INTEGRAL BRIDGES SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION Jaromir KrizekPREFACE Handbook “otal Bridges Sll-Stuctue Iteration” ofles a practical tol fr design of integral ridges ‘cgalbdges ee strctres without bearings and mechanieslexpasion joins, whereas the connection ‘erween he spertre andthe subroctre is usually famed. Therefor, hese bridges ar considered as frame svete, Because of continuity between he spertctue andthe substructure there is sigan ineraction wit strung soll nd backfilbeind abutments, especially during thermal expansion a the substructures puted no thes of he beck, The soils represented as an lassi materi! which ropenies affect internal forces In he integral bridge stuctue. Therefor, it i necessiry to consider conecty the influence ofthe soil in he ftgral ridge design. This sone of te main problems in the calelation of integral bridges in price. A way, haw 10 deal with the problem, is desribed in this handbook “The handbook describes the method snug he surounding sol bya system of sll springs located to substracureelemens Pract! usage ofthe method is demonstrated on sever solved examples. You can Find here detalid guideline, bow to esate the ifs af these hana ad vertical sol srings, which xe foeated to abutments and speed furdtions of nepal bridges. Thesis ofthe scl springs depend on dimension of he superstructure ard the substretre, on paranters of he surrounding sll and onthe leading ofthe bide. Consequently, you can ase caleuled valves In srctrl model ofthe intgrl tide values of ses of vets and rion so pigs located tothe elemenis ofthe substructure. | elev tat his handbook wil Become a wef ad In paccal design of integral ries and tat it wi contnbue other more fequnt tition. ‘Autor OCONTENTS LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS nono LINTRODUCTION eennennntnniis 7 Li Concerror INTEGRAL BRIG. 12 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT ni 13 STARCAL ACTIN me NA DESO creme |S UsAGE ako ADVANTAGES OF NTEORA. BRIDGES... 2. CALCULATION METHOD OF MODULI OF SUBGRADE REACTION vennnsnnnne 12 3. CALCULATION OF REACTION MODUL! b,. 2a Dsmusunonsor Rexcron Moouut OX ABLTMET. : 33. REACTON MADR, oF SKEWED BRIDGE anneennnnnnnnn So VALIDITY 0 APPLICATION OFTHE METI 4 CALCULATION OF REACTION MODULI ky AND lg enennnvennmne “41 VoRmcAL REAcTen MODUL! FoR HOMOGENOUS SUBS, 42. Hono¥ REACTON Moot k, FR HoNoGENOUS SUBS. 443. Vinca AND HoUZOWTAL REACTION MODULLFOR LAYERED SUBSOL emer seen 44 Mou k,aN0, OF SHED BRIDGE. ~ | 455 VAUDIY AND ARUCATION OF THEMETIOD nnn 2 21 5 EXAMPLES eens BB SL BRAMPUE Lenn a $2. BRAMRE2 enn . 7 cnn ANNEX A~SOIL PARAMETERS once [ANNEX B~ FACTORS A, B,C; Desnnvnnnnnnnennin ANNEX C= FACTORS K, Ly My Newwernnontinnnninnn ANNEX D~ FACTORS F. 0 R.§,,U. ANNEX E ~ FACTORS Wz AND Werner 4 [ANNEX P- DEPTH OF COMPRESSIBLE SUBSOIL Hyeneveneneno san SS ANNEX G = LIMIT STRESS IN FOOTING BOTTOM nesta 56 LITERATUR Eventi ST STANDARDS NO REGULATIONS. PURLIEXTIENS nnerLIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS fae cs 6 ke (aes) vm) (Pal enim BN (vin) (ban) (Pa) Dn) Nin) to (Min!) (nm (one?) Down Dow) (vey IM} inne a to) a u a a 8 om to > ] im) a fm Sil cohesion ‘Sess on the conac area between th sold pushed int the sl andthe oi ‘Design vile of eonerete compressive svength Horizontal load ofthe sbuuments due eat pressures a est Uniformly dsuibued oad ofthe bridge duet trae Horizotal ses inthe foting bottom Limit value of orion sires in he footing boom Design yield sess of tee! \ertcal stress inthe foting boom Limit value of verical stress inthe footing bottom ‘Thicknes of thei ayer ‘Mosul of subgrade rection Horizontal modulus of subgrade reaction for abutments Oo Horizontal modulus of ubgrae reaction for spread footings Horzonal modulus of subgrade reaction off eer below spread footing “otal horizontal modulus of subgrade reaction or ayered subsoil below spread footing ‘Vertel modus of subgrade esetion for speed footing ‘Vertical modulus of subgrede reaction of yer below spread footing “Tova vertical modulus of subgrade reaction for layered sbsoll below spread footing Modular rio Impression of the soli int the sit Retative placement Reiative horizontal displacement atthe bot of? layer Oo Relative vertical displacement a the bottom of ayer Relative horizontal iplesement atthe top off ayer Relative veil csplocerent tthe to of yer Hesiontal iplcement atthe botom of abner Horizont displacement atthe top of abutment Depth teow ground surface Depth of pons 28,27 and 2M below ground surface Depth af pons 8 and T below ground surace Relive depth below ground surface Relative depthof pons B and T below ground surice0 lay K.LMN kK K be PQRS.T.U Qe te Tan Tome TM a my im ara) ray (ora) Pa) oo u a (Pal a a (Pa) (a om to) 4 i a (oun Down oa] im im (a u a a a re) rc) re) a a ctor fr clelton of orzo resetion nada nthe abutments roe sectional area ofthe effective equivalent steel section Width of spread footing “Modulus of eastiiyofstrctral sel Effective mots of elastic for concrete ‘Seca modus of elastic of coneree Reference sts maul ofeil Load fore doe to tandem sytem Ld sated to seweight Load case duet selfweight of sel gleder Load case ue tose eight of the reinfrcedconcrete lb ‘Shear sities modulus of ti Load case duet pavement and bridge equipment Charterite value of «permanent ation Reference sheer stifnes modus of ol Groundwater evel Height of sbument Depth of sompressibe sso Index of elatve density of soit Second moment of aeaof effective equal ste setion around major ans Factors for caleultion of vertical ection mals onthe spread foting oriont ffs of dsbuted elastic supt oad on dutert beam ovina stiffs of dsubued elastic suport acted on footing beam ‘Veni stiftess of distributed elastic suppor leat on foting beam Span of supertture ‘Tata engh of ide ‘Leng of spread footing Factors for ealeulation of horizontal eeton mods on the spread foting ‘Chancteistc value of ending and accompanying variable action Load eas defo earth pressure atest Degre of saraton Intl temperature ofthe beige at time of instalation Maximum shade setemperaure “Maximum uniform temperature component othe bridge Loadeate de to thermal actin ‘Load case due to tandem system trafic lal inducing maximal eet inthe rida ofthe bie spanTSionTS ay yA 9 ry ATaap Ys & Load cases due to tandem system tac load Inducing maximal effect in particular ston of bridge supesincture Envelope oflond ates TS 10 Se Loed ease det uniformly devibuted raf oad ‘Groundwater factor for etlelation of horizontal reaction modulus on the spread footing Groundwater factor for clelaton of vical eatin moduli on the spread footing Adjsiment ators for tre afc loud onthe bdge -UDL Adjusment factor for eoncensated wal load on te