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Effect of Bacteria on Durability of Concrete: A Review

Raxak R. Thakor1, Kishor B. Vaghela2, Dr. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda3
1
M. Tech final year Student, Construction Engineering and Management, BVM Engineering
College, Vallabh Vidyanagar (Gujarat), India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics, Government Engineering College, Rajkot
(Gujarat), India.
3
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BVM Engineering College, Vallabh
Vidyanagar (Gujarat), India.

ABSTRACT: It is an unique technique in which the bacteria undergo bio- chemical process inside the
concrete in presence of calcite mineral and leads to the formation of precipitates which heals pores
and cracks generated inside the concrete. This technique is studied now a days and research is being
done on use of different bacteria as sustainable and concrete embedded self-healing agent. Various
materials used for repair available in market like polymers epoxies but all these are harmful to the
environment. Hence this technique being environmentally friendly can be used as their substitute. It
was also found in the analysis that within the concrete samples the metabolic activities in the
microorganisms occur in order to increase the overall performance of concrete including its
compressive strength. This paper is therefore an attempt to define bacterial concrete, types,
classification of bacteria, process of fixing the cracks using these bacteria’s , application and
advantages as well as disadvantages of bacterial concrete in the field of construction by literature
view are discussed.

Keywords : Bacteria, Biomineralization, Bacterial concrete, Compressive strength, Calcite

Precipitation, Durable Concrete, Microbiological Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP).

Abbreviations: MICP, Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation; SAP, Super Absorbent Polymers;
NB, Nutrient Broth; LB, Lysogeny Broth; cfu, Colony-forming Unit; OD, Optical Density; C-Ca,
Calcium Chloride; A-Ca, Calcium Acetate; N-Ca, Calcium Nitrate; L-Ca, Calcium Lactate; SHCC,
Strain Solidifying Concrete Composites; UV, Ultra Violet rays; FTIR, Fourier-transform Infrared
Spectroscopy; SEM, Scanning Electron Microscope; EDS, Energy dispersive spectroscopy; XRD,
X-Ray Diffraction analysis.

Introduction:
Concrete is vastly used and adopted by construction industry because of its easy availability,
low cost, good viscosity, good compressive strength and also it has some disadvantages, the major
disadvantage of concrete is it is very week in tensile and because of its week in tensile there are
some micro cracks occur in concrete when the structure has sustainable loading and sometimes it is
expose in the aggressive environment. So ultimately it decreases the life span of the structures. If

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those cracks are smalls so it can be sealed by the cements. But for large size cracks only partial
sealing is possible. For proper health of structure if it is important to heal the freshly formed surface
cracks as it will stop the entry of water and other aggressive chemicals which can damage the
concrete as well as the embedded reinforcement. Therefore, some man-made material like epoxy
polymers are used as repair material. But they are costly, decreases compressive strength and
moreover also hazardous to the environment.
Therefore, this leads to arise a need of some natural self-healing compound which can be
used to protect the concrete and reinforcement from all the harmful effects. Calcium carbonate
precipitation is one of the remedial products. It is a unique technique in which cracks and cracks are
sealed with precipitation of calcite or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) induced microbiologically. This
process comes under category of Biomineralization. Specific species like ureolytic are used
primarily for this purpose. Generally there are a two methods to applied it.

Need of Bacterial Concrete

Concrete is a material that is by far the world's most widely used building material.
Concrete has a high compression load bearing capacity, but the material is low intensity. This is
why in order to build buildings, steel reinforcement bars are inserted in the material. When the
concrete cracks in tension, the steel bars take over the load. On the other side, the concrete protects
the steel bars from environmental attacks and avoids corrosion. The cracks in the concrete,
however, are a concern. Here the water and ions join and the degradation of the metal begins with
the steel corrosion. To order to increase the structure's resilience, either the cracks that are formed
will be fixed later or additional reinforcement will be installed in the structure during the design
phase to ensure that the crack width stays within a certain amount. A reliable self healing method
for concrete would lead to a new way of designing durable concrete structures, which is beneficial
for national and global economy. It is possible to make the "Bacterial Concrete" by embedding
bacteria into the concrete that can continuously precipitate calcite. This occurrence is called
Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP).
Because of its wide range of scientific and technological consequences, calcium carbonate
precipitation, a common phenomenon among bacteria, has been investigated. The use of bacterial
concrete to cause precipitation of CaCO3. The basic principles for this application are that the
microbial urease hydrolyzes urea to create ammonia and carbon dioxide, and consequences the
ammonia produced in the atmosphere increases pH, resulting in the accumulation of insoluble
CaCO3. In a concrete, the favorable conditions do not exist directly, but must be created. How to
create the right conditions for the bacteria not only to survive in the concrete, but also to feel happy
and produce as much calcite as necessary to repair cracks, which increases the concrete's durability.
Types and Classification of Bacteria
A. Types of Bacteria
Bacillus sp. CT-5, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus aerius, Sporosarcina

