Quick Reference FORMULA BOOK CHEMISTRY a 9 HashLearn On-Demand Peer al OW Tutoring | (Sere toe VvREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Mat iliod bY Amount oFa Hedy _wuiighes yO © | sie | Notas, it Lagettie a ATs PTS &, © Molecular mass SOME BASIC CONCEPTSOF ) - Average relitive muss of one molecule CHEMISTRY © Eqwtofmeat wiof metal —_stof metal 9g Wh of Hp displaced ° of metal © Fa.wt ofmetal = 8 ‘wt. of oxygen combined ___ wt of metal ‘wt of chlorine combined © Molecular formuta= (Empirical formula), © Encrgyofelectronin species with one ¢ 35.5 electron. p= aemetZ ATOMIC. eh STRUCTURE | Forenerayin SIsystem, 2mne*Z2 neZ ° re ve = ° 20 i s99 O Genz Zz (© Total energy of electron inthe n* shell (ze? kZe? ag R= 1.0968 107 mr] nt evel to ground level = Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle (Ax) (Ap) > h/4t Nodes (n ~ 1) = total nodes, f= angular nodes, (nf 1)= Radial nodes Orbital anglarmomentm = SEHD ° 0 __ Actual dipole moment Dn % ionic character CHEMICAL ~ Calculated dipole moment BONDING i Dipole moment is helpful in predicting geometry and polarity of molecule. Fajan’s Rule : Following factors arc helpful in increasing covalent character in ionic compounds (Small cation Gi) Biganion (Gi) High charge on cation/anion (iv) Cation having pscudo inert gas configuration (ns*p*d!®) eg. Cu’, Ag*, Zn", Cd’? (i Higher the bond order, higher is the bond dissociation ‘enray,greatris the stability, shorteris the bond length Formal charge (F.C.) onan atom in a Lewisstructure = [total number of valence electrons inthe fre atoms] {total number of non-binding (lone pair electrons] 1 ~ 3 ltotal number of bonding (shared) electrons} Relative bond strength : sp°d? >dsp* >sp? >sp? >sp >p-p (Co-axial)> s-p> s-s>p-p(Co-lateral) OnDemand Tutoring BrowREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY © _YSEPR theory (i (LP-LP) repulsion > (LP-BP)> (BP-BP) (ii) NH, > Bond Angle 106° 45° because (LP-BP) repulsion > (BP-BP) HO —> 104° 27°because (LP-LP) repulsion > (LP-LB)> (BP-BP) © Hybridisation: ‘umber of valence electrons of central atom + number of monovalent atoms attached to it “(+ negative charge if any — positive charge if any OK= KR“ where An, np—Ny (Free Energy Change (AG) (@) IfAG=0 then reversible reaction would be in equilibrium, K,=0 () AG= (4 ve then equilib will be displaced in backward direction: K,<1 (©) IAG = (6) ve then equilibrium will shit in forward direction: K,> 1 (Kamit (molesin™, (b) Ky unit cam) © Reaction Quotient and Equilibrium Constant Consider the following reversible reation CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ° A+B=C+D (cD = [a] Case 1: IQ, [Products] ‘then the system is not at equilibrium. Case I: FQ, = K, then : The system is at equilibrium. Case I: If, > K. then : [Procucts] > [Reactant] ‘The system is not at equilibrium. © Arelationship between the equilibrium constant K,, reaction ‘quotient and Gibbs energy. AG=AG°+RTInQ At equilibrium AG=0 and Q= AG? = -RTInK, ~ AG?=-RT In K, © LeChatelierspringiple Increase of reactant conc. (Shift reaction forward) Decrease of reactant conc. (Shift reaction backward) Increase of pressure (from more moles to less moles) Decrease of pressure ({rom less moles to more moles) For exothermic reaction decrease in temp. (Shift forward) (vi) For endothermic increase in temp. (Shift backward) © @ LewisAcid €- pair acceptor) —> CO,,BF;,AICI,, ZnCl, normal cation (i) Lewis Base (c~ pair donor) > NH,, ROH, ROR, H,0, RNH,, normal anions, issociation of Weak Acid and Weak then EQUILIBIRIUM x2((1-xor Ky i) Weak Base, Ki,= Cx2/(1— x)ot Ry = Cx?:x-<< 1 Buffer solution {Henderson equation} @ Acidic, pH=pK, + Iog {SalvAcid. For maximum bff action pH™= pK, Range of bufler pH= pK, +1 Gi) Alkaline > pOH= pK, + log {Salv/Base} for max. buffer action pH= 14—pK, Range pH=14—pKy #1 Moles /lit of Acid or Base Mixed ‘Change in pt Relation between ionisation constant (K,) and degree of ionisation(a:~ Gi) Buffer Capacity = @C = — (Ostwald’s dilution law) Tea ~ Geay Osa’ s dilution wy Itis applicable to weak electrolytes for whieh «<<1 then ovtclat Common ion effect : By addition of X mole/L ofacommon jon, 10 a weak acid (or weak base) a becomes equal 10 = (KV (ok) - X (OF where a= degree of dissociation} i) Ifsolubility product > ionie product then the solution is unsaturated and more ofthe substance can be dissolved in it Gi) Ifionic product > solubility product the solution is super saturated (principle of precipitation. Salt of weak acid and strong base PH=0.5 (PK +PK, + log); h (a= Salt of weak base and strong acid degree of hydrolysis) Ky pH=05 (@DK,—PKy—loge)sh= x Salt of weak acid and weak base K pH=0.5 (pK, +pK,—pK,):h fete © Unitoteateonstane? k= mol!" it™! sec! (oder rene ts Bain, vceany-wholenb tek ft ees ‘whole number, It is never more than three. Seaman ea 2308 0.693 er) K [A], = [Ae Second Order Reactions: ‘When concentration of A and B taking same. (5) When concentration of Aand Bare taking different - 2303 bla-x) ta-b) 8 ab=x) BSW | oncenansnangREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY Zero Order Reaction :x= kt and ty." 55 ‘The raleofeacton is independent ofthe concentration of the reacting substance. Time of n fraction of first order process, , 2am (1) uP we : Arrhenius equation : k= AeFs'®T, slope = ‘and Temperature Coefficient 2) E, (h-T toe i, ) = 2303 UR It has been found that for a chemical reaction with rise in temperature by 10 °C, the rate constant vets nearly doubled. K=PZ age P/®t © Oxidant itsefis reduced (gives O,) Or Oxidant —+ e~(s) Acceptor. Reductant itself oxidised (gives H,) Or reductant —» e~(s) Donor Strength of acid sc O.N Gi) Strength of base 2 1/ O.N (i Electrochemical Series Li, K, Ba, (Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd, Co, 1, Pb, Hp, Cu, Ag, Pt Au. i) As we move from top to bottom in this series (a) Standard Reduction Potential T (b) Standard Oxidation Potential 1 (©) Reducing Capacity OXIDATION - REDUCTION @upt (©) Reactivity L © First Lawof Thermodynamics AE=Q+W. THERMO. Expression for pressure volume work W=-PaV DYNAMICS J Maximum workin areversible expansion vs W=-2.8080 RT og Enthapy changes during phase transformation © Enthalpy of Fusion i) Heat of Vapourisation ii) Heat of Sublimation © Enthalpy :AH=AE+PAV=AE+An,8T © Kirchofi’sequation : Abr, = AEs, +ACy (T—T,) [constant V] Hy, AH, +ACp (T,~T,) [constant P] © _Entropy(s): Measure of disorder or randomness AS=3S,-3S, = Sew as= fs © Frecencrgy change: AG -AG= Wemaximutn)—PAV, AG on ase Reaction characteristics =F Always negative Reaction 1s spontaneous at all temperature. + — Always positive Reaction is nonspontancous at all temperature = = Negative at low Spontaneous at low temp. & femperature but non spontaneous at high positive at high temperature temperature + + Positive at low Non spontaneous at low temp. but temp. & spontaneous at high negative at high temp. temperature © m=Zi1 Kohirausch’slaw: A, =x2. + yn, Nernst Equation oe oe °° [Products] "oe [Reactants] +E gg Ky amloe| se] OE gy AG=-aFE*ell=-2.9RTogK, eG wh Calculation of pH of an electrolyte by using a calomel Egg =02415 00591 ‘Thermodynamic efficiency of fuel cells eS ta ai For 0, fxs his95% electrode: pI P= number of equi ‘Volume