as a global
project itself as a benevolent country in pandemic to fulfill the gap of existing
the post-SARS world. The same was research about the health diplomacy of
substantiated by the argument of China and the United States Flavel,
Goldizen (2016), who noted that Medeiros, and Goldizen mentioned
China's improved preparedness had before.
become evident, particularly in the Various dynamics, such as the
context of effective control of the 2009 maneuvers of the two countries in the
H1N1 epidemic and 2013 avian vaccine diplomacy competition in
influenza outbreak (H7N9). Southeast Asia, will also be presented.
The paper assesses the character of The background of the time used as the
China's vaccine diplomacy in the background also starts from when the
COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on a COVID-19 first outbreak until August
critical point where China is predicted to 2021. In addition, the internal dynamics
be superior in the COVID-19 vaccine of state actors, such as China and the
diplomacy race against the United United States. Meanwhile, ASEAN
States. The realization of vaccine country actors will be explained in
supplies from China can be distributed general terms.
to countries in need. China can
distribute and even donate its vaccines, METHOD AND THEORY
including in regions well within the Method
spheres of influence of the United
This study uses a qualitative
States. That gives China has a great
approach. This method was chosen to

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provide analytical exposure examining superpower countries that can provide

the causal relations between actions and vaccines that are silver arrows in dealing
the consequences. Various factors of with the COVID-19 outbreak. The
current events, history, phenomena, and value of the vaccine is very high as a
symptoms be explored and elaborated in commodity.
such a way as to provide a clear picture Gramsci defines hegemony as "a
of the purpose and proof of the topic of condition in which the governed
writing (Cresswell, 2014). accepted authority without the need for
Meanwhile, the data collection the application of force. Hegemony is
technique in this article uses the created from dominance and
literature study method. It includes a intellectual-moral leadership. This
literature review with various aspects of specific group must show leadership to
the viewpoint ranging from culture and form alliances and dominate others.
values to prevailing norms. The data will China seeks to dominate and align with
be summarized by sourced from books, ASEAN regionalism in Southeast Asia.
documents, magazines, and other valid In the modern context, capitalism and
sources (Sugiyono, 2012). Methods and globalization are used as the main
data collection based on security studies, institutional instruments, with the upper
hegemony, and regionalism. The class as the leader against the lower class.
research goal is to conclude based on the There are several necessary prerequisites
theory presented in the last chapter. such as material capability, market
structure, and willingness of the
Theory hegemon to become a leader (Cox,
1983).
As Boediono (1981) mentioned, in
any simple international trade activity The concept of hegemony also
where two countries transacting need focused on the regional issue- ASEAN.
each other without any difference in Although the core definition of
state power, the transaction cannot be hegemony is dominant globally,
considered equal to 100 percent. Only applying this concept is also possible at
one country gets a more considerable the regional level. Because, before it can
advantage in every transaction, and a 50- dominate completely, a hegemonic state
50 advantage is almost impossible. This needs to first ensure its hegemony at the
statement applies retroactively if regional level (Hurrell, 2006).
bilateral transactions are carried out by

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A hegemonic nation will have pandemic, such as the potential for

privilege as the global political political and socio-economic
leadership. According to Yan's, political conditions, food security, business,
leadership derives from an authority, investment, and military stability, which
capability, morality, and power. all directly affect society, such as poverty
Understanding China's challenge to and even death.
American hegemony of its cooptation It makes all countries strive to
abilities and the attractiveness of its secure the supply of vaccines to at least
governance model, rather than its resume socio-economic activities in the
coercive potential, the following country. The sooner a country gets a
segments focus on examining how this vaccine, the faster efforts to recover
challenge manifested during the from the impact of the pandemic.
coronavirus pandemic using the sources Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno
of morality, capability, authority, and Marsudi said that all countries in the
power. This paper examines how world, without exception, were
pandemic COVID-19 strengthens immediately trying to secure vaccine
China's influence in ASEAN in terms of supply with the slogan "my country
hegemonic race. first." Furthermore, rivalry tensions are
significantly reaching a climax, said
RESULT AND ANALYSIS Retno, occurring in big countries
China, the Victorious of Vaccine (Kompas, 2021).
Diplomacy Against the United States
All countries faced chaos in the
The COVID-19 pandemic has had first half of 2020 due to pandemics.
an extraordinary effect in rapidly When all countries, including China's
changing the world's awareness of a arch-enemy, the United States, and the
non-traditional security threat, namely European Union, have implemented the
health security. The massive impact "my country first" policy in terms of
caused by this virus can be seen from the vaccines, China did the opposite way
2020 global economic growth statistics, because China has a vaccine production
which contracted 3.3 percent from capacity including a lot of raw materials
positive trend growth of 2.3 percent in supply. Indeed, every country put all the
2019 (Kontan, 2021). Remmits and action to stabilize the domestic problem
Sweijs (2020) described various security first with all costs. The vaccine is the
risks caused by the COVID-19 only thing that can make the situation