bidge-Tandem System Factor of Hnes thermal expansion of ste and once Soil vit weigh ‘Themalexesion ofthe bridge Uniform tepertre component forthe bridge Poison’ aio Fricion angle of ‘Maxims! ses reached inthe sel girder, in enfvement ann concrete Combination tors >1 INTRODUCTION 11 Concept of Integral Bridge For cemuves,beldges were consited witout ny mechanical expansion joins and bearings. Tit changed atthe tum of 19th an 2h tty, when more ores simplified snaps models stared to be used inthe design of bridge structures and when stone, asa tadlonalconsruton meal, was more end more replaced by sel and coer, Expansion joints and bearings, which sepante a superstucture from 2 substrctue and which allow ter relive dsplacement, became common pars of brides. However, @ Iaspan of expansion joins and bearings i significantly lower than alifespan ofthe rest ofthe bridge structure. The jolts and the beatags bring often problens concerning thir mtineaane or posible replacment. In mary counties, efforts to reduce operating costs lato such stctural. design that eliminates using of expensien joins and bearings. The bridges without bearing and joins ae termed teat 6). The lininato of bearings and mechanical expansion joints he main avanag final bridges considenble reducing their contraction and operating costs. Because the connection of @ spersructur fo a substructue i usally famed, integral bridges are also called frame ridges (1. eral bridges became very ppularin many cours. They ae often used in Great Britain (12, Germany 7) (8), (US), (19, 20), (21), Sweden (9), 17), USA and other cours. Integral bridges every gpd alerative tothe tional girder bridges wih one or more shor or mum spans 1.2 Structural Arrangement As slrendy mentone,itegal bridges ae specific when compared with ado! ier bigs, because they do not contain expansion ins and bearings. The elimination of these srr elements separaing the superstructure from th subsactur leads to many differences baween integral bidges and atonal der bridges. You cn compare peal srutural arangements of tional and integral bridge in Fig | ‘The mst important ferences in stuetural arangerents of nega and wadonl bridges ae following: 1) Connection of the superset andthe abutments, 2) Road transition beweea the brie and adjacent embankmentIn ease ofthe tational girder brides, the supercar is connected tothe aburents by bearings. As for Integral bigs, main girders ar ended by laphragm, whieh is xed to a abutment forms igi ame joint. With regard to the rod anion between the bridge and the cent embankment, incase of trina ridges & mcesary 10 wean expansion jon to span a gap between te spersctire andthe surment As for tg! ries, the expansion Join aswell asthe gp is liminatd 13 Statical Action Dierences in setuat arrangements of integra ridges nd ualinal girder bridges Led t difernces oF thse stil aon. The mostimporant difeenes are flowing: 1) Rigi frame ot brwen a sepenructue anda substructure, 2) Interaction beeen the superstructure the substrustu anthe suroundng si, 2) Resear offre expansion ofthe superstuce. As or trahional ges, espe is suppor by beings, which low fe rttion of ridge) nds; theraby the bearings represent hinged support indepenéent onthe geometry of te abutment. Expansion Jolns and tarngs are wualy arranged to allow fee expansion inthe longitlinal and sometimes inthe transversal tion ofthe Bridge due to lemperatue changes. I is reached by the usage of appropriate combaton of ixed and siding bearings. Since the superstructure of integral bide i fx wo the subsouctr, al dslacements and rotations ofthe superrucre are raramited tthe substrate, se Figure 12 ‘During the therm expansion the abueris are pushed int thes of baci, which brings about pasive ‘earth pressures cing onthe butments The movement ofthe superstructure are estined bythe i ‘ofthe abutments and by the eat presturesetng on the buen. This causes an interaction ofthe -sperstuctue the substructure an he surrounding so414 Design ‘With regard tothe structural arangement and satel ation of negra bridges, we can summarize the basic sign ferences of integral nd traditional bridges a lows 1 tncasion ofthe superset the substructure sd the suoundig sl nto slag strvetural mode, 2) Significant infuence temperature changes onthe stress state ofthe ste. In case oftradional bridges the conection of he superstructure and he abutments i wsually hinged and ‘he expansion joints and bearing low relive movement between the superstructure and the subsite Hence, the superrvture andthe substructure canbe analyze spantely, se Figure 3d In cate of integral bridges, where the superstructure sigificantly interacts ith the substrate, i necessary to include the subsructr int the suuctural model. The sifhess ofthe abuinents infueces & -disribaton of internal feces in the suprsrucare and inthe abutments themselves. Thus is necessary 1 ‘rete «ttl model inlaing both he syperstcue andthe sobtuce,se Figue 13 Similarly as forthe substrctr, it Is aso necessary to Inca an influence ofthe backfl behind the sbutmen into the siuctural mode ofthe integral bridge AS result of abutment displacements doe to thermal expansion, the soll tend abutments Is compressed and influences seses inthe whole bridge structure, The in uence of he backfl is considered by si springs, which are located on the abument “Tese toil srngs are orient hviontly, Le arsvers tothe back ofthe abutment. ‘The structural made ofan igral bridge is e statically indeterminate fame, wher interal forces are Infuerced by sipportsetlemens n case of foundation on spread footing it is appropri o represent is ‘exit by elas pings ected in he veri ael horizontal dietion onthe spesd footing.1S Usage and Advantages of Integral Bridges Integr bridges become widely uted in practic, Because of lower construction ad msintnance costs and ther advantages they established themscives in economic competion In many coun. negra bridges are cueny often vstd in German, Sweden, Great Brin, USA and in eter countries. According 1 the [Bish standard (1), recommended to prefer negra edges in such cases, where theft length of he superstar sles than 60 m an the stews donot exceed 30" The reson for the length ln of the superirstre isthe absence of bearings and expansion Jom, In ease of longer spans, tis srt rangement could cause problems inthe taastonzre. h mus be Indes! pointed outta bridges with he ‘total lng lower than 60 m occur mast often in pres. However, nigral ridges with the higher length ‘than 60m exit In hese ass it is appropriate to ue itera bridges with ded exparsion ois, Iovegrl bridges have many farms and wide range of ulation. They are applied as rad bridges (21 rallway bridges (8, bt ls a fotbldges In term ofthe