of the solution in litres umber of moles volume of the solution in litres lenis Normality (N) = Molarity (M Brow OnDemand TutoringREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY Xa tp) ‘aXatP'pXp ies of an ideal solution: Gil) Ay Relative lowering of vapour pressure ‘SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTES. nigh hy CColligative © Number of particles’ ions! moles of solute properties Depression of freezing point, AT,—K mn Elevation in boiling point with relative lowering of vapour pressure 100K, ( pp Mh | pe | Mi mol. wt ofsolvent) (Osmotic pressure (P) with depression in freezing point AT, 4 ORT 1000K; Relation between Osmotic pressure and other colligative properties: (pa=ps |, aRT me Me arr T000K, ART AT, AT; @ Relativelowering of vapour pressure i) = ATL Elevation in boiling point Gi) Depression in freezing point __Normal molar mass save colinine ropes © §* aise armas apy ‘Normal colligative property Degree ofasociation a= (1-i) & degree of dissociation (0) = © Ideal gas equation: PV=nRT (@)R=0,0821 liter atm, dee! mole! Gi) R=2cals. deg. mole Gi) R=8314K7 moet © Velocities related to gaseous state Average speed = 0.9213 x RMS speed, RMS speed = 1.085 » Average speed. MPS =.816% RMS; RMS= 1.224 MPS MPS: A.V. speed : RMS=1: 1128 1.224 [density of gas van der Waal’s equation Rate of diffusion wa | (v—nb) = nT ve) forn moles [r+ py © Z(compressibilty factory= “ee 8a a a se Poa Ve = 3b T= CP a? PR TRB © Available space filled up by hard spheres (packing fraction): = | for ideal gas Te SOLID AND ‘Simple cubie= = LIQUID STATE (© _Radius ratio and co-ordination number (CN) Limiting radius ratio CX] __ Geometry 10138-0205] 3 | [Planetwianaley (0255-0414) 4 | [Tetrahedtal] (oa14-0.732] 6 | [Ociahedral} (0.73241 8 | bec © Atomic radius and the edge ofthe unit cel: Pureelements simptecubie=r= © ; ee = 222, joe Bt 2 4 4 © Relationship between radius of void (*) and the radius ‘of the sphere (R) :r (tetrahedral) = 0.225 R ; r (octahedral) =0414R © _ Paramagnetic: Presence of unpaired electrons [attracted by magnetic field] © Ferromagnetic: Permanent magnetism [44] © Antiferromagnetic: Net magnetic moment iszero[t 4.4] Ferrimagnetic : Net magnetic Semone Lt © Emulsion: Colloidal soln. of two immiscible liquids [O/W emulsion, WO emulsion] Emulsifier : Long chain hydrocarbons are added to slabilize emulsion, © _Lyophilic colloid: Starchy gum, gelatin have greater affinity for solvent. © _Lyophobie colloid : Noaffinity for solvent, special methods are used to prepare sol. [eg. As,Ss, Fe(OH), sol] Preparation of colloidal solution : (i)Dispersion methods (ii) Condensation method aa Fleceulating value Properties of colloidal solution : (i) Tyndall effet (i) Brownian movement (Gi) Coagulation (iv) Filtrabiity. ° Coagulating power = eo °¢9 OnDemand Tutoring BrowREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY © General electronic configuration (of outer orbits) scblock ns! p-block _ns*np!-® e-block (net)! ns? block —(n-2)f" Ms%poate (o-Ds?pd0 1 ns? ° Property Pr(LToR) — Gr(Tt0B) Atomic radius + + Gi). Tonisation potential ; 4 Gi) Electron affinity t t i) Elecironegativity t t (9) Metallic character or t clectropesitive character (vi) Alkaline character ‘ of hydroxides (vii) Acidic character t t (iid Reducing property t , {&) Oxidising property t 4 Non metallic character t + 1 1 IP & Nfetallic character “ Reducing character 1 © EAx [ emuclear charge Second electron affinity is always negative. Electron affinity of chlorine is greater than fluorine (small atomic size). © The first element ofa group has similar properties with the second element