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better. The ones who got the vaccine Indonesia Composite Index on
faster will be the winner. Suisheng Zhao, December 7, 2020, rose 2% when the
who is also Director of the Center for first Sinovac shipment arrived in
China-US Cooperation from the Indonesia one day before. COVID-19
University of Denver, United States vaccine, at least, can give some positive
(2021), said that China took this short termin sentimen (Kontan, 2021).
opportunity to win vaccine diplomacy The author believes the same effect
against the United States, which through all of ASEAN members.
somehow got the lucky chance instead China started its vaccine diplomacy
of the pandemic: in May 2020. President Xi Jinping said
"Many countries would prefer U.S. or that Beijing would share the COVID-19
EU-made Pfizer and Moderna vaccines vaccine and prioritize helping
over China's vaccines if given the choice, developing countries. This statement
yet they cannot access them. These
was announced when Xi attended the
countries are desperate and have jumped at
the opportunity to receive Chinese 73rd session of the World Health
vaccines". "Vaccine diplomacy has helped Assembly (Xinhua, 2021). In October
China's influence and enabled it to 2020, China joined the World Health
capitalize on new opportunities. China Organization's (WHO) Covid-19
has rolled vaccines out to participants of its Vaccines Global Access (COVAX)
Belt and Road Initiative and enchaned initiative to provide vaccine aid to
preferential access to jabs alongside
developing countries.
investments in infrastructure and
connectivity projects". These two China's statements give
As silver arrow to eradicate the COVID- some confidence to non(yet)-producing
19 pandemic, the essential of the vaccine vaccine there is a hope to manage the
is very important for a country to pandemic. China's vaccine diplomacy
rebounds all the problems. Just with the stated on its supply gives room to
certainty of the availability of vaccines potential recipient countries to deal with
can boost nation confidence. Thus, a Beijing to secure vaccines.
country can formulate a follow-up In the context of Southeast Asia,).
policy. Good sentiment thanks to Indonesia became the first Southeast
vaccines also encourages the private Asian country to receive three million
sector to return to production. doses of the Sinovac vaccine at the end
Moreover, the most important is, the of 2020. Cambodia (600 thousand
vaccine can save people's lives. doses), Laos (300 thousand doses),

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Thailand (200 thousand doses), the When the world expects to sink
Philippines (600 thousand doses), and into recession in the coming years,
Brunei Darussalam (unspecified) economic considerations will be
received vaccine shipments from China significant for developing countries.
in February 2021 (Al Jazeera, 2021). They will lend an advantage to the
At the end of February, Malaysia Chinese vaccines. China's highly
received a shipment of 200,000 doses of developed vaccine production capacity,
vaccine from China (Xinhua, 2021). As combined with the logistical simplicity
for Singapore, in March 2021, it will surrounding its vaccines, will increase
bring in 200 thousand doses of vaccine the demand for these vaccines (Segev,
(Straits Times, 2021). Myanmar became 2021).
the last country to receive 500,000 doses The Chinese state-owned
of the vaccine from China in early May enterprise Sinopharm obtained approval
after being delayed from a scheduled from the authorities in China on
date in February due to a military coup December 31, 2020, after its BBIBP-
d'etat (CNBC Indonesia, 2021). After a CorV vaccine demonstrated 79.34
long time of refusing China's vaccine, percent effective in clinical trials. The
Vietnam finally began accepting Sinovac vaccine is being examined by the WHO,
doses in June 2021 (Voanews, 2021). whose support is essential for the
Besides vaccine donation, China also regulatory agencies in various countries
aggressively provides masks, personal worldwide. A decision on the matter is
protective equipment, and sending expected in early March (Segev & Lavi,
medical experts. 2021). The vaccine developed by
Despite the emergency, the another Chinese company, Sinovac, got
Chinese vaccine is acceptable with efficacy rates varying between 50 and 91
ASEAN members, is relatively easy to percent.
store and transport at ordinary However, the Chinese companies
refrigeration temperatures, and is more have already undertaken to supply 400
straightforward and less expensive. As million vaccine doses to other countries
of the second week of May 2021, China at the same source. Therefore, it appears
has exported 252 million doses of its that although Chinese policy is usually
vaccine worldwide, with domestic motivated by internal considerations,
absorption of approximately 345 million China is giving priority to external
doses (People's Daily China, 2021). considerations over its internal