numberof sans, ther re trues wih one mor spans (I8). The supertctue can be cared out fom reinforced concrete (1), fom prestressed preftrietd conerete (13), (16, evenly composite with the renfred concrete deck end steel main rer, ier fue (10) or wus [11]. However, the guiding preps described in he intedution as ‘velo the method to cleull ifs of ol pings (8 blow) I vali fll yes of gel ridges. “The main advange of ftgral bridges can be summarized a lows 1) Bheination of exp son joints and bearings: The cliinaion of expansion ont and bearings lead lower constion css f the bridge. Since the expansion Joints and bearings generally have lower ‘iespan tan the superstructure, they requlre guar maintenance and need to be replaced several mes hing the bridge evince Incase of integral brides, this problem is eliminated, Thereby it reduces parang cost and closures of the dae duo malntenances are less fen 17), (22) 2) Simplified substructre: The sopersrucure is monolihiclly comected to the abutments, This limites being pads end sereenwals and cross expansion gop, because al sintered nt he end iapiag, Moreover, the abuimente ae sre by the sapentrtur and supported bythe surrounding 0, This lads o higher stability ofthe substrate possiiliy f design of slender abutments to reduction of spread (etings en, in ease of pit foundation 10 design of one rw of ples ont foreach iment. These simplifications ofthe substructure sronply reduce material consumption, earthworks ‘volume an, consequently, the constuction cos. 3) ster and simplifed construction proces n eas of nepal bridges, the works conceing Keeping pris gory of bearings and placement of mechanical expansion ons are eliminated. Together wth the smplifeaion ofthe subst, it lado faster and simpler constuction of an ner brie. 4) Sender superstructure: Because of the fame behavior of the srucure, bending moments ae refistibte from the saging moments fo hogging moment. It allows the design of slndeer superstructure with edved bridge superstetie depth in comparison wit simply soppoed ides5) Shorter and lower highway ramps: Incase of bridges at iterchanges in fla tea, the above- mentioned reducion of the supesiucture depth leeds to shorter and lower highway ramps and embankment east fuher eduction of earthworks [1]. 6) Drive comfort improvement: Because ofthe elimination of expansion joins, a month ed traston ‘betwoan adjacent embankment andthe brie is achieved. To vol lars ina road trast, proper comirtio ofthe tanston zoe should be chosen, 17) Remove of problemati detalls: In eas of watonl brides, eats from the supersrucure tthe uber are trated by bearings. This leads oa ston concentration of stresses in bearing ads and bridge seas In case of nepal ridges, this problem Is resolved because massive fame end apheagm is provided. Ansther advantage is the elimination of a posible leakage to the subsructre ‘through expansion ont (15) 8) Robes structure: The fame connection ofthe superstructure and the substructure increases the static indeterminacy andthe structure robustness. Because of thei higher Acti, itera ridges are more resistant to selsmicly and othe azcldental scons, eg. Impacs of vehicles 10 the sburmens, Asplacement of abutments du o Mods or errors tacks2 CALCULATION METHOD OF MODULI OF SUBGRADE REACTION ‘One of the problems f the practcl design of legal bidges Is the edequate coneraton ofthe suroundg si, which supp the subaru fhe subs srpresenes as» stem of ease oi springs located on he elements, which re acon! wih che sl (see Figure 13, question arises how to ‘determine te sifness of these sll springs prope. Sie of soll springs car be clelaed sing Foaming method. In the method the ine of il spring is expressed by modulo subgrade rection. Physically, modulus of sbgraderestion resents stness ofa surface spring sporting surfices or solids. The dein of the modulus of subgrade reaction ki than fllowing: kal Quy nese fhe stese onthe cont area between the soli pushed nto the sol nd he soi, 1 isthe impression of the sli ino the soil Figure 21 shows the motu of suberadereation which canbe determined by means ofthis metho. 1 isthe modulus of sibgrae reaton on abutment in horizontal rection which represents pave cant resistance ofthe acl induced by puting ofthe sumer imo the si, 1+ kes modutus of sutgrade reaction below spread foting in vertical direction which represents compesiilty ofthe asl, + kis modulus of subgade rection teow spread Foting in hovizonal direction which represents the shear sistance ofthe footing bam aginst he horizons placement “The modu of subgrade reacion are calevlted upon hese parameters 1) Height ofthe abutment, 2) Leng ofthe superaictre, which aes aspacements of he abutment de sera expansion, 3) Type of te slim bal. o‘Modul of subgrade ration and cls sing the mathe depend onthe parame: 1) Dinersons ofthe eread footing, 2) Vericl and trot resin foting Botan, 3) Type ofthe bil below the red fot. | Grout ievel inthe subs “Types en parameters of sl, which are necessury fr te ealeuation of modu of subgrade reaction ke and k, are summarized in Annex A. Annex A relates ool lassifiation dese in 2) Calculation of modu of subgrade reaction om ples ot covered inthe meted. Ano erate is 0 be sed to determine them. ‘On the basis of calealteé mol of subgrade reaction ky yan ky i s posible o determine theses of elas sol springs supporting the subsrcrre ofthe integral bide The sil pings can be insoduced Into th srvetral mode used forthe practical design, ee Figure 2.1 Described method i applicable generally fora wie ange of integral bridges. It an be sed both or singe- sn and mul-span ner ridge with any type of soperstractie, forthe tee, compost, enforced ‘and prestressed concrete bridges The reaction modul ky can be used for enforced concrete shuments, whee no significant bending deflections caused by orzo eat pressures cut. Calculated values of the reaction modal re sppiabe tothe abutmens founded on he spread fotings ples {Rae Zi Sole peal novinar cad pate wai 1120 sermon sor, Glomalin Ba aye ‘sian plac component, Tee component ae dieu spate rene tee and pase deformations ‘rer simulans, Tl bear comprehended ae pressed eta fa lesen orn modal Shi, Rect model eelaed scorn oh mthod ce helt nd pte so deformations wd ve {ew peur of monic Sol bev Inthe pacts! we af he i,t sees ofthe ol pigs ae ‘bccn fom heeled reacton ode These sl springs hich re sed ne sacl model of he be, ‘re uly comidoed ier It ears ha theses he segs i ebsant sd Idependent 90 be oad teginde,Orpte hirsmplifcton of ral dae ante Bhar of tesa the we of eter sping fonder beng enough arate oil eee spy of negra bridges: Hoeven many cent ‘props minnze he psi dormatons of he sl er example tS nthe bak) in be Wipe Sci. Wong snes psc elu ees of he a taratns by the wy dated wes Sd. gives desig nfrmaton tou he poe lpi, wich shouldbe ved,3 CALCULATION OF REACTION MODULI ky “Tie chapter dele with econ moll on the shunts, Geer procedure of caleution of the isbn of reason moduli on th abutment i desoibes ‘3:1 Distributions of Reaction Moduli ky on Abutment Disbution of the rection madly depends onthe mode of piacere of he sbutment ina he ac caused by the thermal expansion and ter eff. The displacements dened by these two params 1) Horizons eplacement the top ofthe abutment oy, 2) Horizontal diplsement a the btlom of the abstinent “The dsibtions ofthe rection modal along th depth ofthe abument re shown in Figur 3.1. At the ovata ei, there re values of eseton mod, vertical axis represen the dephsz under these.