UNIT-VII : DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER CHAPTER - 11 : DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER Photon : It is a packet of energy. The rest mass of a photon is zero. They travel in a straight line. The energy of a photon, E=hv = x The photons emitted from a source, travel through space with the same speed. The frequency of a photon does not change when it travels through different medium but its wavelength changes in different medium, as the velocity of a photon in different media is different. Work function of a metal : The minimum energy, which must be supplied to the electron so that it can just come out of a metal surface, is called the work function of the metal. It is denoted by 9,. It depends on the properties of the metal, nature of the surface and impurities. Its unit is Joule (J) or eV Photoelectric effect : When light of suitable frequency incident on a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the metal surface. This photo (light)-generated electrons are called photo electrons and this phenomenon is called photo electric effect. Hallwach’s and Lenard’s observations : Lenard (1862-1947) observed that when ultraviolet radiations were allowed to fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated glass/quartz tube enclosing two electrodes (metal plates), current flows in the circuit (Fig.1). As soon as the ultraviolet radiations were stopped, the current flow also stopped. These observations indicate that when ultraviolet radiations fall on the emitter plate C, electrons are ejected from it which are attracted towards the positive, collector plate A by the electric field. The electrons flow through the evacuated glass tube, resulting in the current flow. Ultra violet Light Quartz tube ) Figure 1Experimental study of photo electric effect It consists of an evacuated glass/quartz tube having a photosensitive plate C and another metal plate A. Monochromatic light from the source S of sufficiently short wavelength passes through the window W and falls on the photosensitive plate C (emitter). A transparent quartz window is sealed on to the glass tube, which permits ultraviolet radiation to pass through it and irradiate the photosensitive plate C. The electrons are emitted by the plate C and are collected by the plate A (collector), by the electric field created by the battery. The battery maintains the potential difference between the plates C and A, that can be varied. The polarity of the plates C and A can be reversed by a commutator. Thus, the plate A can be maintained at a desired positive or negative potential with respect to emitter C. When the collector plate A is positive with respect to the emitter plate C, the electrons are attracted to it. The emission of electrons causes flow of electric current in the circuit. The potential difference between the emitter and collector plates is measured by a voltmeter (V) where as the resulting photo current flowing in the circuit is measured by a micro ammeter (uA). The photoelectric current can be increased or decreased by varying the potential of collector plate A with respect to the emitter plate C. The intensity and frequency of the incident light can be varied, as can the potential difference V between the emitter C and the collector A Quartz window, S Evacuated «, lass tub Photosensitive Blass fbe Photoelectric effect depends on 1. Intensity of incident light. 2. The potential difference applied between the two electrodes. 3. The nature of the cathode material.Effect of intensity of light on photocurrent The collector A is maintained at a positive potential with respect to emitter C so that electrons ejected from C are attracted towards collector A. Keeping the frequency of the incident radiation and the accelerating potential fixed, the intensity of light is varied and the resulting photoelectric current is measured each time. It is found that the photocurrent increases linearly with intensity of incident light as shown graphically in Fig.3. Photoelectric current Intensity of light Fig.3 Variation of photoelectric current and intensity of light From the graph we conclude that, the photocurrent is directly proportional to the number of photoelectrons emitted per second. This implies that the number of photoelectrons emitted per second is directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation. Effect of potential on photoelectric current Keep the plate A at some positive accelerating potential with respect to the plate C and illuminate the plate C with light of fixed frequency and fixed intensity I, and then vary the positive potential of plate A gradually and measure the resulting photocurrent each time. It is found that the photoelectric current incre: with increase in accelerating (positive) potent Now repeat this experiment with incident radiation of the same frequency but of higher intensity I, and I, (1, >I, >I). ! é Stopping poeta Vo © Collector plate +— Retarding potential potential Fig. 4 Variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential for different intensities of incident radiationThe following conclusions can be drawn from above observations. (i) All the photoelectrons emitted from the metal do not have the same energy. (ii) Photoelectric current is zero when the stopping potential