Lecture No.

Introduction to compressible flow

Ideal Gas Relationships

Compressible Flow of 3th Grade, Semester 6

The Lecturer: Mr. Veyan A. Musa

College of Engineering/Department of Mechanical Engineering/ University of Zakho
Sources:
1- Fluid MechanicsFundamentals and Applications, Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Chapter 12
2- Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Bruce R. Munson and Donald F. Young, Chapter 11
 Introduction to compressible flow

In this course we will consider flows that involve significant changes in density. Such
flows are called compressible flows.

Basics of Compressible Flow

A fluid is defined as a substance which continuously deforms under the action of shearing
forces. Liquids and gases are termed as fluids.

Fluid statics: The study of fluids at rest.

Fluid kinematics: The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are needed considered.
Fluid dynamics: The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are altered considered.
Gas Dynamics: The study of motion of gas and its effect. It differs from fluid dynamics. Gas
dynamics considers thermal or chemical effects while fluid dynamics these effects are
generally excluded.
 Types of Fluid Flow

The fluid flow is classified as follows

1. Steady and Unsteady flows
2. Uniform and Non-uniform flows
3. Laminar and Turbulent flows
4. Compressible and Incompressible flows
• Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the fluid changes from
point to point, i.e. density in not constant for the fluid. Examples: gases and vapors.
• Incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the fluid is constant.
Path or Process:
• Adiabatic → no heat transfer
• Isothermal → T = constant
• Isobaric → p = constant
• Isentropic → s = constant

The first law of thermodynamics, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states
that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always
increases.

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a
constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
 Mass and energy analysis of control system

Conservation of mass:

For steady state:

Conservation of Energy (steady flow)

Total energy entering the system = Total energy leaving the system
 Ideal Gas Relationships

The equation of state for an ideal gas is: and

and

Thus:
Thus:

Then:

So

Differentiating Eq.:

Where:
The changes in entropy in gases are important because they are related to loss of available energy
The useful relationship between temperature, density,
and pressure for the isentropic flow of an ideal gas:
Ex: Air flows steadily between two sections in
a long straight portion of 4-in.-diameter pipe as
is indicated in the figure. Calculate the (a)
change in enthalpy between sections 1 and 2,
and (b) change in density between sections 1
and 2 and (c) Calculate the change in entropy
Or ------------------ (1)

----------------------------------------(2)

Put Eq. 2 into 1 and :