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considerations. China portrays the Until this research is finished, there

supply of its vaccines as a humanitarian is no detailed open-source information
measure, under the motto, "No one about new B.R.I. project lending in
should be left behind," while taking ASEAN. However, AIIB President Jin
strong measures in the face of local Liqun did not deny that the agency still
outbreaks. gives new B.R.I. project funds in 2020
At the same time, China since 2016 with or without COVID-19
has been increasingly providing loan consideration, including ASEAN
relief for B.R.I. participating countries. members. According to his statement,
More than US$ 520 billion to 150 Liqun argued that AIIB makes sure not
countries AIIB members have been to lend to countries whose debt ratios
distributed by the Chinese government. are worrying. Because it could kill the
The loan guarantee is an instrument for country, AIIB is willing to finance
ensuring that infrastructure supporting developing countries every time. The
projects such as airports, ports, access institution will pay great attention to that
roads in these countries continue to run. issue. AIIB has its calculation of this
The main reason is that all of the B.R.I. loan, not a burden for them. The key to
participating countries, which are solving this epidemic is cooperation.
developing countries, faced financial That is why AIIB emphasizes one pillar
crises handling domestic pandemics consideration about debt transparency.
(Mouritz, 2020). Liqun also said B.R.I. is an international
platform that allows anyone to join. The
Therefore, the outbreak of the mandate of President XI is that anyone
novel coronavirus pandemic paves the can join and benefit. Moreover, the
new roads for China's global health essential point is that AIIB is not picky
diplomacy, which is a rhetorical about the projects. It is entirely the
extension of its Belt and Road Initiative. decision of all member countries that
Not only targeted developing countries, apply (PIIE, 2021).
China also has been providing medical
aid to many countries, including the As previously mentioned, China
United States, under its global health can use vaccine diplomacy to increase its
diplomacy to recast itself as a influence in terms of the non-traditional
responsible global health leader security aspects in Southeast Asia with a
(Gauttam, Singh, and Kaur, 2020). 76.3% ratio. According to Yusof Ishak
Institute periodically survey named The

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State of Southeast Asia 2021 edition killed more than 2 million people
highlights distribution vaccines as one worldwide. The U.S. had also pulled
primary consideration for China to back staff from the organization.
boost trust from ASEAN countries With the withdrawal of the United
(Seah, et al., 2021). States, the world is worried that the role
of this international organization - one
The United States Missed the of the values that the United States has
Golden Change to Rebalance
always held - will not be conducive to
Chinese Maneuver
overcoming the pandemic. Especially in
The United States' dynamics that period, there was no vaccine that
reflected opposite way from China. In available.
the first half of 2020, the United States
made a shocking policy. Washington The implication was that the role
considers the WHO not as transparent of international organizations such as
as China to manage the pandemic. This the World Health Organization at the
shocking maneuver continued as the beginning of the pandemic was
United States withdrew from WHO considered by the global community not
membership as of July 8, 2020, and took doing well. WHO was initially rejected
effect on June 6, 2021 (Time, 2020). by the Chinese government when
sending its investigation task force team.
The decision inflicts big worry That could justify the United States'
from the global community because the accusation that China deliberately
U.S. contributed $893 million—15% of created this pandemic. However, after
the entire budget and more than twice as receiving strong criticism from the
much as any other country during the global community, China finally allowed
WHO's latest funding cycle. The a team of WHO experts to conduct
withdrawal from the WHO was rich independent research in Wuhan (Jakarta
with symbolism — another instance of Post, 2021).
America's go-it-alone strategy under
Trump. However, it also had practical Six months after the withdrawal
ramifications. The U.S. halted funding statement, after President Joe Biden's
for the U.N. health agency — stripping inauguration in January, the new
it of cash from the country that has long administration wrote a letter to U.N.
been its biggest donor just as the agency Secretary-General Antonio Guterres
was battling the health crisis that has saying the U.S. had reversed the planned
pullout from the WHO that was