is sufficient to repel even the most energetic photoelectrons, with the maximum kinetic energy (K,,.), $0 that K,,, =e V, (iii) The saturation currents are now found to be at higher values. This shows that more electrons are being emitted per second, proportional to the intensity of incident radiation. (iv) The stopping potential remains the same as that for the incident radiation of intensity I,, as shown graphically in Fig.4. Thus, for a given frequency of the incident radiation, the stopping potential is independent of its intensity. (v) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends on the light source and the emitter plate material, but is independent of intensity of incident radiation, Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential Adjust the same intensity of light radiation at various frequencies and study the variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential. The resulting variation is shown in Fig.5. Photoelectric] current Saturation current -V,, 9 Collector plate potential — +— Retarding potential Fig.(5) The following conclusions can be drawn from above observations (i) We obtain different values of stopping potential but the same value of the saturation current for incident radiation of different frequencies. (ii) The energy of the emitted electrons depends on the frequency of the incident radiations. The stopping potential is more negative for higher frequencies of incident radiation. (iii) The stopping potentials are in the order V,, > Vj. > Vif the frequencies are in the order v,>v,>v,. This implies that greater the frequency of incident light, greater is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons, Consequently, we need greater retarding potential to stop them completely.If we plot a graph between the frequency of incident radiation and the corresponding stopping potential for different metals we get a straight line, as shown in Fig. I Stopping potential Metal A (V.) ° ‘Metal B v>ovy Frequency of incident radiation — (vy) —> Fig.6 The graph shows that (i) The stopping potential V, varies linearly with the frequency of incident radiation for a given photosensitive material. (ii) There exists a certain minimum cut-off frequency v, for which the stopping potential is zero. These observations have two implications: () The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons varies linearly with the frequency of incident radiation, but is independent of its intensity. (ii) For a frequency of incident radiation, lower than the cut-off frequency v,, no photoelectric emission is possible even if the intensity is large. Threshold frequency : The minimum frequency (v,), which the incident light must possess so as to eject photoelectrons from a metal surface, is called threshold frequency of the metal. Work function : The minimum energy required to eject an electron from a surface is called work function of the surface. o,=hv, Laws of photoelectric effect: 1. The photoelectric emission takes place from a metal surface, when the frequency of incident light is above its threshold frequency. 2. The photoelectric emission starts as soon as the light is incident on the metal surface. 3. The maximum kinetic energy with which an electron is emitted from a metal surface is independent of the intensity of light and depends upon its frequency. 4. The number of photoelectrons emitted is independent of the frequency of the incident light and depends only upon its intensity.Stopping potential : It is that minimum value of the negative potential (V,), which should be applied to the anode in a photo cell so that the photoelectric current becomes zero. 1 . 5 . eV, = Mae where v,,, is the max velocity with which the photoelectrons are emitted. It depends on :- (i) The frequency of incident light and (ii) The nature of the cathode material. For a given frequency of incident radiation, it is independent of its intensity. The stopping potential is directly related to the maximum K.E of emitted electrons. : le 7 ie. eV, =—mvi,, =K.E ZV in nx Einstein’s photoelectric equation The electrons are ejected only when light is incident on a metal. This is due to the existence of potential barrier all around the surface of metal. The minimum energy needed for the electron to escape from the metal surface is called work function (4,) Metal surface An incident photon supplies whole its energy hy to the electron, which consumes some energy against work function and comes out by the rest of energy as its kinetic energy Jin? =hv—$, Or sv = hv—$,=hv- hy, K,.. = hv, Or KE,,=hv-hv, — ...