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pasteurii or Bacillus pasteurii, Shewanella species, Bacillus halodurans, Bacillus cohnii,

Acinetobacter johnsonii, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sphaericus, E.coli, Bacillus Lentus.

B. Classification of Bacteria
Bacteria has been classified in three category (1) Basis on shape: Spirilla, Bacilli, Cocci (2)
Basis on gram stain: Gram positive, Gram Negative and (3) Basis on oxygen demand: Aerobic,
Anaerobic.

Shape

Classification of
Bacteria

Gram Oxygen
Stain Demand

Figure: 1 Classification of Bacteria

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Figure: 2 Highly used Bacteria to Increase the Compressive Strength as well as the Durability of
Concrete. (28)
Mechanism of Making of Bacterial Concrete
Bacterial concrete can be made in two ways, (1) By Direct application (2) By Encapsulation
in lightweight concrete.

Bacterial spores and its food (calcium lactate) are added directly to concrete in this method
when concrete is mixed. The utilization of these microscopic organisms and calcium lactate doesn't
influence typical solid properties. For evident reasons, as breaks happen in the structure. The
microbes are inclined to ecological changes. They develop and feed on when water comes into
contact with this bacterium. Calcium lactate and calcium is made.
Working of the Bio-Concrete as a Repair Material
Due to the various reactions occurring in the bacteria, it results into the formation of calcium
carbonate which heals the cracks. Bacteria name bacillus are added to Fixing the breaks, in this
manner. The microscopic organisms and their nourishment, for example calcium lactate, are put in
treated earth pellets by epitome strategy and cement is readied. Which is around 6% of the earth
pellets are added to make concrete from microscopic organisms. At the point when solid structures
are made with bacterial solid, when the break happens in the structure and mud pellets are broken
and the microscopic organisms sprout and eat the calcium lactate and produce calcareous stone that
solidifies the split and in this way seals it. Little breaks can be fixed with bacterial cement at a width
of about 0.5 mm.
The concrete during mixing along with calcium based nutrient known as calcium lactate,
Nitrogen and phosphorus. These ingredients remain intact with the concrete up to 200 years.
Because of the shrinkage in the concrete, it results into the formation of pores through which the
water seeps and cracks are formed.
Once the bacteria come into contact with the nutrients and water. The bacteria's spore
germinates, and bacteria feed on calcium lactate. It consumes oxygen and soluble calcium lactate
gets converted in to insoluble lime stones and hence this lime stone on solidifying seals the cracks.
This process takes place within 7-days in lab and outside at low temperature it takes several weeks. It
resembles the mechanism in human body by which bone fractures are healed by osteoblast cells. As
the bacteria consume the oxygen in this process, it protects the embedded reinforcement against
corrosion.
Because oxygen plays a vital role in the corrosion phase, thus increasing the steel's
durability. It is taken care that in separate expanded clay pellets, 2 to 4 mm wide, both the bacterial
spores and the calcium lactate are incorporated into the concrete. And they won't be activated
during the process of cement mixing. These only work when the pellets are exposed by the cracks
and when the incoming water comes into contact with calcium lactate and bacteria.

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Figure: 3 How bacteria works in concrete