‘There are thes diferent isributions of, depending onthe displacement mode ofthe abutment: 1) Translation of the abutment (=H: Inti ac, he desibuton ofthe module deere by near eure T, which sdfioed by pola | at the wp ofthe abutment and by pon Tat he boom ofthe abument Between the point | and 3T, thee isan intermediate point 2a depth 2 2) Rotation of the abutment (ay =O: In his ase the distribution of reaction modul by is esrbed by bilinear env R, whic sdfinedby pins 1,2R and 3R. Pont 1s decesl with eu T, point 28 is atthe same depth 2 below the surfie as point 2. Point Ris atthe botom of the abutment ans located veal under pine 28. 3) Combination of rotation and translation of the abstment (uy > vp > 0): The dstibution of| reaction moduli by is described by bilinear curve M, located between curves T and R. Curve Mis defined by points 1,2M, and 3M. Plot |e Mental with curves T and R pint 2M i tthe same depth 2. points 2 and 2R. The postion of pont 2M between points 2T and 2K canbe determined by te lner interpolation according to the vale up ranging between O andr Poin 3M is located at the botom of the abutment. Its poskion between points 3T and 3R can be determined by the Inerpoltion a wll as by pat 2M. 32. Definition of Points at Curves T, R and M 10s necessary 10 define pins 1, 2R sad 3T wo determine curves, Ry and M forthe particular cae Reaction modul ly of pins 1, 2R and 3T, as well as depth 2, have tobe caleulted. These values are calelted using allowing formals: ky = AEs tr, BEwe Ctr ep en ee Aesetr , Beye, Cu apo MBagtr BE, Sp ay Se oe cs) (wee etn mda MU ne vn etn or propine i * a ‘depth of points 2R and 2 in meters, [Ato factors for calelaon of horizortal rection moduli ly on abutments, see Tables B.1 and B2, Annex, Em reference sifess modulus of soil in the bakfll ia MPa inthe dined and compacted sate assuming lp> 015, o horizontal displacement tthe topo abutment in, Facto A, B, Cand D can be found for cach pin 1,28, 3T and doth 2 in Tables @.1 and B22 Amex B pending onthe height ofthe abutment H, and on the sol type (sand or gravel) Pot 2 Is loeaed on the Join of points 1 and 37 in depth 2, Point 3R i located onthe vertical under point 28. Cues M forthe ‘combination of rotaon and translation ofthe abuiment cn be allocated by interpolation between the relevant curves Rand T. The eslcuation ofthe rection modal ky and depths 2 ofthe points 127, 28,2M, 3, 3.and 3M is summarized in Tale 3.1 | A BEL Boo, a9 ° ar | tres HE a0 | nae Bite reba abe Sao 2 a ge TOE 8 fe oF i ao | Nemetan Sana ao [noe BSe Sao, an » oe Tasaah Cae ca ana OA TB ow AE esr iar natu fat he eed te oan MPa Nera apuoiarts au eb Ie 33 Reaction Moduli ky of Skewed Bridges “the method presented ove ie valid in case of might beige, where the displacement ofthe abutments pependiclarto its bac, se Figure 3.2 By sewed bigest ante expected tha the displacement ofthe _abuments cased by the themal expansion and cher effets cecurs mos inthe longitu axis of he ogee gute3 20. Tis sbetment backside: Resistance of he sol caused by ths placement can be 1) Perpendicular t corsdered as elas si springs expesad by moduli k, The displacements perpendicular fo the backside of he abut can be wed to calculate modu acorn o paragraph 3.1 and 3.2. 2) Parallel withthe abutment backside: Incase of his splacemen he resistance ofthe sl depends ‘onthe ition between the Slade ofthe abet and the Bac. The method presented above oes no del with his effet the skew of he rg ies than 30%, the cto cn be neglected. ‘terse it shouldbe consideree, whether the fiedon has sigan effect forse Interaction betwen he ridge strc andthe back Oo‘34 Validity and Application of the Method Described meted for clclton of modul ks appliahe unde felling assunptos: 1) Superstruture ofthe integral bridge: Described method is applicable to the all ypes of the superstuctures, Le tote sel, compost, enforced and prestressed concrete ner bids. 2) Span, number of pans and bridge length: nthe climatic condtens ofthe cena Europe and other countries with the similar climate, the mehod is applicable to the bridges ofthe ttl length upto 150 mtn counts, where maximal summer temperatures given by the stl standards are bier, ‘he maximal bridge length is reduced to corespond with the condition of pot 7, se below. The umber of span canbe ahitary. 3) Shamed bridges: The method canbe used withthe suiient accuracy forthe bridges with skew upto 11°, se paraeraph 33. Others, it should be considered, wheter the skew has a significant effect, forthe invasion betwean the bridge suture andthe hak 4) Abutments: The method was derived for ig enforced concrete abuiment, whee smal elections ve tothe pasive earth presture occu, The abutment height of ranges between 2 and 1S m. ‘5 Foundation ofthe bridge: The metod canbe wed for bridges based on spread fetings or pls, (6) Soll the buck: There are expected non-obesive, nonfst suscep sandy or gravely soils lasted as SW-SC or GW-GC. The method i valid in the range of soil parameters listed in Annes [A Theres lo esumptio, thatthe backfill rind and compacted tthe deny index Ip 0,75 7) Horizontal displacements of the abutments Into the back: Translation, rotation and thelr combination is expected: At the ame tine it i szumed, that the horizontal displacements athe op sand atthe botom of he abuament and vary inthe range 0-36 mm '8) Facors A, B, Cand D for points 1,28 3T ard depth = are sven in Tables Band 2, Amex B. For iojacen abutment eights, itis possible oinerpolae in Tables Band 8.2. 