(1) Equation (1) is known as Einstein’s photo electric equation. Determination of Planck’s constant and Work function : According to the Einstein’s photoelectric equation K,,. = hv — 6, If V, is the stopping potential, then K,,. =e V, eV, =hv-6, Vv, (2}»-& (1) le} e Compare this equation with the straight line equation y=mx+cIt follows from equation (1) that V, versus v graph is a straight line as shown in following figure. Stopping A potential (V.) Frequency of incident radiation (v) — h Clearly from the graph of V, versus v slope = — e To determine the slope, take two points A and B on the straight line graph, then m=tan 9 = AC BC h =e slope of V, -v graph oo Moreover the intercept on vertical axis =— 2 e , =e X magnitude of the intercept on vertical axis WAVE NATURE OF MATTER de-Broglie Hypothesis According to de Broglie, every moving particle is associated with a wave which controls the particle in every respect. The wave associated with a moving particle is called matter wave or de Broglie wave. De Broglie proposed that the wavelength of a material particle would be related to its momentum in the same way as for a photon (i.e. p = 2), That is for a particle of mass m moving with speed v, de Broglie wavelength is given by; yet mv where h = Planck’s constantDerivation of de Broglie wavelength: According to Planck’s quantum theory, the energy of a photon of radiation of frequency v and wavelength A is given by; E=hv wi) where h = Planck’s constant If photon is considered as a particle of mass m then according to Einstein's energy-mass relation, the energy E of the photon is E=mc veel) where c = velocity of light Since the energy of the photon in the two cases is the same, hy =me" hy me = — h [ ce] mc = — ms v=—| x a The quantity mc is the momentum p of the photon having mass m and travelling with velocity c, h p=me=— i) de-Broglic proposed that cq. (iii) is completely a gencral formula and is applicable to photon as well as other moving particles. Thus if a particle has mass m and moves with a velocity y, its momentum is my, The wavelength of the wave associated with this moving particle is given by; hh acts p mv This is de-Broglie wave equation for a material particle. Some facts: The following points may be noted about matter waves or *pilot waves: @ a= my Ifv=0,A > and if v > 0,4 > 0. This implies that matter waves are associated with material particles only if they are in motion. (ii) The greater the momentum of the particle, the shorter is the wavelength and vice-versa. (iii) de-Broglie wavelength of a particle is independent of the charge or nature of the particle.MATTER WAVES ARE NOT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES The matter waves are not electromagnetic waves as is clear from the following discussion: (i) The matter waves are associated with particles in motion whether the particles are charged or not. This means that matter waves cannot be electromagnetic waves because electromagnetic waves are produced only by the accelerated charged particles. (ii) The velocity of the matter wave is not constant since it depends upon the velocity of the material particle. However, the velocity of electromagnetic waves is constant in a medium. (iii) These waves do not travel in air or vacuum with speed of light. DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH OF AN ELECTRON Suppose an electron at rest has been accelerated through a potential difference of V volts and gains a velocity v. If m and e are the mass and charge of electron respectively, then, Work done on electron = ¢ V 1, KE. gained by electron = > mv K.E. gained by electron = Work done on electron 1 mv Vo 2 Velocity of electron v= ,|2° m If is de Broglie wavelength associated with electron, then nets mv myV2eV/m , _12.27x10-" A= — metre vvDAVISSON AND GERMER EXPERIMENT The wave nature of electrons was first experimentally verified by C.J. Davisson and L.H. Germer Fig, 7 A Electron Beam ae Electron —> ? gun Z a Diffracted Movable —¥ electron collector beam To galvanometer in 1927, the experimental arrangement used by Davisson and Germer is schematically shown in Nickel Target Vacuum Chamber Davison-Germer experiment confirms the wave nature of electrons and the de Broglie relation.EXERCISE-1 1, _ If frequency of incident photon on a metal surface be doubled then maximum kinetic energy of emitted electron now will be- (A) Double (B) More than double (C) Unchanged (D) None of these Ans, (D), it will be less than double. 2. A photon of frequency v has a momentum associated with it. If c is the velocity of light, the momentum is- (A) hie? (B) hv/e (vie (D) hve Ans. (B) hvic 3. The work function of substance is 4 eV. Threshold wavelength will be- (A) 540nm (B) 400 nm (C) 310 nm (D) 220 nm Ans. (C) 310 nm 4. — To increase the photoelectric current [v > v,] , we should increase — (A) Frequency of incident radiation (B) Intensity of incident radiation (C) Replace the cathode with another cathode having metal with higher work function (D) Provide lower voltage from external source. Ans. (B) Intensity of incident radiation 5. Red light [irrespective of it’s intensity] can’t initiate PEE from a metal surface, but green light even with low intensity can successfully eject photoelectrons from that metal surface. True/False ? Ans. True. 6. If frequency of incident radiation increases then , stopping potential will — Increase / Decrease / Remain same ? Ans. Increase. 