Literature Review
This is the heart of reviewing paper containing the work done by various author and the
outcome of various research paper. Following are some research paper from natioal and
international research papers:
V. Ramakrishnan et al. (2001) conducted study use of microbiologically induced calcite
precipitation (MICP) to mitigate crack and fissure. MICP is the biomineralization technique in
which living organisms shape inorganic solids. They use as a microbial sealant bacillus pasteruii.
The MICP was found to be cost-effective and is a natural process for calcite production. This
technique is used to improve strength and resistance. With the presentation of cell grouping of
microscopic organisms in concrete, the solidness is improved. By XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) study,
they quantified and visualized calcite precipitation by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope).
Researchers claim that the presence of bacteria in various media enhances shrinkage and other
chemical attacks. Bacillus pasteruii was used by writers as a microbial sealant. (1)
Singh & Kaushik et al. (2001) studied fiber reinforced concrete corners behavior under opening
moments of bending. It has been proposed that there is a significant improvement in efficiency with
an increase in fiber volume fraction to a certain point above which there is a decline in mixability
and joint efficiencies. (2)
H.M. Jonkers et al. (2005) conducted study and the investigation used the potential for the
utilization of calciteprecipitating microorganisms in concrete as a break recuperating specialist. It
has been explored the capacity of different species to encourage calcite, produce endospores,
withstand solid improvement, and recuperate breaks via fixing them with calcite. Moreover, work
was completed on the mechanical properties of ' bacterial cement. ' ESEM tests have demonstrated
that soluble base safe spore-shaping microscopic organisms installed in the solid lattice can make
huge measures of calcite hasten. Concluded that the bacterial approach may contribute to the
concrete's self-healing ability. (3)

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J.T. DeJong et al. (2006) demonstrated that concrete treated with microbial calcite performs better
than untreated concrete, exhibiting increased strength and stiffness through crack remediation and
reduced mean expansion and weight changes after repeated freeze–thaw cycles. The major role of
microbial calcite in remediation of concrete cracks to function as a bio sealant comprised of
inorganic calcite in protection of the concrete from adverse environmental conditions by reducing
permeability of porous matrices. Especially, this type of inorganic surface protection can resist
additional biological degradation that occurs frequently in environments and persists for a
prolonged period. In recent years, in addition to concrete remediation, microbial calcite has been
employed in a wide array of applications for soil improvement by reducing liquefaction potential.
(4)
E Schlangen et al. (2010) studied the overview of techniques of self-healing in three different
materials. Bacteria are used for the first use to precipitate calcite into concrete cracks. This approach
can be used to fill relatively large gaps in reinforced concrete. The technique does not lead in
structure strength changes, but the path to reinforcement is blocked by filling the gap. It prevents the
penetration of liquids and ions beginning to intensify corrosion and thus increases the structure's
resilience. In addition, this approach is useful for structures that retain water. It helps cracks to be
filled and leakage can be prevented. It is troublesome or difficult to fix splits in concrete, especially
in underground structures around then bacterial cement is exceptionally helpful. In the second
application SHCC (strain solidifying concrete composites) materials are examined, which because
of their little split widths as of now have a high potential for self- mending. New increases, for
example, microfibers and SAP (Super Absorbent Polymers) seven further upgrade this limit with
regards to self-mending. The third application is for black-top cement with the utilization of
epitomized oil and miniaturized scale steel filaments to improve on self mending capacity. The last
strategy has demonstrated to be powerful in the research center and will be executed in the
Netherlands in 2010 on a genuine street. (5)
Van Tittelboom et al. (2010) studied that the introduction of bacteria to the concrete matrix
helping the concrete matrix against the water permeability and also up-to 10 mm deep cracks can be
cured under the bacterial action. (6)
Wiktor et al. (2011) It observed that viability of bacterial strain could also be check by oxygen
consump- tion rate, which leads to decrease in oxygen consumption in case of bacterial immo-
bilization. The FTIR Evaluation helps to attain the formation of calcite by bacteria that is an
important factor in crack remedial. The 100 days curing of samples shown the 0.46 mm crack width
sealing as compared to that of controlled concrete sample with bacterial immobilized concrete
sample. (7)
Rafat Siddique et al. (2011) presented a description of the types of bacteria depending on the
classification. Even the impact of bacteria in concrete on different parameters is proving beneficial.
The microbial mineral precipitation seems, by all accounts, to be a promising system at this phase of
advancement dependent on the contemplated properties, for example, compressive quality,
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penetrability, water retention, chloride ingestion. The sort of bacterial culture and medium piece
were found to profoundly affect the morphology of calcium carbonate precious stones. The use of
pure culture had a more substantial effect. Metabolic activity of certain specific concrete
microorganisms is responsible for enhancing concrete behaviour. It has been accepted that
practically all microbes are fit for delivering CaCO3 in light of the fact that precipitation happens as
a side-effect of explicit metabolic procedures, for example, photosynthesis, decrease of sulfates, and
hydrolysis of urea. Indeed, even the effect of microorganisms in concrete on various parameters is
demonstrated to be gainful advancement and the compressive quality is improved essentially. (8)
Varenyam Achal et al. (2011) the study was conducted and the effects of Bacillus sp. CT-5,
cement isolated, compressive strength testing and water absorption testing The discoveries
demonstrated an expansion of 36 percent with the consolidation of bacterial cells in the compressive
quality of concrete mortar. Because of microbial statement of calcite, treated solid shapes
assimilated multiple times less water than control 3D squares. This work shows that Bacillus sp
makes "microbial cement." The unwavering quality of building materials could be enhanced
constructed offices. (9)
Navdeep et al. (2012) to investigate the capability of Bacillus megaterium to create calcite and
upgrade the properties of Fly debris blocks and Rice husk debris blocks. They found that the treated
blocks had fundamentally expanded compressive quality and diminished ice assault, water ingestion
because of the amassing of calcite superficially, and block voids. Checking electron micrographs
uncovered extracellular affidavit on the outside of the blocks of calcite gems by the microbes. X-
beam diffraction and vitality dispersive X-beam investigation affirmed that the accelerates shaped
as calcite precious stones are CaCO3. These perceptions recommend that this innovation can
possibly deliver building hinders that are supportable and ecologically well disposed. Analysts saw
that the Bacillus megaterium was seen as productive on the outside of debris blocks in calcite
statement, bringing about decreased porousness, diminished water ingestion, bringing about
expanded sturdiness. Through including bacterial calcite, the quality of debris blocks can be
essentially expanded. Bacteria's bio-calcification process can serve as an important tool for
improving the resilience of ash-brick-built civil structures. (10)
V. Achal et al. (2013) studied the function of Bacillus sp. bacteria. On the properties of stability
and remediation of cracks in reinforced structures. Induced by a Bacillus sp.'' Biocement'.' Lead a
decrease of in excess of 50 percent in mortar porosity while chloride Concrete porousness has
changed from'' moderate'' to'' low'' as demonstrated by the quick chloride penetrability test. The
microscopic organisms effectively relieved the reproduced profundity cracks, remembering 27.2
mm for concrete mortars, with an improvement in the compressive quality as high as 40% of the
force. The results clearly showed that microbially induced precipitation of calcium carbonate can be
applied to different building materials for crack remediation and durability enhancement. They
showed that the efficacy of precipitation of calcium carbonate microbially induced was used to
remedy cracks in building materials. The crack sealing method increases building structures '