95) Horizontal displacement at the top ofthe abutment wis appointed in min. Despite pins 2R and [3 are not tthe top ofthe abutment, te orizonal displocement atthe top of the abutment ui sways appointed nto formu (3.1) 0 3.10, 10) Reference siffess modulus Eni ppoaedin MPa If no accurate values of Ey re valle, itis possible to use the values given in Tables Aland A.2, Amex A In compliance with the sbove noted assumptions, the values of te reactlon modul 1, obsined fom formulas in Table 3.1 are in MN? The way in which th method was desived is described in detain [14 "The aid wan Saved fore Uncen a tnd waning bawsn Dad ea pie 7), Aaning sia ecparsin ov the bh bg ends, aia congas othe rae = 72 mre, Acordia (4, he ‘maa temperature Ty be the re logan costed 46° forte tel gs. nes of aoe 2nd Compose rg is wale ower. The al eng. ofthe rie canbe cule fom he orl (eign) = O072 (1210 a6)» 150. Tp he mail engl tron af he Wigs peered ‘Stomp pin. Ti erron doe ot ake othe senate sa or ec init 04 CALCULATION OF REACTION MODULI k, AND ky “This chapter desrbes elelation fraction modul ky ard, fo the homogenous and said subsoil ‘below the spread footing. The presrted formulas we based onthe assumption, thatthe dsbuton ofthe reaction maul uniform acne theatre are ofthe fing Bota, 4.1 Vertical Reaction Moduli te for Homogenous Subsoll Formula (1) fr ealeultion of reaction moduli ated on the assumption thatthe subsoil below the spread footing consist of ene sil cass ony, wheas clasfcton given in Annex A is used. Reaction modulus ys eaealated a follows a: ena (Econ Een co wie coer 80! ra dt fr omen et wit he efetofgroundvarer, K.LUM.N ctor dependent onthe footing dimensions anon the sil ype, see Tables C.1- C4, Annex, W, factor eflesing the groundwater evel se Table 1, Annex E, er eferercesifiese modus ofthe subs inde dined condensin MPa, f ‘verte sess in the feting otom in Nin considered asan average uniform value across the wh aea ofthe eting botom. 42 Horizontal Reaction Moduli, for Homogenous Subsoil For (42) for esleuation of reson modal ky is based on the assumption that the subsl below the spread footing consist of ones class only whereas clsifction sven in Annex A ts used, Reaction moduli cclated as flows: PO 5g on). vo (Phe s7} Sm, ws oe fsmaon chien roms td wields, pou om seni ig deo mi co ile tert ote se Ae cero ete tit eel ne ed on we Se ra! es gn WM? ee average union ale acros the whole are of the foting Bott In ease ofthe ie grind sul casi 8 F3 0 F the eft of he Rion sts in foting bot ‘a opi, fra moduli 2oncered, Formula (4.2) ean be reduced tothe frm: Oos, -st,+1) Sew, 2 (47) Saw, a 43 Vertical 1d Horizontal Reaction Moduli for Layered Subsoi “The formulas shown in paragraphs 4.1 end 4.2 are valid asuming thatthe subsoll Below the footing bs homogenous, However, cases with layered subeil occur in practice. This paragraph describes the method how to clit versal and horizontal rection ml ky fr the layered subs below the spread {ootng The ealeaation is base onthe general principle, thatthe reciprocal vale of the eacton modulus of ‘he layered subsoil is equal the sum ofthe reciprocal vals of ration moduli ofthe parc ayers. IF the layered sub consists ofa layers, the tol reaction modull ky and k ofthe layered subsoil can be calculated flows: (2) “ as) wher: Kak ae verti and horztl reaction moduli ofthe paticalar i ayer of the subi Reaction moduli ofthe particular yer and kan be alulated according to folowing formulas: 46) an ae vets an horizontal reaction modull calculated acoring to formulas (4.1) t0 (4.3) supposing homogenous subs, vente relative vere and horn placements athe top ofthe paca ayer (pole T.Figue tl), on tne reitve vert! and orzo dsplacement tthe boom ofthe parcuar layer (Goin B, Figur 4.1), Relave displacements ur Urs a nd te an Be ofan om the graph in Figure 4.1. This graph shows the relationship between relative depth x and reaive displacement i the top ofthe particular ayer is Inthe ep (point T and the btlom in the depth 2y (point B), ative depths and 2 ae calcu meat as) sant 4s) wher: 27,29 re the depths of points T and 8 atthe top anda the bao ofthe yer, Hi. depth of compressible subsoil ee the Table F., Amex“The depth ofthe compasible subsoil H, depends onthe typeof Sl, on be value of verti tress in the csi bottom and on the imensions of the footing. Values of an be found in Table F., Annex FH, represent the compress part of subsoil below the fooling, where significant defomatons cased by the footing load occur. Relative dgplacements ry tae tn nd Uae canbe obi from the graph in Figue 4.1 upon depths 2 anda Relive deplacmens rand tai the vera ietion canbe obiined fm the branch ofthe raph for vera dreion, while relative displacements ys and tm Inthe horzental direction can be tind from the bane! for horizon ection44 Moduli ky and k of Skewed Bridges The caleulation method of the reaction moduli ky and k, was developed for sinjght ridges with a rectangular spread foting withthe width By and the length Ly Homever the method canbe alo used for bridges with skew upto 30 Ifthe spread foundation has the Hhomboid pln vie, it canbe substued by ‘he recngulr Foundation Figure 4.2) fr the purposes of clelton of medul ky nd. 4S Validity and Application of the Method Described methad for caleulton of modal kk ky and kas applicable under following assumpions 1) Dimensions ofthe foundations: between 336 and 832 0". 2) Skawed bridges: Above-descibed method can be used with the suet accuracy forthe bridges with skew upto 30, 56 paragraph 44. Otherwise, it is necessary to consider whether the skew of lide has sgiicant eet onthe values ofthe reaction modu ka 3) Soi in subi: Sandy sil lsd ss SWS, gravelly sol clasifed as GW-GC and fine-grained sol lsied as MG-CI ae assumed. The method is aplicable inthe ange of sil parameters given {in Annex A. It is assumed tha the soil nthe subs compacted to the vale ofthe relative deity 1020475 meas ofthe fine-grained sci the firm consistency is assumed 4) Groundwater level: The eet ofthe groundwater is consiered wing Fairs We and Wr, Factors We and W, are summarized in Table, Annex 5) Vertical and horloatal stress f, and fin the footing botom: Vera sires fin the foting toto is fr pricular sil limited by values of fy std in Table G.1, Annex G. Similarly, oizomal sess Fi lmited bythe vles off The values off a als summarize in Table 1. Vertical and horizontal stresses f and fare we in Nin in Ormuls 4.11043 and th aes se ssumed constant aos the whol ares of foting oto. 6) Factors K, LM, Nand P,Q, RS, U are ise in tables C. 0 C4 of Annex Cain Tables D1 1 DA of Annex . Incase ofthe incon values of oting dimensions, itis pssibe ro interpolate {in bles. Similarly, itis possible wo imerplae between the pail sil class, ease ofthe fineine ols the factors forthe efetve parameters (Tables C3 and D3) we wed in ese of the long- term loading effets In case ofthe shore effects, the fll parmees (Tales C4 and D4) are ed, 1) Reference tne modull Fg and Guy ae sed in MPa, IF no osu values of Eye and Gare availble, tis posible fo ae the values given in Tables At 10 A. of Annex A. In case of fine rine sis, the otal parameter are used for short-term loading effets