Lathe m/c operations

Turning:
• It is a most commonly used operation in the lathe machine to
reduce the diameter to a specific dimension.
• The work held in the spindle is rotated while the tool is feed in
the direction parallel to the axis of rotation.
• To produce straight or conical work pieces such as shafts,
spindles, and pins turning is used.
 Facing
Facing:
• It is used to produce a flat surface at the end of the part and
perpendicular to its axis, useful for parts that are assembled with
other components.
• The feed in this case is given in the direction perpendicular to the
axis of rotation.
 Knurling
Knurling:
• In this process a knurling tool having serrations is forced against
the work piece thus deforming the top layer of the work piece.
• It is used to produce a regularly shaped roughness on cylindrical
surfaces, as in making knobs and handles.
• Material removal rate of this process is zero.
 Parting and grooving
• Parting and grooving are similar operations.
• This operation is generally carried out for cutting off the part from
the parent material.
• The tool is feed perpendicular to the axis of rotation and if the tool
passed beyond the center of the workpiece then it is parting
operation otherwise it is called grooving operation.
 Drilling
Drilling :
• It is a operation for making cylindrical holes into a solid material.
• A drill is hold in the tailstock with the help of drill chuck and it is
feed into the rotating workpiece by feeding the tailstock quill.
Limitation:
• This operation is limited to hole through the axis of rotation
of the work piece.
 Boring
Boring :
• It is a operation for enlarging a holes which was already
developed.
• Boring is used for generating an accurate hole with good surface
finish.
 Taper turning
• When the diameter of a work piece changes uniformly
from one end to the another then the piece is said to be
tapered.
• Taper turning as a machining operation is the gradual
reduction in diameter from one part of a cylindrical
workpiece to another part.
• Method of taper turning
Using compound slide
Using form tool
Offsetting the tailstock
Using taper turning attachment
By combination feed
Taper turning using compound slide
Taper turning using form tool
Taper turning by offsetting the tailstock
Taper turning by taper turning attachment
Taper turning by combination feed
 Limitations of centre lathe
The centre lathe is a general purpose machine tool which
has a no. of limitations:
• The setting time for the job in terms of holding the job is large.
• Limited number of tools are used (mainly one sometimes four
max.)
• The idle time involved in the setting and movement of tools
between the cuts are large.
To overcome all these difficulties and improve the
production rate the centre lathe is modified to follows:
• Turret and capstan lathe
• Semi automatic lathe
• Automatic lathe
Drilling and Boring
 Drilling
• Drilling is a metal cutting
operation for making
cylindrical holes into a solid
material with the help of a
rotating tool called drill.
• The machine used for drilling
is called drilling machine.
• Drilling is done by forcing a
rotating drill into stationary
job as on a drill m/c or by
forcing stationary drill into a
rotating work piece.
 Drill machine operations
• Drilling
• Reaming
• Boring
• Counter boring
• Counter sinking
• Spot facing
• Taping
• Trepanning
 Reaming
• Reaming is an operation of
sizing and shaping a hole
using a tool called reamer.
• A reamer is a multi point
cutting tool designed to
remove relatively small
amount of material from a
previously drilled hole.
• Reaming done to achieve
accurate hole dimension.
• Initially a hole is drilled
slightly smaller in size.
 Boring
• Boring is an operation of
aligning, enlarging a
previously drilled hold with
the help of a tool called
boring tool.
• It uses a single point cutting
tool which rotates relative to
the stationary work pieces.
• It is often used to enlarge a
drilled hole.
 Counter boring
• It is an operation of enlarging
one end of an existing hole
concentric to the original hole
with a square bottom as shown
in figure.
• Counter boring is used to
recess a bolt head or nut below
the surface to permit a mating
part to operate without
obstruction.
 Counter sinking
• Counter sinking is an
operation of enlarging the top
portion of the existing hole to
a cone shaped opening.
• It is performed after drilling
to provide space for the head
of a fastener such as screw.
 Tapping
• Tapping is a thread cutting
operation for producing
internal threads.
• Tapping uses a multi point
cutting tool called taps can be
done manually or with the help
of drill machine.
 Trepanning
• Trepanning is a process of
making large holes in
sheet metal.
• Initially a small diameter
hole is drilled in center for
drilling large diameter
hole.
• The pilot of trepanning
tool is fitted into this hole
and operation is
performed.
Geometry of twist drill
Milling m/c
 Parts of milling m/c
The main parts of the milling m/c are as follows:-
• Base
• Column
• Knee
• Table
• Overhanging arm
• Spindle
• Arbor
Milling machine
Milling
Milling
Milling
Milling
Milling
Milling
Milling
Milling
Milling
Up milling & Down milling