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strength and durability. This prompts a decrease in penetrability of water and chloride particles. It
additionally ties the particles of the sand together and goes about as concrete. This procedure can
improve current lethal and UV-helpless innovations. In addition, the reported system has the
potential to provide structures with the ability to self-heal. (11)
Kartik M. Gajjar et al. (2013) carried out study and it is intended to use a growing soil bacterium
called bacillus lentus to induce calcite precipitation. Through contrasting quality and toughness of
broken examples remediated with microscopic organisms and those of control examples, the
adequacy of this method was assessed. The test study can find that the compressive quality
increments with the expansion of microscopic organisms (Bacillus Lentus) in breaks at 28th day is
about 17.3 percent and at 56th day 17.6 percent. In the 28th and 56th day, the flexural strength does
not increase significantly. In concrete cube durability test without crack and bacteria, crack without
bacteria, crack and bacteria fall into 3.5% MgSO4. The percentage weight loss is 1.31 percent,
1.95 percent, 0.66 percent, 1.78 percent, 0.62 percent, 1.67 percent, and 0.59 percent, respectively.
It shows that the percentage loss in crack and bacteria is less than in crack and bacteria-free and
crack-free concrete cubes. The percentage loss of strength is 3.07 per cent, 4.31 per cent, 3.22 per
cent, 4.77 per cent, 3.42 per cent, 5.29 per cent, 3.79 per cent. This indicates that the percentage of
strength loss in bacteria and crack is smaller than crack and without bacteria, but higher than
concrete cubes without crack and bacteria. (12)
Mayur et al. (2013) presented that the analysis of bacterial concrete with its advantages, drawbacks
and various application of calcite bacteria to improve concrete efficiency. To improve concrete
strength, they researched the new microbially induced material. In light of the investigation, they
found that the most conservative, self-fixing building material is the microbial movement. Various
analysts ' work has fortified our comprehension of the conceivable outcomes and restrictions of
biotechnology applications on development materials. Different concrete and stone materials have
seen an improvement in compressive quality, decline in porousness, water ingestion, and
strengthened erosion. Cementation is exceptionally simple and advantageous for use with this
structure. This system is perfect, yet more research is required, and some positive condition is
essential for the microorganism. (13)
Yatin et al. (2013) conducted an experimental study examining the efficiency of concrete mixtures
with respect to compressive strength, chloride attack tests, seawater tests and accelerated corrosion
tests at 28 and 56 days of age. They additionally found the ideal dose of Alccofine and fly debris
from the given extent of the blend. And the result shows that concrete with Alccofine and fly ash
has higher compressive strength, and Alccofine has increased concrete durability and reduced
chloride diffusion. There is an exponential connection between the penetrability of chloride and
cement compressive quality. (14)
H.K. Kim et al. (2013) carried out study in which two kinds of microscopic organisms, Bacillus
pasteurii and Bacillus sphaericus, inspected the qualities of microbiological precipitation of calcium
carbonate on common and lightweight cement. Solid examples were treated with unadulterated

