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Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Interpretation of Data
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Research II
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Interpretation of Data
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided
to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this
SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the process of interpreting data. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
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What I Know
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which term refers to the reading of numerical data that has been collected
and analyzed?
a. Collection
b. Synthesis
c. Interpretation
d. Experimentation
2. Which statement suggests why April-May has the least number of COVID-19
cases?
a. Virus is dormant during summer season.
b. Disease is controlled and isolated in selected areas.
c. Entire Luzon is under strict community quarantine.
d. Most people are working from home and schools are still close.
3. A student found that the relationship between temperature and mating among
selected species of insects, with a p-value of 0.02, are statistically significant.
Which of the following describes the statement?
a. Temperature and mating are related.
b. Temperature and mating are NOT related.
c. Temperature affects the mating of selected species.
d. Temperature does NOT affect the mating of selected species.
2
For question 4, refer to the diagram below:
Philippines: Total population from 2015 to 2025 (in million inhabitants)
3
Lesson
1 Interpretation of Data
After collecting data, the next step in the research process is data analysis
and interpretation, which precedes reporting of results. Data analysis is a process
that involves examining and investigating collected data for interpretation to discover
relevant information, drawing or proposing conclusions, and supporting decision-
making to solve a research problem (Green, et al., 2007).
What’s In
Recall in your high school mathematics about basic statistical tools and
interpretation of data. Measures of position like percentiles and quartiles give a range
where a certain percentage rage fall. While measures of variability represent the
amount of dispersion in a data set (Frost, 2021) which includes range, interquartile
range, variance and standard deviation. Mean, median and mode are estimate of
typical values which are ways to measure central tendency. Generally, these
parameters are significant in the interpretation of research data.
Column A Column B
1. Mean A. Measures of Dispersion
2. Median B. Measures of Central Tendency
3. Mode C. Measures of Variability
4. Percentiles
5. Quartiles
6. Range
7. Variance
8. Standard deviation
9. Interquartile range
10. Deciles
4
What’s New
MANILA — On some rainy days, the thick haze would blanket the Philippine capital’s
sprawling metropolis, leaving the city skyline barely visible.
Unfortunately, Filipinos have become used to Metro Manila’s air pollution. So much
so that when air quality improved during the COVID-19 lockdown in March. Many
were surprised to learn that the majestic Sierra Madre mountain range was visible
from the metropolis’ heart.
Photos of clear skies, breathtaking sunsets, and the Sierra Madre as a backdrop
to the sprawling city went viral just a week after the government suspended public
transportation and non-essential businesses to curb the spread of the virus. By
following in the footsteps of other nations battling the COVID-19 pandemic, the
Philippine government inadvertently helped reduce air pollution in Metro Manila.
Cancer-causing pollution
PM2.5 and PM10 refer to particulate matter that has a diameter of fewer than
2.5 micrometers and 10 micrometers, respectively. They are two kinds of pollutants
that are measured by air monitors. Both have negative health impacts, but PM2.5 is
more dangerous, according to Cayetano, because its small size allows it to reach the
lungs.
The average PM2.5 levels during the first six weeks of the ECQ saw a 19% to
54% decrease compared to February, explained Cayetano, who is also the technical
adviser of Airtoday.ph, an air monitoring project of the Rotary Club of Makati and
the Lung Center of the Philippines.
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(Access to full article: https://earthjournalism.net/stories/beyond-lockdown-can-
the-philippines-sustain-low-air-pollution-levels January 2, 2021)
Questions:
1. What would be the best title for the image?
2. What interpretation can be made based on the following date/weeks?
a. March 2-8, 2020 (2 weeks before ECQ)
b. March 23-29, 2020 (ECQ week 2)
c. April 20-26, 2020 (ECQ week 6)
3. How does ECQ affects the levels of particulate matter in Metro Manila?
4. Based on the data, can the Philippines sustain air pollution levels?
What is It
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In the previous module, you have mastered and utilized the use of qualitative and
quantitative data. Each of this have corresponding methods used in the
interpretation of data collected from research experiments.
(Bhatia, 2018)
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Summary Table of Inferential Statistics
Example Statistics Meaning of Reported Statistics/Decision? Interpretation
Report
If the correlation coefficient r>0 is positive correlation, r<0
is negative correlation
Correlation r
(Jaadi, 2019)
8
Data Presentations
By: Manisha Kumar (n.d)
Guide Questions:
a. How data are organized in the table?
b. What is the advantage of using a table in data presentation?
c. What can you conclude from the data presented in the table?
2. Charts and Diagrams – diagrams and charts are better retained in the
memory.
Types:
a. Bar – presents values by the length of bar; can be simple, multiple or
component type.