of the next group. This is called diagonal relationship. The diagonal relationship disappears after IV ‘group. © Atomicradii:LiNa>K>Rb>Cs © Firstionization potential: Li>Na> K> Rb> Cs © Melting point Li > Na > K > Rb >Cs © Colour of the flame Li - Red, Na - Golden, K - Violet, Rb-Red, Cs~ Blue, Ca- Brick red, St-Blood red, Ba-Apple green Rb and Cs show photoelectric effect. Stability ofhydrides : LiH! > NaH > KH> RbH > CsH. Basic nature of hydroxides : LiOH < NaQH< KOH Na>K>Rb>Cs Reducing character :Li> Cs>Rb>K>Na © Stability of +3 oxidation state B>Al>Ga>In>Tl © Stability of +1 oxidation state Ga AlIn Si0,> GeO, > SnO,> PbO, Weaker acidic “(amphoteric) © Reducing nature of hydrides CH, < Sill, < Gell, < SnH, SiCl, > GeCI, > SnC1,> PbCI, Oxidising character of M' species GoCI, P,0; > As,O, © Acidic sirength ofpemtoxides N,0,> P,0;>As,0;>Sb,05>Big0 © Acidic sitength of oxides of nitrogen ° CARBON FAMILY N,O PH, > AsH, > SbH, > BiH, Stability of trihalides of nitrogen : NF, > NCI, > NBr Lewis base strength : NF, NBr, PCI, AsCl; > SbCl, > BiCl, Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As and Sb PCIs> AsCl,> SbCl, Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides PF, >PCI,>PBr, > Pl, Nitrogen displays a great tendency to form p—pr multiple bonds with itself as well as with carbon and oxygen. ‘The basic strength of the hydrides NH, > PH, > Ast, > SbH, ‘The thermal stability othe hydrides decreases asthe atomic size increases, 99909 8 9990 © Metting and boiling point of nydrides H,0> H,Te> H,Se>H,S © Volatility of hydrides H,O SeO, > TeO, > POO, ; SO, > SeO,>TeO, © Acidic character of oxide of particular element (2, S) S0Te0, > SeO, > POO, OnDemand Tutoring BrowREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY Bond energy of halogens C1,>Bry> Fy>1y © Solubility of halogen in water F,>Cl,>Bry>I, © Oxidising power : F, > Cl, > Bry >I, © Enihalpy of hydration of Xion : F-> cr>Br>r Reactivity of halogens : F> C1> Br>I Tonic character of M - X bond in halides M-F>M—Cl>M-Br>M-—I Reducing character of Xion :1-> Br-> Cl > F- ‘Acidic strength of halogen acids : HI > HBr> HC1> HF Conjugate base strength of halogen acids P ClO, > C0,» C10, Acidic character of oxyacids of chlorine HCIO=HCIO, < HCI, < HCIO, Oxidising power of oxyacids of chlorine HCIO> HCIO, > HCIO, > HCIO, OQ Xek +PF,— [XeF [PF] Xely + SbF — [Xe I" [SbF] 99 90 8 090 99 ek, + H;0—> XeOF, +2HF Xe, +2Hj0—> XeO)F; + 4HF 2XeF, +3H,0—> Xe+XeO3 +4HF +F Xelj, +3H,0-—> Xe0, + 6HF 2XeF, + SiO) —> 2XeOK, + Sif 2XeOF, +Si0) —> 2XeOgF, + Sik 2X€O3Fy +Si0, —> 2X€O5 + Si, @ The element with exceptional configuration are Crit] 3°45), Cu[ Ag] 3d!" Mo®?[Kr] 4d°5s!, Pd"°[Kr] 4d!053° Agi7[Kr] 4d!°5s!, BUS [Xe] 4f'Sd!"65? © Inner Transition Elements (Electronic Configuration - [xe]4r5a" 6s? (i) Magnetic properties ic moment is given by the formula ps = 45(S +1)+ LL +0 where Orit quantum number, S=Spin quantum number Coordination number isthe number of the nearest atoms or groups in the ‘coordination sphere. Ligand 1s a Lewis base donor of STetrons that bonds toa central metal atom ina coordination compound. Paramagneti sibstanceis one that is tracted tothe magnetic field this results ‘n account of unpaired electrons present in ‘heatom/moleculeion, Effective atomic number EAN = (Z~ Oxidation number) + 2 * Coordination number) Factors affecting stability of complex (i) Greater the charge on te cental metal ion, grater isthe stability (i) Greater the ability of the ligand to donate electron pair (basic strength) greater isthe stability (ii) Formation of chelate rings increases the stability Isomerism in