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water, a without cell medium and a sans cell medium; and a macro graphic investigation of the
circulation of calcium carbonate precipitation on solid examples was led utilizing a traditional
advanced camera to examine the impacts of microorganisms expansion. Examining electron
magnifying lens (SEM) pictures and vitality dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra were utilized as
a micrographic investigation to watch calcium carbonate precious stone shapes and disseminations
at a micro scale level. Analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to describe the
crystalline phases of calcium carbonate crystals with and without cells formed in liquid water.
Besides, a fine water ingestion trial of the solid examples was performed to assess the impacts of
calcium carbonate microbiological precipitation on the dampness transport properties, which may
influence the solid's strength. They've identified the B. Calcium carbonate crystals more dense than
S precipitated by sphaericus. Pastorii. In addition, concrete specimens that are treated with B by the
medium. The sphaericus displayed the lowest increase in weight per unit area. (15)
Wang et al. (2014) It was evident from study that the bacteria with microencapsulation had
specifically higher effect over crack repairing with respect to direct immobilization. The range of
crack healing is 48–80%. The microencapsulation is better methodology with respect to the viability
of the bacteria incorporation to the concrete. (16)

Mohanasundharam et al. (2014) experimental analysis and concentration 1x106 cell / ml Bacillus
Sphaericus bacteria are used. By directing different tests, for example, compressive quality, split
elasticity, flexural test with fluctuating degrees of cement M20, M25, M30, the properties of solid
control and bacterial cement are considered. Because of the expansion of microbes for a cell
grouping of 106 cells for each ml of blending water, calcium carbonate precipitation kept in
miniaturized scale splits, this examination demonstrated a huge increment in power. (17)
Mian et al. (2015) The application of biochemical agent accelerate the calcium carbonate
precipitation and leads to complete healing of 0.48 mm of crack just in 80 days. Almost 40%
increase rate of water permeability recorded in the study by introducing biochemical agent. (18)

Krishnapriya et al. (2015) studied clears the format of complete methodology for the isolation of
bacteria for self-healing properties with qualitative assays and quantitative assays. The study
performed with three endospore-forming isolates and one standard bacteria. The study emphasis the
compressive strength result improvement in case of bacterial strains as compared to the controlled
specimen. While the complete healing was also evident by visual inspection and formation of
Calcium crystals observed by SEM images and XRD results. The isolation of bacteria done by
using wheat brans as an alternative substrate for growth of bacteria which results in cost reduction
for the isolation of bacteria. (19)
Erşan et al. (2015) carried out study and observed that Bacillus sphaericus & Diaphorobacter
nitroreducens have the negative effect as compared to the reference mortar sample. The reference
mortar shown great compressive strength as compared to that of treated samples. (20)
Peihao Li et al. (2015) experimental analysis and examination of the impact of bacterial carbonate