7. Match the column : - Column (A) Column (B) (a) Work function (i) Joule (b) Stopping potential (i) eV (c) Threshold frequency (ii), Wim? (d) Intensity (iv) volt (ec) Energy (v) Hz Ans. (a) ~ (ii), (6) - (iv), ©) - (9), (@) - Giii), (©) - @What is the difference b/w thermionic emission and P.E. emission ? . In thermionic emission, electron get ejected due to heating of cathode, while in photo electric emission light of suitable frequency is made to fall on suitable metal surface. Electrons are being emitted from a metal surface by light of constant wavelength. What will be the effect on the No. of electrons emitted and max. K.E. of them on increasing the intensity of light ? . No. of electrons emitted will increase but max. K.E. will remain same. Which of the following radiations will be most effective for electron emission from the surface of Zn ? Microwave, infrared, ultraviolet ? . ultra violet. The work function of Al is 4.2 eV. If two photons each of energy 2.5 eV strike an electron of Al, will the emission of electron be possible ? . No, as it is one to one interaction in general. The work function of Li and Cu are 2.3 eV & 4 eV respectively. Which of these metals will be useful for the P.E. cell working with visible light ? . Energy of visible light lies in between 1.8 eV to 3.1 eV, so Li with work function 2.3 eV will be useful. The threshold wavelength for Li is 8000 A. Explain it’s meaning. What will happen if the incident light having wavelength longer than the above wavelength is made to fall on Li? . It mean if radiation of wavelength 8000 A or less than 8000 A , is made to fall on Li , then photo electric emission will take place. If the incident light longer than the above wavelength is made to fall on Li, then, no photoelectric emission occur. On which of these does the stopping potential depends ? [a] Intensity, [b] Frequency ? . [b] FrequencyEXERCISE-2 (not applicable for term-2) Directions (Q. Nos. 1-12) In the following questions an Assertion (A) is followed by a corresponding Reason (R). Use the following keys to choose the appropriate answer. (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is correct; (R) is incorrect. (@) (A) is incorrect; (R) is incorrect Assertion : A photon has no rest mass , yet it carries definite momentum. Reason : Momentum of photon is due to its energy and hence its equivalent mass. Assertion : Mass of moving photon varies inversely as the wavelength. Reason : Energy of the particle = mass x (speed of light)’ Assertion : In photoelectron emission, the velocity of electron ejected from near the surface is larger than that coming from interior of metal. Reason : The velocity of ejected electron will be zero. Assertion : A photocell is called an electric eye. Reason : When light is incident on some semiconductor, its electrical resistance is reduced . Assertion : The de-Broglie equation has significance for any microscopic or sub microscopic particle. Reason : The de-Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass of the object if velocity is constant. Assertion : A particle of ma s M at rest decay into particles of masses m, and m,, having non- zero velocities will have ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths unity, Reason: Here we cannot apply conservation of linear momentum. Assertion: Photoelectric effect demonstrates the wave nature of light. Reason: The number of photoelectrons is proportional to the frequency of light. Assertion : When a certain wavelength of light falls on a metal surface it ejects electron. Reason: Light has wave nature. Assertion : As work function of a material increases by some mechanism, it requires greater energy to excite the electrons from its surface. Reason : A plot of stopping potential (V,) versus frequency (v) for different materials, has greater slope for metals with greater work functions. Assertion : Light of frequency 1.5 times the threshold frequency is incident on photo sensitive material. If the frequency is halved and intensity is doubled the photo current remains unchanged. Reason : The photo electric current varies directly with the intensity of light and frequency of light. ¢11. Assertion : The de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron when its kinetic energy is k is A. Its wavelength is 22 when its kinetic energy is 4k. Reason : The de-Broglie wavelength A is proportional to square root of the kinetic energy. 12. Assertion : The de-Broglie wavelength of a molecule varies inversely as the square root of temperature. Reason : The root mean square velocity of the molecule depends on the temperature. L @ 2 @ 3% © 4 @ & @ 6&6 © 72 @ B&B ©) % () 10 @) I. @ 12 @EXERCISE-3 CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS PASSAGE 1. @ i) ii) (iv) wy) @ The photoelectric emission is possible only if the incident light is in the form of packets of energy, each having a definite value, more than the work function of the metal. This shows that light is not of wave nature but of particle nature. It is due to this reason that photoelectric emission was accounted by quantum theory of light. Packet of energy are called (1) electron (2) quanta (3) frequency (4) neutron One quantum of radiation is called (1) meter (2) meson (3) photon (4) quark Energy associated with each photon (1) he (2) me (3) hv (4) hk Which of the following waves can produce photoelectric effect (1) UV radiation (2) Infrared radiation (3) Radio waves (4) Microwaves Work function of alkali metals is (1) less than zero (2) just equal to other metals (3) greater than other metals (4) quite less than other metals According to de-Broglie a moving material particle sometimes acts as a wave and sometimes as a particle or a wave is associated with moving material particle which controls the particle in every respect. The wave associated with moving material particle is called matter wave or de-Broglie wave whose wavelength called de-Broglie wavelength, is