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expected to take effect in July (APnews, to refocus its export vaccines worldwide
2021). since June 2021 (Bloomberg, 2021).
Regarding COVID-19 vaccine However, in May, China announced
production, the United States pharmacy that it had administered 546 million
private company needed more time COVID-19 vaccine doses or 19.5%
fulfilling all mandatory authorization. of its population. China has
The value of sustainability and good administered nearly twice as many
governance relation between the doses as the U.S., which ranks second
regulatory and private sectors has been globally with 289 million COVID-19
the United States' value since long ago. vaccine shots injected into American
Oppositely, China has more peoples.
authorization to cut the bureaucracy. This delay makes the United States
That is, of course, the matter of and China vaccine diplomacy have a
ideology. very different result. The Chinese
In fact, in the beginning, the Vaccines have become a reasonable
United States vaccine export was very substitute for ASEAN countries. Pfizer
competitive alongside Chinese vaccine was recorded in Malaysia in the
products. Singapore was the country in third week of February with 312,390
Southeast Asia that received the arrival doses (Malay Mail, 2021). Malaysia and
of the Pfizer vaccine on December 21, Singapore are the only countries in
2020 (Channel News Asia, 2020). The ASEAN that got the Pfizer vaccine on
next shipment was recorded in Malaysia the first batch. The other ASEAN
in the third week of February with member, such as Indonesia, received the
312,390 doses (Malay Mail, 2021). American vaccine on August 19, 2021.
The United States faced two main The second is, the American
problems with providing vaccines to vaccine requires special and more
other countries. First, the United States expensive storage and transportation.
uses a different domestic approach to However, the Chinese vaccine is
secure vaccines for domestic. Joe Biden relatively easy to store and transport at
boosted vaccine procurement by more ordinary refrigeration temperatures,
than 300 million doses. Thus, that which is easy to afford and cheaper.
turned out, Pfizer should prioritize the Therefore, the Western companies'
majority of its products for the vaccines are suitable for developed
government. Biden has allowed Pfizer countries that can afford the high

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storage and transportation costs. In while the shots are becoming more
contrast, the Chinese companies have so urgently needed amid the rampaging
far sent vaccines to developing countries Delta variant, putting more pressure and
in Central Asia, South America, and worries on developing countries seeking
Africa, who are willing – or forced – to access to vaccines.
settle for a merely "adequate" vaccine. Pfizer has raised the price of its
As the author mentioned before, COVID-19 vaccine by more than one-
everybody will not mind technology quarter and Moderna by more than one-
even though the Chinese vaccine tenth in the latest E.U. supply contracts,
efficacy rate is just 1%, still a massive as Europe battled supply disruptions
advantage over nothing. and concerns over side effects from rival
The United States' capability to products, Financial Times reported on
produce the COVID-19 vaccine is so August 1. That is why the ASEAN
much better now. However, on the member's confidence toward the United
other hand, China's productivity is States about its non-securities role
getting more advanced. In early August toward ASEAN ratio is just 7.4% of
2021, Biden said that the country had confidence rate (Seah, et al., 2021).
donated more than 100 million doses to The Chinese vaccine has indeed
65 countries. China has reached what had considerable doubt about its
the United Stated did in April 2021. As efficacy until now. Beijing, of course,
a peer comparison, As of August 2021, realizes too. Based on that dynamic,
China has donated more than 304,9 China has improved its vaccine
million doses to the Asia Pacific. While capability and capacity. Chinese
the United States got 23,8 million. This vaccine makers Sinovac
year, China aims to provide more than 2 and Sinopharm have announced the
billion doses (Globaltimes, 2021). opening of new manufacturing
Washington also had an efficacy facilities in China and abroad,
problem. The figures come about one potentially easing some of the supply
month behind the White House's June squeeze (Fortune, 2021).
goal of delivering 80 million doses Several ASEAN members such
overseas, part of a greater vaccine- as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand
donation drive in the coming months. In have become China's strategic
addition, U.S. producers are also partners to localize the Sinovac
increasing prices for their products vaccine since early 2021. Since getting