he effective prameters are zed forthe longterm loading, se Tale A.3 of Amex A. In compllance withthe above noted astumstions, the valves of the reaction medul ka kk a cise From formulas (4,1) t0 (4.7) are i MNim?. The way in which he method was rived is deseribed in detail ingia. Ts The od served fr oni Simeins range af 6 w HO m, wed uly ees REN Need. O, 1 U wae dmnned Thi erin des ot ake i fe soon! oer He sual$ EXAMPLES S41 Example 1 DDescemin he dsbuton ofthe reaction moduli fy onan abutment. The geomety ofthe abutment is shown in Figure 5.1. The bight ofthe abutment Hy 7.5m, the Back provided by dense sandy material with stfiess modulus E-= 40 MPa. Te horizontal displacement atthe top ofthe abuiment uy = 60 mim, he onzontl displacement tthe btm ofthe absent ue = 0 mm ‘The displacement ofthe abutments a combination of warslaton and rotation. In this case, the distribution of reaction moduli is defined by bilinear eure M,a¢ shown in Fi ‘between near curve T, where ur == 6,0 mm (vanslaon, and Biller curve R where uy = 60 mm and ‘= 0.0 mam (tation). The dsbuton of actin modul ks determined in the elowing steps 1) Determination of iear cue T, supposing ur = ve = 69 mn, representing horizontal trastton of the abutment 2) Determination of bilinear curve R, supposing ur = 6,0 mm and uy = 0.9 mm, representing rotation of the abutment 3) Deter on of final isermedate blnear curve M, where uy = 60 mm and up = 30 mm, presenting combiraton of anlaton and rotation ofthe abutment 1 Linear Curve T “Todeermine curve Tse Figur, is necessary to calculate values ofthe eacton moval ys hse Ar and depth 2. Formulas given in Table 3.1 are used, Factors A,B, Cand D ae obtained from Table B.1, ‘Annex B. The vale ofthe factors are inerplatedbeten the ales for abunet highs H,7 and 8m. Arba Us , BE, 60.40.60 , 448.40 , 00.60 > go An Bags, Brae Cate +0)0=1,6 MN’ Te i Toe gt Tage TOO As Pac Sit yp o:16A0. 16.00 108.69 : gor Eat, BE, St 6D, w 1S AO 105.60 50.55 06.8 MN a a ° a AcEagt 1280.60 0250 ie om Tig Sgt am aE ae Se ge 07-0 (esar—b25 (68-109 eas kuarekut 12MIN 2. Bilinear Curve R ‘Todeermine curve, et Figur 3.1, its reessary to caleulte ales of the rection moduli. as ak and depth 2 according to formulas iTable 3.1. As well as by cune T, fcr A, B, Cand Dare abaned fiom Toble 8.1 and interpolate. yy 2M6MNin? (See near curve T) aArEnrts ,BrEwt , Cri, p, «62-40-60 , 149.40 , 00.60, : Babel Sat py S2A62 HS I0 OFS 756.660 k, ee uae 2 209m —(SeelineareuveT) 3.Bilaar Carve M. “To determine curve M, se Fire 3.1 its necessary to calculate te values ofthe recon modul Ks ua Seonand depth, These values re interpolated between cures T and Racoring fo formulas in Table 3.1 iar =1EMNin? (ee lnearcurve T) G5-23)39 vou? 66-GE 222 gan Kuo thya TMN? Kyaw thie ~ 9m (Seelinew care) “The final dsibton of rection medul kaon the abutment is shown in Figure 5.1 (ure My. In adion, curves Tand Rr ispayed ir Beformatn of the BAA Sze absent depen ed oa Di loneer, be tm fe praca eign of he bel To wii pale inovemen ofthe sunt. The reason moda ty elcled by this method wl ino he cent [hv oft sl, The pe componc the foro canbe ermine ths eho i he llowing way ‘Tie airbus of an be ested ore required sans w and w frst The Gtibbon of kan Be er ‘Reale or serves of ranalstan, cx, 2 ad 17 eats of by iar fs oth SESE Sat ean fte bs rv ihe ons er ney, ines ‘nicbesnorate bel Ary shmges ne sig of he bares soud be osc ihe cae 452 Example? Calculate verical and horizontal reaction modu ky and ky of rectangular spread footing The geomety of the fotng andthe subsl are shown in Figur 5.2 Width ofthe footing By = 50 m ad leg Le = 120m. ‘Theres vertical normal sues f, = 200 kN and a horzotl shar sess f= 15 KN inthe footing boom, The subsoil below the footing consists of two layers: 1) layer of sandy sil lasifed as SF with Ihickoes of 40, Stbess modulus Eqy= 21,0 MPa and sear tess modus Gur= 80 MPa, 2) yer of raely sol classified as GF with thickness of 5.0m, stifpess modulus Eqy= 95,0 MPs and shear siffess modulus Gye 38,0 MPa, The groundwater levels 5,0 blow the train Tocalelte th ection modu tb obo is vied ino ts ler: 1) Thelayerof so classified as SF, thickness 4.0m ayer 1, 2) Thelayer of sol lassie as GF above the groundwater eel, hicks 1.0m (layer 2), 53) Thelayer of sol lassi as G3 blow the groundwater eel, thickness 40m (layer3). ‘The eacton modal and ky re ealeulatod in ou steps. nthe fst thee ses, the parti eston modu keand ky of eich yer reseed Inthe fourth ep, the ttl reseton mod Kya i determine’. Letayer Fit, reaction moduli ks nd , ae calculated using frmuls (4.1) and (42), supposing homegenaus subsoil consisting of sol classified as SF only. Factors KL, M, Nare obined from Tables C1 and C2, Annex C. ‘The factors are interpolated scoring to with Band length Le In as of footing mensions 5x12 my the oa iterpolated factors ae: K=12040 L=360 Mai66 No210 Factor W, can be obtained from Table E.1, Annex E Layer! isabove he groundnate level, it fellows W190using all factors to Formula (4.1, We ge (Seow) se™ (soso) 095=64MNn? 219 Frcs P,Q, Uare obtained by inerpoation In Table D., Amr B, In ewe of fut esos “5x12, the Sin inerpated factors ae Pmog0ss Q=29 R=500 S=000R T=67 U=8) Fector W, is bind from Tble 1, Annex. Layer 1s above the groundwater evel folws We1o Ptingal fctors to formula (42), we ge (P= O8 01) Sat w, [ OOUS:8 50-2818 goo 20067) v =45MNin Depth ofthe compres subsoil Hs obtained by interpolation in Table FI, Annex. Sobol consisting of sol cased as SF's sesomed, In ete of fotngcimensions SxI2 m and vert! sis in the fosting bot f= 200 Nin final nerpoated values 72m Layer 1s 40. depth and issued om 0104 m below the oting oto. It fll: n=00m 2=40m Using formulas (4.8 ant 49), we aes reltiv depths 2 and ng athe tp and atthe Bottom of ayer Using te graph ofthe yee subsol (Figure 4.1) and above called elatve depths 2 and 2g, we obtain elatve spleen tthe top ad atthe Bono of ayer I: ne HD a O27 une LO ay “008 ting in formulas (46) and (4.7), horizontal and vertical 92” reacion mod of ayer re eaeuated oo ky» —- 84 os 8 nin? Grew Uae 10-027 45 Gr ta 10> 008 1%2Layer? Incase of layer 2, the calculation is aralogous to the calculation of layer 1. Factors K, L, M,N ean be ) cutide ofthe compressible zone. From Table follows: weeto Aszorging othe analysis resus fom combination 2, horizons ses inthe foting btm is 50.55 34aNin? Using formula (4.2, we net (Poh 55.7) Sar oP Oh ster {OMNI ‘insses ofthe dsrbused coil springs onthe foting ae then calculate a lows Ke ke3 084. 