given by 4 = h/my The dual nature of light is exhibited by (1) diffraction and photo electric effect (2) photoelectric effect (3) refraction and interference (4) diffraction and reflection. If the momentum of a particle is doubled, then its de-Broglie wavelength will (1) remain unchanged (2) become four times (3) become two times (4) become half(iii) If an electron and proton are propagating in the form of waves having the same A, it implies that they have the same (1) energy (2) momentum (3) velocity (4) angular momentum (iv) Velocity of a body of mass m, having de-Broglie wavelength A, is given by relation ()v=Ahim ()v=Amvh (3) v=a/hm (4) v=h/Am (v) Moving with the same velocity, which of the following has the longest de-Broglie wavelength? (1) Beparticle (2) arparticle (3) proton (4) neutron ANSWER KEY L @ @ di) (3) (iii) (3) (iv) (1) w) (4) 2 @ Gi) (4) (ii) (2) (iv) (4) w) ()s. Rest ma: What is the effect on the velocity of the emitted photoelectrons if the wavelength of the incident light is decreased? . The velocity of the emitted photoelectrons will increase. How does the maximum kinetic ene of electrons emitted vary with the work function of the metal? . The maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons decreases, as the work function of the metal increases. What is the rest mass of a photon? s of a photon is zero. The frequency of the incident light is doubled. What will be the K.E of the electrons emitted? Ey _2hv-W, Ey hv-W, Therefore, the K.E of the emitted photoelectrons will be slightly less than double. De-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated through a potential difference V is, What will be its wavelength when the aecelerating potential is increased to 4V? 2 } 2.cc—= , On increasing the accelerating potential to 4V de-Broglie wavelength will reduce to Vv half. The work function of copper is 4.0 eV. If two photons, each of energy 2.1 eV strike with some electrons of copper, will the emission be possible? . No, because the photoelectric emission takes place only if the energy of each photon is greater than the work function of the metal surface, How will the photoelectric current change on decreasing the wavelength of incident radiation for a given photosensitive material? . The photoelectric current does not depend on the wavelength of incident radiation. Ultraviolet light is incident on two photosensitive materials having work function W, and W, (W, > W,). In which case will the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons be greater? Why? . Einstein’s photoelectric equation KE = hv — W, since W, > W,, therefore KE of electrons emitted from second material will be greater. If the intensity of the incident radiation on a photosensitive surface is doubled, how does the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons get affected? . No change in KE because the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons does not depend upon the intensity of the incident radiation. Two metals M, and M, have work function 2 eV and 4 eV respectively. Which of the two has a higher threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission? he x . W, = hy, = 22 =A, a So metal M, with lower work function has a higher threshold 0 wavelength.A Are matter waves electromagnetic? What is the momentum of a photon of frequency v? 3. No, the matter waves are not electromagnetic waves. Momentum of a photon = 2 = 4Y A How does the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted vary with the work function of the metal? . KE = hv -W,, the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons decrease on increasing the work function of the metal An electron, an alpha-particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which one of these particles has the largest de-Broglie wavelength? n= sae 4 v2mE as E is same, Since m, 2, > ha vm Show graphically how the stopping potential for a given photosensitive surface varies with the frequency of incident radiations. Vv. . Stonninet potential y= Vv Frequency The given graphs show the variation of photo electric current (I) with the applied voltage (V) for two different materials and for two different intensities of the incident radiations. Identify the pairs of curves that correspond to different materials but same intensity of incident radiations. . (i) Curves |and3 (ii) curves 2 and 4 The de Broglie wavelengths, associated with a proton and a neutron, are found to be equal. Which of the two has a higher value for kinetic energy? = Ex + asd is same. Since m, E,- 2mE m Red light, however bright it is, Cannot produce the emission of electrons from a clean zinc surface, But even weak ultraviolet radiation can do so. Why? . The frequency of ultraviolet radiation is greater and the frequency of red light is less than the threshold frequency for zine surface.Electrons are emitted from a photosensitive surface when it is illuminated by green light but electron emission does not take place by yellow light. Will the electrons be emitted when surface is illuminated by (i) red light and (ji) blue light? s. (i) As v, v,, the electron emission takes place by bluc light. Does the stopping potential in photoelectric emission depend upon (i) the intensity of the incident radiation in a photocell? (ii) the frequency of the incident