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Guide Questions:
a.1 What are the components of a bar graph?
a.2 What does each bar represent?
a.3 What conclusion can you make about the graph?
Guide Questions:
b.1 What is the difference of histogram from bar graph?
b.2 What is the importance of a histogram?
b.3 What conclusion can you make on the diagram?
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Guide Questions:
c.1 What does each dot represent?
c.2 Give an example of data that can be presented using line
graph.
c.3 What does the line graph tell about temperature and time?
Transportation
Allowance, 3000
Guide Questions:
d.1 In a pie graph, what does each segment represent?
d.2 What are the data that can be presented using pie graph?
d.3 What generalization can you make from the monthly budget
of the Reyes Family?
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What’s More
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/DataReportal/digital-2019-philippines-january-
2019-v01
Data Interpretation:
Guide Questions:
1. Aside from the percentage, what are the features of the image?
2. What is/are the advantage/s of this/these features in interpreting data?
3. Why do most people use television as a form of device/media?
12
Data Interpretation:
Guide Questions.
1. What is the use of frequency in interpreting data?
2. What does the percentage represent?
3. What method of data interpretation is being utilized?
(Chang, 2020)
Data Interpretation:
Guide Questions.
1. What specific type of inferential statistics was utilized in the processing the
data?
2. Which among the variables are significant? Justify your answer.
3. The correlation between medium anxiety level and classroom participation is
low. In this type of inferential analysis, what does it mean by the term “low”?
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What I Have Learned
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Choose the term/phrases inside the box.
Charts Inferential
Data interpretation Qualitative data analysis
Descriptive Quantitative data analysis
Graph Tables
Images Research question
The processes through which data is analyzed for the purpose drawing into
conclusion is called 1. _______________________.
What I Can Do
The term “plantito or plantita” has never been this popular although it has
been around since pandemic. And due to COVID-19, many of us have discovered
something new about ourselves including the “green thumb within us”. Many of our
family members, relatives and friends working at home are now making gardens and
even started making “jungalow” inside their homes. To find out if they are really
certified plantito or plantita, choose at least 5 respondents who began “planting”
during pandemic. You may personally interview a person living in the same
household, conduct an interview via phone call or online (FB messenger, Google
Meet, Zoom, etc.). State the purpose of the interview. Treat any data including the
identity of the respondent with confidentiality. Always be polite.
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Instructions: check (/) the given statement if it applies to your respondent.
1. Hangs around the garden.
2. Plant needs included in budget.
3. Has an indoor “jungalow”.
4. Visits the garden first thing in the morning.
5. Goes straight ahead to gardening sections when going to markets.
6. Too many plant photos.
7. Learned to value nature.
8. Becomes over-protective with plants.
9. Buys plant regardless of price and kind of species.
10. Propagates or requests for plants even if there is no space at home.
11. Becomes more observant to plants they see in TV programs/movies they
watch that they did not take notice before.
12. Hands-on in gardening.
13. Takes time to research online about plants.
14. Follow plant-related social media accounts.
15. Talking/singing to plants.
16. Begins to speak in Latin (memorizes the scientific names of plants).
Source: CDN Life by Immae Lachica August 17,2020 and Wazzup Pilipinas
Directions:
1. Count the number of checks for each respondent. Construct your own data
table and summarize the results. You may do this on a paper or encode the
data using MS Excel. Refer to the table for the interpretation of results.
Score Label Description
13-15 certified plantito or plantita a true steward of nature
9-12 certified plant-keeper agent of plant protection
5-8 certified plant-prentice beginning to love plants
1-4 certified plant-setter “nakiki-uso lang”
2. Notify the respondent about the results. Reminder: results are unofficial, but
they can be motivation to carry on their hobby and love towards plants ☺
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Assessment
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following describes data interpretation?
a. process of conducting experiment
b. supporting results with related literature
c. proving hypothesis through statistical data
d. data is reviewed for the purpose of arriving at a conclusion.
2. Which is INCORRECTLY matched?
a. Context analysis - qualitative
b. Ground theory - quantitative
c. Inferential analysis - quantitative
d. Descriptive analysis - quantitative
3. Mean: average ; Range: _____
a. midpoint
b. most common
c. highest to lowest
d. number of occurrences
4. A researcher would like to present data gathered from his study about the
percentage of greenhouse gases for the past 20 years. Which data presentation
would best fit his study?
a. table
b. graph
c. pie chart
d. statistical map
5. Which figure represents a histogram?
a. bar
b. dot
c. curve
d. shade
16
For 6, refer to the graph below:
Source: https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/census/projected-population
17
For 9, refer to the table below:
Source:https://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/identical-twin-paternity-test
b.
c.
d.
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Additional Activities
Study the given table and figure below from the of Apte and Salvi, 2016.