3,0"252 Nat 20 MN? 30%49.30 a8) 2 Step of Calculation “The seuctural motel for the second step ofthe ealeution i shown in Figure the 5.15. The aiinets of -seoted sol pings were caleultd inthe First step of ealeultion. é{— ge thon? momen? COLEEG caumee SE ‘The analysis resultsshow, tht ur= 45 mm and us = 0.0 mom. These values donot ier from the Fst sep. “Thus, we consider fe restion moduli andthe sis of sl springs Ky il to he vale in the Sit step. The eacton modus also remains the same. Calculation ofthe reaction modulus ks analogous to the firs step, Factor, QR, T, Uand W, remain unchanged. 27 "50.50 skin? Pe px) Satya wo Phtetinston) Seem one! ‘As well asin the fist sep ofthe calculation the entre compressible subsoil consists of SF sci! ony Consequently, the near sing stiesses placed on the Footing cn be determined as follows: 30252 MNimt 14,7 MN! »24 sep af he Calesaton “The stractarl mel forthe thi sep ofthe ealuation it shown In Figure 3.17. The stiffs of istributed sol springs were calcul in th second stp ofthe eleltion, [He sont ii i “The trina daplacement ofthe abutment imply tat he esibton ofthe rection mod emains unchanged in he hid stp at wel Im adlon the resction modulus remains he sare. Caleation of te reaetbn modulus kis analogous the rst nd th cond lp, Factors P,Q, RST, U and Wa ean the same wel 21 fag Beprisainum! 30.50) a e( POs 7) Sew (emsssava=2s.se R 300 45M? Wes comparing the restion macal kk nd fom the second andthe thd sep ofthe aleltion, we coud that they are practically Wenie- The reason mogul fa I tied tp ofthe eaklaon ean be ‘considered as finland he alelton can be lerminate,4. Conclusion ‘The inal values and distributions ofthe modul of subgrade rection hy, yank ar summarized in Figure 5.19, These values canbe use as parameter feast ubsll or the deslgn of nel bie. We suppose that above eae rscion nda ae ued vray foray penn ft ic load we we the same planar structural model for further design (Example 4) 2.3 m wide longi! cu out ofthe bridge structure he ifs of istributed linear pings supporting the substructure are summarized in Figure 320.54 Examples ‘Check the superstar ofthe integral bridge fom example 3 eta iit sate, 1. Assumpt ‘Te checks based on felowing assumptions and simplifications * 1) Construction without falsework is expected. Consution sages ae considered Ir te check, see pasgraph 2. 2) In the check, cate sess distribution inthe cross secon is expected, Sheu ag of Manges and buckling of we ie negleted Ful erns-section characteris ae wed. 5) The influence of srinkage and crep of coer Is eglected. Nn-uniirm change oftemperetue end senlement of supports is not considered 2. Structural Model and Construction Stages Simplified planar structural model from example 3 is usd. The planar mode represents 3 m wide Fongitutina!eu-out ofthe bridge stuctire comprehending one main ger. The wih of the cutout comesponds 46 the spacing of see girders. The structural mode includes the superrutue and the substructure, because ofthe mutual iteration, Cros-scton of the superstructure, te abutment andthe footing are shown in Figue 55, se example 3. Te ictal model vss depending onthe constrton ‘sage, whereas different led eases act neath sage. Depending onthe consrcton sage ajacent sols represened by loed or by dsb springs placed on the substretre elements. Theses of springs is alee in example 3, Construction sequence i vided ino far sages; se Figure $21 1 the fir eonstrution tags, the sts glee are mounted on he sbutmens. The connection of he superstructure othe abutments hinge Elsi supports are placed onthe footings nly, because he tcf behind the abutments oes ot exist ye. The struct Is oaded by swept ofthe tet sirder (G.). The selweigh of the substrate is neleted, because it has no effect 10 the superstructure. The effective crou-secion ofthe superstructure consists ofthe ted gre aly. 2) Inthe second comtetion stage, the capping beams ar concretd, whereby the spersucture i xed to the sbstrveture. Then he enforced concrete lb is conerted. The sructur is nde by the ef wight ofthe lb (C_). Te fective crot-ection ofthe supesrutrermsins the tel girder ony. 13) In he tind conseton stag, afer hardening ofthe reinforced concrete lb, bakfils behind the uments are made, Bacfiling snd compaction ofthe backfil is cared out in aes in tums by the fit and he second sopport fo prevent fom sigificantesymumetic horizontal lands due to hodaoeal sei pressures. The abutments are foded by eat pressure at rest ()- Inthe mide part ofthe superstructure (segment 2), where sagging bending moments ae expected, the spectre performs fll compose girder Tore 5h Thee weweplons re splits wed acl eanple oy wae ie lan be and [Bie These art the er ae which are oman flowed the eign hex of ep Bde 2In the marginal segments by abuuments (Segment 1 and 3), the effective cross-section of the superstrctre consist ofthe steel ire and the reinforcement inthe slab. The length of Segments 1 and 3, where cracks inthe concrete slab duet hogng Bending moment ecu, i expected to be tu othe Giverny fl a ates, Tis Fh eine ae M6 of Ue supercar sea, 4) Inthe fours consirotion sage, he pavement and oer eige guipment is frshed. The dtbuted liner sol springs simulating the effet ofthe backfll are added Into de stuctral model. The oaded by the permanent oad duet pavement and beige equipment (Gj) by uniformly iseibued trac Toed (UDL), by tandem system load inducing maximal efets inthe patalar sections ofthe supersrcture (fom TS, 1075) and by the uniform temperature lod (TEM). The fective cross-sections ofthe supersractur ar the same asin the third sage [a str cone, Febenuedit “TT | “a3 Actions “The ld cats shown in Figure 521 are specified in his paragraph. The diagrams ofthe pacar lead cases are summarized in Figure $22 ‘Sel-Weieh, Temperatore Load and Uniformly Distributed Lond due fo Trafic (Gy, Gy TEM, UDL) “The values ofthe loads for oad eases G, Ge, TEM, UDL ar ake om example 3. 91 Bridge Rquipment Load (Gx) In ond ease Oty lads du to pavement and insulation are considered only. The value ofthe lad is aten from example 3. _AtReat Earth Pressure Load (5) Foc tackfil soll SP, bik densi is consdered y= 18,5 kN? and eto angle 9 = 35.% Earth pes t resis considered as cominuous triangular load sing onthe abutments nthe horizontal direction, The ond is related tothe 3,0 m wide longitudinal eu-ou ofthe brie Is value at he top of the abet Is 20, vale athe botom it flows: fig (0 sng) Hy.7.30% (1-519 33,5).95. 185 3,0%2362 KNim Diagram flea cse Sei shown in Figure 522. “Tandem System Trafie Load (TS, ©TSx) In the losd eases TS 10 TS tandem system spaced to ince maximal bending moments in paruler cross-sections ofthe supersractar. Inthe lod ete TS, tandem system spaced next tothe ef abutment Inthe flowing loa cases fom TS; 19 TS, the tandem sytem is lvays shied 12m towards tthe ight abutment The values ofthe tandem system fres ar taken fom exampe 3, Diagrams of load cases TS, “75, and TS are shown in Figure 5.22, “Ls __@ oy} oe] [nom ® a som Le OT aE‘Combination of Actions forthe Ulimate Limit State Check To cary out he uimate limi sate check, load combination secordng to 3] i rated, where the wae {oats consdered as leading. The combination 5 follows: ULS=135.