radiation? . (i) The stopping potential does not depend upon the intensity. (ii) The stopping potential increases linearly with frequency. Rye ey If the intensity of light falling on the emitting substance of a photoelectric cell be increased then what will be the effect on (i) Current flowing from the cell (ii) potential difference required to stop the current completely? . (i) As the intensity of incident light increases, the number of photoelectrons emitted per second and therefore the photoelectric current will increase. (ii) As the stopping potential is independent of the intensity of incident light therefore it remains unchanged. Light of the two different frequencies, whose photons have energies 1 eV and 2.5 eV respectively, successively illuminated a metal whose work function is 0.5 eV. What will be the ratio of the maximum speeds of the emitted electrons? 2 '_hy,-w, __ (1-0.5)x1.6x10" 2 bv;—W, (2.5—0.5)x1.6x10" What is meant by work function of a metal? How does the value of work function influence the KE of electron emitted during photoelectric emission? s. Work fimction of a metal is the minimum amount of energy required to draw an electron from the metal surface without giving any velocity to it. According to Einstein photoelectric equation, Ey ay = hV- Wy For a given frequency of incident radiation, the metal having lower work function has more K.E of emitted photoelectrons. Define the term threshold frequency and stopping potential for photoelectric effect. graphically, how the stopping potential for a given metal, varies with frequency of incident radiation. Mark threshold frequency on the graph Show . Threshold Frequency :- It is the minimum frequency, required by the photons so that they can just emit the photoelectrons from the metal surface. ¢Stopping Potential :- It is the minimum value of negative potential applied between emitter and collector for which no photoelectron reaches to collector is called stopping potential. Stopping potential < Vy Frequency (v) A particle is moving three times as fast as an electron. The ratio of the de-Broglie wavelength of the particle to that of the electron is 1.813 x 10. Calculate the particle mass and identify the particle. ot mv . M,N, _ 1.813 x 104 = —¥e— = m= 1.663 « 10 kg m, Gv.) , ©. The given particle is either a neutron or a proton. When light of wavelength 400 nm is incident on the cathode of a photocell, stopping potential is 1.5 V. If wavelength of the incident light increases to 600 nm, calculate the new stopping potential. . If stopping potential is 1.5 V, then maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons will be 1.5 eV. By using Einstein’s equation he 1240 eV-nm Kuso, =Z—7 Wo => 15s wy, Oy 400 nm Here (he = 1240 eV-nm) 1.5=3.1-w, > w=16eV . . he New stopping potential k,,... = a Wo 2 => kao, =1240eV—nm = ky, =2-1-1.6=0.5 eV » 600.nm 2 So, stopping potential will be 0.5 V ‘Two metals X and Y when illuminated with appropriate radiation emit photoelectrons. The work function of X is higher than that of Y. Which metal will have higher value of threshold frequency and why? . The work function of a metal is given by 6, = hv, where ¥, is threshold frequency. Since work function of metal X is higher, it will also have higher value of the threshold frequency.27. An electron and a proton are moving in the same direction and possess some Kinetic energy. Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with these particles. 41.93 A, 28. Draw the variation of maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons with the frequency of incident radiation on a photosensitive surface. On the graph drawn what do the following indicate- (i) Slope of the graph (ii) Intercept on energy axis. KE, OB W,_ hy, Ans. (i) Slope of graph = tan@ =——=—* =—* (i) Slope of grap! OA (ii) Intercept on energy axis (OB) gives the value of work function in joule. 29, Find the values of (i) threshold frequency and (ii) work function from the graph. =h (Planck’s constant). 0 0 KE (eV) t ol A 10 20 > v« 10'Hz Ans. (i) v,=4% 10° Hz (ii) work function 6, = hy,. h=6.62 x 10" J-s= 4.14 x 10 eV-s 4, = 4.14 x 10 x 4 x 10°= 165A 30. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted from a photosensitive surface of work function 3.2eV, for the incident radiation of wavelength 300nm. Ans. KE, =hv-$, -* = 4, =4.13-3.2=0.93 eV 31. The work function of lithium is 2.3 eV. What does it mean? What is the relation between the work function and threshold wavelength? Ans, It means that the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of lithium is . he 5 2.3eV. Work function 6, = hv,= —~ where 2, dy rhreshold wavelengthAns. A= . Energy of photon = AA nucleus of mass M initially at rest Splits into two fragments of masses “* and = (M> m) Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths of these. . From the law of conservation of linear momentum §, +B, =0 => 18, 1B) | Ay Pry P, Calculate the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with a deuteron moving with velocity 2v and an alpha particle moving with velocity v. blob Lb ang y,=h-_h__ p 2mx2v 4mv p 4mxv 4mv As ach Le. P The following table gives the values of work function for a few photo sensitive metals S. No. Metal Work Function (eV) lL. Na 1.92 2. K 2.15 3. Mo 4.17 If each of these metals is exposed to radiations of