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regulatory approval in April, the locally on full alert in the South China Sea in
fill-and-finish Sinovac jabs. According the Philippines.
to the manager, they have completed In the first 100 days of Biden's
some 14 million doses ahead of schedule presidency, a congress meeting held on
as of July. Manufacturing Head of April 29, 2021, President Joe Biden said
Pharmaniaga Life Sciences Mohd competition with China was one of his
Saharuddin said the cooperation with cabinet's main programs for the next
Sinovac and its willingness to be four years (Nikkei Asia, 2021). It is
engaging and open in technology because that the South China Sea
transfer enables Pharmaniaga to symbolizes China's hegemony in
successfully build its CoronaVac Southeast Asia. Furthermore, Biden also
operation on the Chinese technology stated that the United States exports
and expertise on human vaccines vaccines to those needed as soon as
(CCTV, 2021). possible. Biden said that the
competition is based on fair competition
The Race Still Long Way to Finish, to avoid open conflict.
but Will More Intense After
Pandemic Chen Xiangmiao (Global Times,
It is so clear, in the geopolitical 2021) argues that the United States has
dynamics that occurred in Southeast turned the current edition of hegemonic
Asia during the COVID-19 pandemic, competition the same as the previous
the role of the United States was less cold war. It can be seen how the United
visible in playing its role as a States recalled allied countries to fight
superpower. China takes more control together. Allied countries have
and initiatives to help Southeast Asia responded to this call. The United States
cope with COVID-19. The United is on full alert in the South China Sea,
States does not mean a prominent role. especially in the Philippines.
Washington is very active in Southeast Allied countries from Asia, such as
Asia in confronting China, which Japan and Australia, had already been
remains aggressive in the South China prepared at the disputed zone. Britain
Sea when all countries struggle with the also sent one of its flagship warships
pandemic. The tensions in the South H.M.S. Queen Elizabeth (Asia Times,
China Sea are quite high, as seen from 2021). Previously, some other western
the United States armed forces, who are allies, such as France and Germany, had
also been in Southeast Asia to enforce

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the 2016 UNCLOS decision in favor of Brunei Darussalam has yet to show
the Philippines against China's territorial a firm stance between accepting or
claims. rejecting China's claims. On April 4,
Because of its sophisticated 2021, Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah
vaccine diplomacy to provide vaccine attended The Boao Forum for Asia
belt road in Southeast Asia, China Annual Conference 2021 in China.
should get the price, the B.R.I., and the Although B.R.I. could boost the
South China Sea. However, it does not regional economy, the decision would
just happen. The countries involved in be submitted to the BIMP-EAGA (The
the South China Sea disputes, such as Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-
the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei Philippine East ASEAN Growth Area)
Darussalam, and Vietnam, still show forum (Xinhua, 2021). Meanwhile,
resistance. Vietnam has been firm from the start
not to accept China's vaccine assistance
The Philippines, for example, even because of the South China Sea dispute.
though it has received more than a
million doses of vaccine from China, In early April, Chinese Foreign
still shows resistance to Chinese military Minister Wang Yi and Malaysian
activities in its waters. Philippine Foreign Minister Hishammudiin
President Rodrigo Duterte declared his Hussein established communications to
objection to China's aggressive strengthen bilateral relations. One of
maneuver. In response, the Philippine five critical points that agreed on that
and United States military agreed to hold meeting is that the two countries agreed
a joint exercise in the Leizhou Peninsula to strengthen relations in the health
area for two weeks (CNBC Indonesia, sector related to the COVID-19
2021). pandemic and the South China Sea
dispute. The following is an excerpt
Duterte said that his country owes from the official press release of the two
a lot to China for getting a free COVID- countries regarding the South China Sea
19 vaccine, but he does not tolerate any (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
violation of the sovereignty of its People's Republic of China, 2021):
maritime territory (The Diplomat,
2021). As is known, the Philippines has Fourth, we need to jointly maintain peace
and stability of the South China Sea. As
won UNCLOS in 2016 over the Nine-
important costal countries of the South
Dash Line's claim as a traditional China Sea, China and Malaysia agree on
Chinese fishing waters area. the reinforcement of marine dialogue and