Sources of household air Examples
pollution
Cooking methods (using liquefied Stir frying, frying, roasting, grilling, baking,
petroleum gas or electricity) basting, and broiling methods which lead to
an increase in particulate matter (PM25)
Biomass fuels Wood, crop residue, animal dung, and
charcoal
Tobacco smoke Active smokers and second-hand and third-
hand smoke
Incense sticks Agarbatti and dhoop (incense sticks), Bakhoor,
and Oudh
Mosquito repellents Mosquito coils, flammable paper mats, and
aerosols
Cleaning agents, products of Volatile organic compounds
personal care, air fresheners,
wood varnishes, paint, and
carpet solvents
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Fire-retardant foam-containing
furniture, electronic gadgets,
and building material
Fungi such as Aspergillus, Damp walls and ill-maintained air
Cladosporium, and Penicillium conditioning
Bacteria such as Legionella
Domestic pets Pet dander
PM25, particulate matter of less than 2.5 microns in mean aerodynamic diameter.
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Answer briefly:
1. Interpret the Chart.
2. What is the logical reason why most deaths are related to lung disease?
3. After reading the table, what have you realize about the indoor pollutants?
Will you conduct your own investigation if your house is filled with this
particulate matter?
20
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What I Know What’s More
1. C Act ivity 1
2. A 1. The features include images of each
3. B device used with label, percentage are
4. A arranged from larger to smaller
5. D (except for the TV)
2. These features facilitate ease in
interpreting data. Readers are
What I Have Learned visually informed regarding the topic.
• Data interpretation 3. Television offers a variety of
• Qualitative data analysis multimedia shows from movies, soap
• Quantitative data analysis opera, news and the like. People from
• Charts all walks of life finds entertainment
• Graphs by watching TV. Nowadays together
with internet, TV serves as an avenue
• Tables
for unlimited array of shows which
• Images
can be reached globally.
• Research question
• Descriptive
Act ivity 2
• Inferential
1. Frequency provides the number of
sample/respondents in the study.
Assessment
1. D 6. B
2. The percentage shows relative sizes of
2. B 7. D
each part/portion in the total
3. C 8. D
percentage.
4. C 9. D
5. C 10. C
3. Quantitative data.
Act ivity 3
What is it? 1. Correlation analysis
Data Presentations
2. From the correlation coefficients in
1. a. data are organized according to the table we can see that, for the low
columns and rows; b. tables facilitates and high anxiety levels, the negative
ease in categorizing data; c. There is correlations between anxiety level and
no difference between regular table classroom participation are
and a heat map since all values are significant since the r<0.
the same.
3. The term low means that the variable
2. A) a.1. bars, X and Y axis; a.2 each bar are hardly related
represents the number of students per
grade level who donated to the book
drive. B) b.1 histograms use bars
without gaps in between each; b.2
shows the increase/decrease of data;
b.3 more employees from MM’s walk
in shorter distance, few employees Additional Activities
walk the least in the farthest distance
1. Based on the pie graph, 4.3 M dies
which is 16-18km. C) c.1 each dot
represents the object in reference to X because of indoor air pollutants.
Majority of the patients, 34%, are caused
and Y axis; c.2 answers may vary; c.3
by stroke while the least is lung cancer
time of the day determines the
temperature. D) d.1 the percentage of which is 6%.
the sample; d.2 answers vary; d.3 2. Most of the indoor air pollutants are
Reyes Family spends most of their volatile and can be easily inhaled.
budget in foo while the least amount 3. Answers vary.
goes to savings.
Answer Key
References
Ali, Zulfiqar, and S. Bala Bhaskar. “Basic statistical tools in research and data
analysis.” Indian journal of anaesthesia 60, no. 9 (2016): 662.
Apte, Komalkirti, and Sundeep Salvi. “Household air pollution and its effects on
health.” F1000Research 5 (2016).
Green, Julie, Karen Willis, Emma Hughes, Rhonda Small, Nicky Welch, Lisa Gibbs,
and Jeanne Daly. “Generating best evidence from qualitative research: the
role of data analysis.” Australian and New Zealand journal of public
health 31, no. 6 (2007): 545-550.
In, Junyong, and Sangseok Lee. “Statistical data presentation.” Korean journal of
anesthesiology 70, no. 3 (2017): 267.
Bhatia, M. You Guide to Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis Methods. Date
Accessed: January 6, 2021. http://bit.ly/3bxH1sS
Patti, Sunny &. Food Waste Leaves a Bad Taste, January 1, 1970.
http://bit.ly/3sdz9TB.
22
Kumar, M. n.d. Presentation Methods of Statistical Data | Statistics | Psychology.
Date Accessed: January 8, 2021
https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/clinical-psychology/presentation-
methods-of-statistical-data-statistics-psychology/3621
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