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precipitation on concrete specimens strength and durability. Exploratory outcomes show that
precipitation brought about by bacterial carbonate is equipped for improving the compressive
quality of cement. Bacterial intervened affidavit of calcite on the outside of solid examples brings
about a consistent diminishing in slim water assimilation and carbonation rate and an expansion in
protection from procedures of corruption. (21)
Luo et al. (2016) conducted study and claim that bacteria, spores introduced with two different
additives: The Type 1 Calcium Lactate and Type 2 Calcium format. The compressive strength of
Type 2 recorded greater than that of control while of Type 1 recorded lesser after 28 days of curing.
The carbonation depth of Type 2 was greater than that of control and Type 1 sample. At later ages
and earlier ages, It found that the rate of area repair was greater in case of Type 1 and Type 2
additives as compared to that of controlled sample. (22)
Tziviloglou et al. (2016) claimed that The light weight mortar with incorporated bacteria-based
healing showed great impact over autogenous healing in case of dry–wet cycles. The oxygen
consumption only observed in case of bacterial specimen only and the calcite formation observed in
each sample by FTIR and ESEM analysis. (23)
Meera. et al. (2016) describes the impact of this bacteria on the concrete strength. What's more,
play out an examination concerning the quality assessment of the microscopic organisms based self-
recuperating concrete by deciding the ideal measure of bacterial material to be applied so as to get
greatest quality is appeared here. The trial study shows that the use of Bacillus Subtilis JC3 microbes
to concrete exhibits upgrades in the compressive quality, split elasticity, porosity, corrosive
opposition, and chloride obstruction in various properties of cement. (24)
JM. Irwan et al. (2017) recently studied the use of bacteria for concrete repair and cracks plugging
and concrete cracking. Scientist additionally expressed that past examinations had shown the
probability of utilizing explicit microscopic organisms as a maintainable technique for improving
solid properties by bioconcrete. The examination was completed and the utilization of microscopic
organisms in solid generation was researched. Bio-concrete is more durable as it increases the
concrete's properties. However, in order to implement bio-concrete technology, a comprehensive
study on bio-concrete should be performed. (25)
Pawar et al. (2017) studied that bacillus subtillus microscopic organisms were utilized and inferred
that expanded pressure quality, diminished porousness, water retention fortified consumption was
seen in different concrete and stone materials. At cell centralizations of 105 cells/ml for all ages, the
best improvement in compressive quality happens. (26)

Vashisht et al. (2018) conducted an experimental study to analyse the cultural technique with
qualitative assay and quantitative assays for the urease activity. The Phenol red test, electric
conductivity and CaCO3 precipitation tests performed to select the isolates for incorporation in con-
crete. The FTIR Spector performed to get the rate of carbonation. Study evidenced that the
endospore forming bacteria can remain viable and helped to improve the compressive strength of the
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concrete samples. While the FE-SEM images leads to get the extent of calcium crystals in the
cracked areas. A clear visual analysis helped to obtain the crack sealing efficiency by individual
strain.(27)

Table: 1 Different types of microbs with changing in concentration used by researchers to develop
the compressive strength of concrete

Sr. Bacterial Compressive

No. Author Country Bacteria used concentration Strength
Increase/Decrease/
Desirable
5 × 107 cells
India
1 Achal et al. Bacillus sp. CT-5 /mm3 Increase

2 Krishnapriya India B. megaterium 105 cells/ml Desirable

et al.
3 × 107
3 Chaurasia et India B. megaterium cells/ml Increase
al.

4 Ramchandran South Bacillus pasteurii 105 cells/mm Increase

et al. Dakota

5 Siddique et India Bacillus aerius 105 cells/ml Desirable

al.

6 Chahal et al. India Bacillus pasteurii 105 cells/ml Increase

7 Biswas et al. India Thermoanaerobactor 105 cells/ml Increase

8 Chaurasia et India B. cohnii 3 x 107 Increase

al. cells/ml

9 Maheswaran India Bacillus cereus 106 cells/ml Increase

et al.

10 Nosouhian et Iran B. pasteurii with B. 2 x 109 Desirable

al. subtilis cells/ml

11 Maheswaran India Bacillus pasteurii 105 cells/ml Increase

et al.

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12 Siddique et India Bacillus aerius 105 cells/ml Desirable

al.