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cooperation and proper management of Indonesia have one platform to resolve

differences. We need to continue to the South China Sea polemic through
strengthen our determination and overcome the code of conduct or C.O.C., which is
interruptions, fully implement the
planned to be finalized by the end of
Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea, create enabling 2021. ASEAN, the last discussion of the
conditions amid the pandemic and C.O.C. occurred at the ASEAN
promote offline consultations on the Code Regional Forum at the Minister of
of Conduct in the South China Sea in a Foreign Affairs level in August 2020
flexible manner. The two sides agree to (The Diplomat, 2020). Nevertheless, at
formulate substantive and effective rules the ASEAN Leaders' Meeting held in
which are consistent with international
Jakarta on April 24, 2021, the
law including the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea at an regionalism of Southeast Asia just
early date, in order to better maintain focused on the problem of the current
peace and stability of the South China pandemic and human rights issues due
Sea. to the military coup d’état in Myanmar
China changes its strategies with (ASEAN Secretariat, 2021).
the soft power approach strategy to The South China Sea C.O.C. is
persuade ASEAN members. In his believed to have great significance for
opening speech of the Boao Forum for the hegemonic race. However, the
Asia Annual Conference 2021 (People's C.O.C. will not be completed this year
Daily Online, 2021), President Xi because the pandemic makes meetings
Jinping stated that his country's stance as necessary as the South China Sea
would act softly to deal with the South discussion, which requires face-to-face
China Sea dispute. Xi said the B.R.I. meetings difficult (Straits Times, 2021).
initiative, the head of a polemic in the
China's aggressiveness in the South
South China Sea, would be open to all
China Sea might be debatable, which led
parties, not just one particular party. The
to a charioteer discussion. China tries
party referred to in this case is China. Xi
hard to claim the South China Sea to
also said his country would not seek
symbolize hegemonic superiority in
hegemony, expansion, or influence no
Southeast Asia. Even though being
matter how much it grows.
counter international rule in the South
In China's case, with ASEAN in China Sea, this kind of selfishness, we
particular towards Brunei Darussalam, may say, is a characteristic of a
the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, and hegemonic nation. Because they can, or

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at least believe so, to achieve that price. has shown great flexibility. In
Furthermore, China must maintain its September, Chinese Commerce
reputation for never losing in Minister Wang Wentao submitted
sovereignty disputes (Jemadu, 2017). China's application to join the free trade
The assumption is that the state of agreement, the Comprehensive and
hegemonic race post-pandemic era will Progressive Agreement for Trans-
have an atmosphere like a cold war. In Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The
terms of maneuvers of those countries, CPTPP was signed by 11 countries,
Mahbubani argued that the United including Australia, Canada, Chile,
States would act like the Soviet Union. Japan, and New Zealand, in 2018. This
Meanwhile, China will act like the trade pact is a rival pact followed by
United States (Mahbubani, 2020). It China, namely Regional Comprehensive
means that China will seek a flexible Economic Partnership. RCEP is a free
approach without imposing China's trade agreement (F.T.A.) between the
values to be applied to ASEAN as seen ten member states of the Association of
in the vaccine diplomacy competition. Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Meanwhile, the United States prioritizes (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
military strength and united value, which Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines,
later turns into specific multilateralism Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) and its
with its best allies such as the European six F.T.A. partners Australia, China,
Union, Japan, and Australia (Global South Korea, China, Japan and New
Times, 2021). Zealand (Reuters, 2021). The new
dynamics coincided with China's
Lately, Mahbubani prediction has hegemony and the South China Sea.
started showing some results. The
United States has initiated a specific
CONCLUSION
security triangle partnership with the
Indeed, China's victorious vaccine
United Kingdom, and Australia called
diplomacy in ASEAN against the
AUKUS on September 2021. The deal
United States cannot have any
will see the U.S. and U.K. give Australia
immediate impact. However, this move
the technology to build nuclear-
has resulted in an essential investment
powered submarines for the first time. It
for China in the medium and long term.
is widely viewed to counter China's
It is unclear when ASEAN and China
influence in the South China Sea
agree on the South China Sea C.O.C.
(B.B.C., 2021). At the same time, China