wavelength 300 nm, which of them will not emit photo electrons and why? he = 4.16 eV. Mo will not emit photo electrons because the energy of a incident photon is less than the work function of Mo. By how much would the stopping potential for a given photosensitive surface go up if the frequency of the incident radiations were to be increased from 4 x 10" Hz to 8 x 10"Hz?Given h = 6.4 x 10™ J-s, e = 1.6 x 10° C and C=3 = 10° ms". eV,, =hv, 4, and eV,, = hv, — 6, > (Va, — Vu) = hv, -v)) = vy-Va-b W-v)=16V. e Ans. Draw a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with frequency of the incident radiation. What does the slope of the line with frequency axis and Intercept on stopping potential axis indicate? According to the Einstein’s photoelectric equation K,,,, = hv - 6, If V, is the stopping potential, then K,,. =e V, eV,=hv-4, V,= (B)-* sen() e) eCompare this equation with the straight line equation y=mx+e It follows from equation (1) that V, versus v graph is a straight line as shown in following figure. | Stopping A potential ) vy se Yo 7 0} Afrequency of incident radiation (v) —* 0 e Clearly from the graph of V, versus v, slope = e To determine the slope, take two points A and B on the straight line graph, then AC Uh m=tan@=——=— BC e oh=ex AC BC h=e x slope of V, -v graph Moreover the intercept on vertical axis = —% e cn 37. Define the terms threshold frequency and stopping potential. How is the photoelectric current affected on increasing the (1) frequency (2) intensity of the incident radiations and why? Ans. Threshold Frequency :- It is the minimum frequency, required by the photons so that they can just emit the photoelectrons from the metal surface. Stopping Potential :- It is the minimum value of negative potential applied between emitter and collector for which no photoelectron reaches collector is called stopping potential. The photoelectric current is independent of frequency and directly proportional to the intensity of incident light. eX magnitude of the intercept on vertical axis 38. Sketch the graphs showing the variation of stopping potential with frequency of Incident radiations for two photosensitive material A and B having threshold frequencies v,, > Vo, respectively. (i) Which of the two materials A or B have higher work function? (ii) What information do you get from the slope of the graphs? (iii) What does the value of the intercept of graph on the potential axis represent?Ans. 39. Ans. (Wb = hy, > bv, Since v,, >v,, , -. material B has higher work function. = (ii) hv-g > V,= by ee h Slope of both graphs is same and equal to —. e (iii) Intercept on the potential axis is (-*) (where $9 = work function in eV). e ‘An electromagnetic wave of wavelength A is incident on a photosensitive surface of negligible work function. If the photoelectrons emitted from this surface have the de-Broglie wavelength 2,,, . From Einstein’s photoelectric equation, KE of photoelectron daw =hv—$, =hv-0= he 8 mv = [2 2 » h ha 2mc, de-Broglie wavelength of photoelectron 4, =—-= => a= Sey? mv \2me h Neutrons, in thermal equilibrium with matter at a temperature T Kelvin, are known to have an 3 a . . average kinetic energy of 3 kT. Compute the de-Broglie wavelength associated with a neutron at 300 Kelvin. 300 K de-Broglie wavelength associated with a neutron = 0.145 nm ‘3mkT Why is de- Broglie waves associated with a moving football not visible? The wavelength 2, of a photon and the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron have the same value. Show that the energy of the photon is 2Ame/h times the kinetic energy of the electron.Ans. Due to large mass of football the wavelength of de-Broglie waves associated with it is very small and beyond the measurement. de-Broglie wavelength of electron 4=—=> p h h P x ; poo Kinetic energy of electron = —. 2m 2md Energy of the photon x Energyof photon __he 2md? _ 2Ame - “oh Kineticenergyof electron 2h? = Energy of the photon = 2A™° x Kinetic energy of electron, The work function of caesium is 2.14 eV. Find (i) the threshold frequency for caesium and (ii) the wavelength of incident light if the photocurrent is brought to zero by a stopping potential of 0.60 V. - (i) d, = hv, > vy = & = 5.16 x 10"Hz (ii) eV, = hv, B -qan 453.7 nm. eV + bo Mention the significance of Davisson-Germer experiment. An a-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest through the same potential difference V. Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelength associated with them. . Davisson-Germer experiment established the wave nature of moving matter particle, de-Broglie h 2m,eV de-Broglie wavelength of a-particle 44= wavelength of proton 2» h h h y2m,qV )2(4m,)2eVfl6m,eV 1 a, 22 Define the term work function of a metal. The threshold frequency of a metal is v,.When the light of frequency 2 v, is incident on the metal plate, the maximum velocity of electrons emitted is v, When the light of frequency 5y, is incident on the metal plate, the maximum velocity of electrons emitted is v,. Find the ratio of v, and v,. . The minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface called the work function of the metal. The work function depends on the properties of the metal and the nature of its surface.1 From Einstein’s photoelectric equation, KE of photoelectrons pm =hv-hy, 1, = gmvi =h@v,)—hy, =hy, 1 V, and FIN; =BSv,) “hy =4hv, > Mil v, 2 45. A source of light of frequency v> v, is placed at 2m from the cathode of a photocell. The stopping potential is found to be V,, If the distance of the light source is halved, state with reason what changes occur in — (i) Stopping potential (ji) photoelectric current and (iii) maximum velocity of photoelectrons emitted. > z . Intensity 1 oe If the distance of the light source from the cathode is halved, the intensity of incident radiation increases (four times). (i) Stopping potential is independent of the intensity, so it remains same, (ii) Photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light, so it increases (four times). (iii) Maximum velocity of photoelectrons emitted is independent of the intensity, so it remains same. 46. What is the momentum of photon of energy 2.4 eV in kg ms‘? 19 24x1 6x10 1 98 10 *"kems 3x10" 47. What will be the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron of energy 100 eV? 100eV =100V 12.27 nat A=1.227A Ww 48. If the maximum K.E of electrons emitted in a photocell is 3 eV, what is the stopping potential? 49. Two metals A and B have work functions 2 eV and 4 eV respectively. Which of the two metals ‘has a smaller threshold wavelength? Ans. W,-hv, or W,- 2S x, ° he > A= Wo Metal B, having higher work function has smaller threshold wavelength.50. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of an atom at absolute temperature T? am( xr} 2 1 => hee She 3mkT vT 51. What is photoelectric effect? Why it can’t be explained on the basis of wave nature of light?Ans. When light of suitable frequency is incident on a metal surface, then photoelectrons are emitted. This effect is called photoelectric effect. According to wave theory, when intensity of incident radiation increases, free electrons should be able to absorb more energy and K.E,,, of the photoelectrons should increase. However, it is not experimentally verified. 52. Show that the de-Broglie wavelength A of the electrons of energy E is given by the relation a Ans. E= dw > =.J— > D a 53. State laws of photoelectric effect. Establish Einstein’s photoelectric relation. Explain the laws of photoelectric emission on the basis of this relation. Ans. Refer to the theory of this chapter. 54, Write Einstein photoelectric equation and use it to explain: (i) Independence of maximum energy of emitted photoelectrons from intensity of incident light, (ii) Exigtence of threshold frequency for emission of photoelectrons. Ans. K.E,,.= 3s =hv-6, (i) Number of photoelectrons emitted per second from a metal surface depends on the number of photons incident on that surface in one second. If intensity of the incident radiations in increased therefore the number of photoelectrons emitted increases. Therefore K.E,,,, is independent of the incident lights intensity. (i) Ifv & Ex, ==> 2mn ° 2m,r; ne 2mA2 2m,d2 But m,>m,>4,>, i.e. wavelength of electron is more than wavelength of proton . Similarly we can show that a2, > Aa. i.e. wavelength of electron is largest and that of alpha particle is shortest. 1 57. The bwo lines A and B shows inthe graph plot the de-Broglie wavelength 2. as a function of [= Vv for two particles having the same charge. Which of the two represents the particle of heavier mass? B — hae h =~ =-,v = 2mqVv y2mq Slope of graph Wee im As the slope of line A is smaller than that of line B. Hence the line A represents the particle of Ans. heavier mass.s. eV, wv—o,- 4 = o, Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2271 A from a 100 W mercury source radiates a photocell made of molybdenum metal. If the stopping potential is 1.3V, estimate the work function of the metal. How would the photo-cell respond to high intensity red light of wavelength 6328 A produced by He-Ne laser? Plot a graph showing the variation of photoelectric current with anode potential for two light beams of same wavelength but different intensity. he . -eV, > $,=4.20V he bo Wavelength of red light is 6328 A, which is greater then threshold wavelength, For pothoelectric _ 12400 eV- 42eV A, 2952 A 0 emission A < A,. So it will not show PEE. 5 E 8 2 8] b>h z= I i Slopping potential, “Vo © Collector plate — +— Retarding potential potential The given graphs show the variation of the stopping potential V, with the frequency (v) of the incident radiations for two different photosensitive materials M, and M,. (i) What are the values of work functions for M, and M, ? (ii) The values of the stopping potential for M, and M, for a frequency v, > Vo, of the incident radiations are V, and V, respectively. Show that the slope of the lines equals MM Vor Vor ——>VAns. (i) Work functions for M, is hv,, and for M, is hv,,. . nthe te c Slope of the lines = = (ii) Slope of the lines = = 60. For photoelectric effect in sodium, fig. shows the plot of cut-off voltage versus frequency of incident radiation. Calculate: (1) The threshold frequency. (2) The work function of sodium. (3) Plank’s constant cut-off voltage (In Volts) frequency (In Hz) x 10" Ans. (i) From the given graph, threshold frequencies is v, = 4.5 x 10" Hz (ii) Work function of the metal is W, = hv, = 6.6 x 10 x 4.5 x 10" =2.97 x 10” J=1.86 eV (iii) Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation, eV = hv - W, On differentiating, we get eAV = hAv =7.2x10™J-s