(G,+6,+5,+ 6s, +15. (UDL + Tq) + 15 -06.TEM. where: TS isan envelope ofthe load cass TS; 10 TS, 4. Analysis Ress Liner analysis was came ut foreach lon cise. The ret for ULS combination were obsined by linea supepostion of lod eses Gy Gr, Sy, Gm UDL, TEM and the envelope TS Figures 3.23, 528 and 3.28, show normal stress detibutlon along the superstucture due to ULS combinton, Normal tess nthe sel dr, in einfrcement ofthe deck, and in concrete ofthe deck are delayed, Since TSey envelope i {included in he combination th normal sess dstibutlons are bifresed to maximal ar minimal branches ° . 2 " ™ = som etme anna —e—gertinge et) a Loweringe (men) atone tage i) ',6220etroutonofsomal tes a uppa and lower ange tel rer ° 5 2 ® ™ = oH + fentocane ue) —o-fabfocamet an) 'e.624Debuton of porlatess i rlercementofabb 45ethan) eLearn na) ‘ha.828DernionofnermalatennMconrate of Upon te calculated reeus, check ofthe steal ger the reinforcement and the conerete can be ove: + Stet ger: 49335/1,0=3350MPa> oq, = 2969MPa => OK 4 Reinforcements 4 490/1,0 = 480,0MPa> Gu = 1240MP8 => OK © conerte: fg" 085. 30/1" TTOMPA> Oqy * 33 MP2 ~> OK 5. Concha “The eaeuaion proved, the superttue of he Itgral bridge sass lathe ULS check. It should be ot the ealeation was based onthe simplified assumptions mentioned in parageph Vat the begining of this example. When more detailed check I cated ou is necesiy to neue the effec of shrinkage and creep ofthe enforced slab, busing ofthe web and shea ag ofthe Manges ofthe se ide. Kis also necessary 10 consider lads due to support semen and dot fo the non-uniform temperature change, In ton tothe ukimaefmi state, is neces to check the service limit sate LS check of erack ‘with ofthe coneete sib inthe aren of hoging bending moments is very important and often desive ction. “6ANNEX A - SOIT. PARAMETERS. a a ° = 2 oe mw | a pes | pa, [Serato te AT oenpnt si ner ibe sy 57 ° we la |e as i paanton Ta A cosa eran wa AT !eteane pronou sees ctetneton S08 et ponmcs coe oasanin 5 «0ANNEX B- FACTORS A, B, C,D == ——— See Se eS zal ra[re tree ° == ——— SS see |) g | az} sa | ae | oe | oo 82 Hl | aes | 2 | aa | ae | or a aANNEX C- FACTORS K, L, M, N ew fw | na rst | spo | om as ra a Tw e|t|o n |e | | wm | ow | a swo | aoe | ae ie en | om | 200 as | oe | oe os ¢ en | | cue an | oer | ors ou eo | om | om an | esr | ors ou n_| moo | 210 | 200 | ao | 20 | 2109 woo | en | om | ame | ra | cer | ass so ao | 4 cn | om [oa | a | se | soo sn ae | 4 wo | a |an | am | am | oe ae we |oo | om sao | au | awe | am am | 3 s ss_| as | ms | ans ia | | u se | ae | oe | ae s/t wo | ou | am | 2m | am] wo | an we) 4 | foo | ‘oo_| too | io | too woo_| 4 uy | aw | 2a | ve | om | ae we) ot s_| te | 3 | se | ge | os | ee 4 | aw | am | oe | ue | an weltANNEX D- FACTORS P,Q, R, 8, T, U em | s | us| es | ar | ts | ‘so | tr | ‘sr | ‘so | om @|s os | ar | ts | oo | 21 | sr | so | om ’ suf eas [ame | asa aa | air | as | om o nas | 2a | 20 | aso | zm | sas | uz a |e so | ao | ao | mo | mo | wo | wo | + a | s ss | ar | ms | so | tr | sr | so | om aw | ae | ar | os | ao | ot | sr | so | ome v as | as | as | ao | ap | gn | os | wo | s as | ar | ors | go | 1 | sr | so | ome u aa_|_as | sa | 3a | as | ao | as | + oO st20a) co 2ANNEX E - FACTORS Wz AND Wx ae 00 ats ‘a i so ass 1 si so an so sts) 0 as so cy 1a a7 ‘io ae 10 78 “0 ceo 100 O78 ‘0 Fae 108 co 100 rea" $09, bao “= as rose" $00, oe = cas res" s00 a0 ‘0 ass sou 400 uo ‘00 ts rerency" 0 ss ey 00 Fr 1m oe oa oe Rea? “0 on ‘m0 00 Bas? 10 78 a0 ore Fetes” = as v0 taeANNEX F - DEPTH OF COMPRESSIBLE SUBSOIL H,, a = &|2 S 4/2 i i é|s re is |= a = ) a 200 2 102 |S a ie = 2 2 |e cs % Sal ” 1 : G ma &|= et B cs lz a 3 I &|2 Re ie i &|s By i a als 3 By a on 0 102, 108 437 ofa | S lesculpese geen swale fa] & 5 Sa|RSelPEAleS ssANNEX G - LIMIT STRESS IN FOOTING BOTTOM, em se) B67 om ew en een een exieo) Fre) neo Ams rei Beesesleseggusegs gLITERATURE Standards and Regulations a a a 4) 1 ‘BA 42096 Part 12: The Design of ltegral Bridges, Highways Agency, 2003. {ESN 75 1001: Foundation of Structures, Subsoll under shallow Foundations, Cesky somalia insti, 1987 [EN 1990: Bass of Strcteral Design, CEN, 2008 EN 1991145: Actions on Structures. General Actions ~ Thermal Actions, CEN, 2005. [EN 1991-2: Actions on Strtres. Trafic Ladson Bridges, CEN, 2008 Pablietions @ mn ® 8) uo) a 0 03) 0 03 08) on as 09) Biddle, A.B. es, D.C. - Vanda, Integral tel Bridges —Desgn Guidance, The Stel Consvetion Ise, 1987 er aaa Ge ee ey eee a eee Berechnung und Volkwischafliche Berachung Beton- und Sthlbetonbau, 2006, rt. 101 € 3, st wer 197 ‘Baba, R.~ Stumpf, Di Inept lemitd mosty WSRN a jechwihody pro minimalizactdaby il, Sbornik Konfience2elecnitn moayatunely, 207, 26.90. Colin P.~ Lanémark, T. Compete Swedish Compoie Brides, JABSE Melbourne, 2002. Collin, P.~ Stl, A. Moller, M. Innovative Prefbcated Composite Bridges, IABSE Meltoume, 2002 Engelmann, S. Schsih, J.~Sbifer, K: Dewicher Ausselus fr Staibeon ~ Entwerfen und Bemessen vou Betonecken ohne Fugen und Lager, Beuth Vera, 199, Is, D.C.~ Yandalo,Eltegrl Bridges in the UK, The Steel Constucton Insite, 2006 Jong, J. H. ~ Jang, W. S.~ You, S. K. Kim, Y. H.~ Yoo, 8. J: Development of Prefiex Composite Beam-Stub Abutment Integral Bridge System, Iterations Journal of Stel Srctures, 2006, 0.683, st 75-181, ‘tae, J: Integral Bridges, Doctoral thesis, Prague, 200. Lambo), L.~Studnita, J: Inegrovand ocelobetonov sie! most. Stavebal bzoy, 199, 2. [Nichobon, B Az Integal Abuiments for Pretessed Beam Bridges, Prestressed Concrete Aztociation, 1998 Peturson, H,~ Colin, P: Composite Bridges with nepal Abuments Msimizng Lifetime Cost, ‘Sbomik symposia IABSE, Melbourne, 2002. Schmit, V.~ Baba, ultng Methods for Bridges with Small nd Medion Spans ~ ‘VET and VFT.WIB, Sbomikkonference Ste rides, ra, 2006, st. 66 ~74 Schiller, Mi Konzeptionles Entwerfen und Konstuieren von Intgralen Betonbrcken ~ Enwicklung, Badeutng und Beisel, Beon- und Stahbetonbau, 2004, of. 9, €. 1, st. 74— 789. s(20) Straub, P- Hensel, B: Sshees, Vogespannis Rahmeniragwek an der Anschhsselle Exot: ‘West der BAB 4, Sbornik 1, Dresdner Brickenbausymposium, Dresden, 200,61 77 [21]. Welzenegger, M. Hybrid Frame Bdge, River Sule, Merebur, Germany, Situ Enginesing Intemational 1ABSE, 2003, ro. 13,3, st 79-181 [22] Zoréan,T.— Brseghella,B: Atanment ofan integral Abuiment Bre tough the Refubrishent ofa Simply Supported Stet, Structural Engnearing Internat, IABSE, 207, rot, 17, €.3, Oo se