13 Andalib et al. Malaysi Bacillus megaterium 30 × 105 cfu Increase

a /ml

14 Li & Jin et al. China Sporosarcina 2.8 × 107 Desirable

pasteurii cfu/ml

15 Kaur et al. India Eupenicillium 1.7 × 107 Increase

Crustaceum(fungal) cells/ml

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bacterial Concrete

A. Advantages
Microbial concrete in crack remediation, Improvement in compressive strength and quality
of cement, Better resistance to freeze-thaw cycle, Permeability reduction, Reduce in corrosion of
steel bars in concrete.
B. Disadvantages
Cost of bacterial concrete is twofold than that of ordinary concrete. Some bacterial growth is
not good in any atmosphere and media because of they are hazardous, Design of concrete mix with
bacteria is not available in IS code.
Conclusion and Future Scope
The purpose behind the completed literature survey was to go through the open literature on
organism uses to support concrete and cement mortar calcite. Microorganisms can be applied in two
different ways to concrete and morter; (1) Direct application, and (2) encapsulation techniques. We
have focused uniquely around the literature identified with the direct applications of organisms to
improve the concrete's mechanical properties and durability. Most written investigations show that
Sporosarcina pasteurii and Bacillus megaterium are the most fitting species in mortar or concrete for
calcite precipitation. Endeavors could be made to find or grow new strains of this or other species
with improved calcification efficiencies and versatility in processing conditions for different
applications.
The literature study has studied various types of microscopic organisms, their anatomy,
various calcite polymorphs and the numerous microorganism clusters associated with calcite
precipitation. During the process of microbial mineral precipitation, the effect of Culture media, the
concentration of the cell, substratum, calcium sources and the surrounding environment of microbial
mineral precipitation was investigated in a fundamental way. As can be recognized from the
literature review, the influence of the culture medium on microbial mineral precipitation,
biochemical reaction between cement and chemical sources has been given less importance. Before
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microbial mineral precipitation is applied in the field, it is equally important to know the optimized
quantity of substrates and calcium sources used in concrete or mortar for microbial induced calcite
precipitation processes.
The underlying expense of manufacturing, reviving, and adding microorganisms into the
mortar or concrete is currently high. There may be two possible solutions to make it suitable for the
construction industry; by minimizing the cost of isolating, preserving, and reviving bacteria, and by
enhancing the structure's life as a result of improving its longevity through the cycle of microbial
induced mineral precipitation. Through applying this strategy we will reduce the expenses that
occurred on maintaining a reinforced concrete framework. Concrete consistency parameters other
than strength such as Shrinkage, erosion, carbonation properties and changes in the biochemical
reactions of calcite precipitation in various phases of cement hydration and its effects on concrete or
mortar characteristics are still to be studied in detail.
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Author’s Biography:

Er. Raxak Thakor received his Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil Engineering
from Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat in 2018. At present, he
is pursuing Master of Technology degree in Construction Engineering and Management
from Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College (Vallabh Vidyanagar,
Gujarat- India). He has published one paper in International Journal.

Prof. Kishor B. Vaghela received his Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil

Engineering from Nirma Institue of Technology, Gujarat University (Ahmadabad,
Gujarat-India) in 2004. In 2009 he had received his master’s degree in Structural Design
form Center for Environmental Planning and Technology University (Ahmedabad,
Gujarat-India). In 2017 he had joined his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Degree in Civil
Engineering from Gujarat Technological University (Ahmedabad, Gujarat-India). He had
joined Lukhadhiraji Engineering College, Morbi as a Asst. Prof. in Applied Mechanics
Department. Presently he is working as a faculty in Government Engineering College,
Rajkot. He is guiding M.E. / M. Tech thesis work in the field of Civil Engineering. He
had published many papers in National / International Journals.

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Studies in Indian Place Names ISSN: 2394-3114
Vol-40-Issue-60-March -2020
(UGC Care Journal)

Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda received his Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil

Engineering from Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College, Sardar Patel
University (Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-India) in 2000. In 2009 he received his master’s
degree in Construction Engineering and Management form Birla Vishwakarma
Mahavidyalaya Sardar Patel University (Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-India). In 2015 he
received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Degree in Civil Engineering from Sardar Patel
University (Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-India). He has joined Birla Vishwakarma
Mahavidyalaya Engineering College as a faculty in 2009, where he is lecturer of Civil
Engineering Department and at present working as Associate Professor from February
2018 having total experience of 19 years in the field of Research, Designing and
Education. At present holding charge of PG Coordinator Construction Engineering and
Management. He is guiding M.E. / M. Tech (Construction Engineering and Management/
Construction Project Management/ Environmental Engineering) thesis work in the field
of Civil / Construction Engineering/ Environmental Engineering. He is also guiding
Ph.D. students (Civil Engineering). He has published many papers in National /
International Conferences and Journals. He has published nine Research Books in the
field of Civil Engineering, Rural Road Construction, National Highways Construction,
Utilization of Industrial Waste, Fly Ash Bricks, Construction Engineering and
Management, Eco-friendly Construction.

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