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draft. The new two trade pacts, RCEP several products from China, such as
and CPTPP, still need more time to be iron and aluminum, to gain coffers. -
adjusted. other coffers for the country amounting
As Gramsci mentioned, China has to more than US$ 50 billion (Pujayanti,
proved its material capability and 2019). These dynamics indicate that
willingness of hegemony in Southeast China's industry and trade have emerged
Asia. Furthermore, China also meets all as one of the most significant powers in
requirements as a hegemon country the world. China succeeds in dealing
based on Yan's theory of authority, with the capitalist system and
capability, morality, and power. In the globalization order of Gramsci.
COVID-19 context, China has proved If we look back on what happened
its capability to manage pandemics not in the COVID-19 pandemic, China has
only for domestic but for the world re-established itself as one of the leading
faster than the other that shows in its actors in the international arena. China's
vaccine diplomacy in terms of Yan government can provide aid to other
authority, capability, and power countries. It includes vaccine donations
discourse. China's labeling of its vaccine and provides long-term vaccine loans
as a public good and its consistent bilaterally through AIIB multilateralism
participation in multilateral schemes was institutions. The meaning of
the image of China's morality. superpower that leads to hegemony
The result of successfully vaccine must be owned by a country that has the
diplomacy gave China some prestigious flexibility to show off at any time.
value-added about its power in general. China's position in the trade war
As we know, the global issue that and COVID-19 pandemic could be
occurred before the COVID-19 recognized as surpassing the United
pandemic was the trade war. It States, conveying that China is a strong
happened because the United States was country. Moreover, the historical record
in the form of improving its trade of how the United States can become a
balance, which turned out to be a deficit Super Power country must go through a
of more than US$ 106 billion in the 2017 long process. Violating the sovereignty
fiscal year. of a country with a unilateral claim is
It prompted U.S. President indeed an act that cannot be justified.
Donald Trump to issue a policy of trade ASEAN certainly needs to demand
protectionism against import tariffs on China to respect ASEAN's sovereignty

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in the South China Sea. However, sole hegemonic volunteer by the world
rejecting China is also not a wise move. community. China improving influence
Due to globalization, the world is in Southeast Asia during the COVID-19
highly connected with very complex pandemic is interesting. However, it
patterns. The COVID-19 pandemic also would be unwise to assume that China
reminds us of how massive we must pay was already crossing the finish line. It is
if the flow of globalization stops. In interesting to see the progress of the
addition, the B.R.I. made by China also actors in dealing with current mitigating
holds great potential for the expansion conditions and in dealing with crises that
and intensification of trade access, will continue to come in the future.
which is very potential considering that
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How COVID-19 Pandemic Bolsters China's Influence Toward Hegemonic Race in ASEAN

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How COVID-19 Pandemic Bolsters China's Influence Toward Hegemonic Race in ASEAN

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Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X

Vol. 4 No. 2 | December 2021 E ISSN 2621-735X

How COVID-19 Pandemic Bolsters China's Influence

INTRODUCTION syndrome coronavirus two or SARS-

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to become a determinant of both superpower countries. This pandemic is

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provide analytical exposure examining superpower countries that can provide

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A hegemonic nation will have pandemic, such as the potential for

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considerations. China portrays the Until this research is finished, there

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cooperation and proper management of Indonesia have one platform to resolve

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