coordination compounds Structural somerism Gi) Ionization somerism (Gi) Hydration somerism (iv) Linkage Isomerism (Gil) Polymerisation Isomerism (vi Valence Isomerism {) Coordination Postion Isomerism (9) Stereo somerism {@) Geonemeal (‘Square planar complexes ofthe type MA,X,: MABX, ; MABXY ©) Qatedal fie iype: MA AY, MA KG MAX, MAX.Y,, M(AA),X, and M(ABCBER. (©) Opteafisémerism TRANSITION ELEMENTS: (d-and {BLOCK ELEMENTS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The order of decreasing electronegativity of hybrid orbitals is, sp> sp" > sp Conformational isomers are those ‘isomers wihich arise due to rotation around, a single bond. © A meso compound is optically inactive, even though it has asymmetric centres (duc to internal compensation of rotation of plane polarised light) An equimolar mixture of enantiomers is called racemic mixture, which is optically inactive. Reaction intermediates and reagents Homdyticfission—> Free radicals Heterolytic fission —> fons (Carbonium ions, carbanions ete.) Nucleophiles— Electron rich ‘Two types : (1) Anions (ii) Neutral molecules with lone pair of electrons (Lewis bases) GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Electrophiles : Eletron deficient Two types: (i) Cations ii) Neutral molecules with vacant als (Lewis acids). ° ive effect is due 10 6 electron displacement along a chain and is permanent effect, © + Ginductive effect) increases basicity, ~I effect increases acidity of compounds. © _ Resonances phenomenon in which two or more structures, can be written for the same compound but none of them actually exists @ Pyrolyticcrackingisaprocess in which alkane decomposes oa mixture ofsmaller hydrocarbons, when it isheated strongly, in the absence of oxygen. (© Ethane can exist in an infinite mumiber of| ‘conformations. They are now OnDemand Tutoring ¥REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY Hi He Hy A OR) oak rn A n7 a i Pipsed 0-60" Staggered H H 6 <60°>0 Skew © Conformations of Cyctohexane:Itexiss in two nonplanar, strainless forms, the boat and the chair form [~J=—]- H Chai form Half Chir Most Stable Twist Boat Boat form (Least Stabe) In dehydration and 2° > 1° (Gaytzef’srle). © The lower the AH, (heat of hydrogenation) the more stable the alkene © Alkenes undergo anti-Markonikov addition only with HBr in the presence of peroxides. © Alkynes add water molecule in presence of mercuric sulphate and dil HSO, and form carbonyl compounds. © _ Terminal alkyneshave acidic H-atoms, so they form metal alkynides with Na, ammonical cuprous chloride solution and amimoniacal silver nitrate solution. © Alkynes are acidic because of H-atoms which are attached to sp ‘C’ atom which has more electronegativity and ‘s’ character than sp? and sp? °C” atoms. © _Alloand p-directing groups are ring activating groups (except-X) ‘They are : -OH,-NH,—X,-R,—OR ete © All m-directing groups are ring deactivating groups. ‘Theyare: ~CHO, ~COOH, -NO3,~CN, = NR; et. © The order of reactivity is ()RI> RBr> RCI> RF (Allyl halide> Alkyl halide> Vinyl HALOGEN ) halide ‘COMPOUNDS (ii) Alkyl halide > Aryl halide QSq1 reaction : Mainly 3° alkyl halides undergo this reaction and form racemic mixture, Sy! is favoured by polar solvent and low concentration of nucleophile Sy2 reaction : Mainly 1° alkyl halides undergo this substitution. Walden inversion takes place. Sy? reaction is, preferred by non-polar solvents and high concentration of nucleophile Reaction with metals: @ R-X+Mg—Pesi R—~Mg-X A Gagne get (i) Wartz reaction: R Posie RR 4 2Na'X Alene Alkenes are converted to alcohol in ifferent ways as follows Reagent ‘Typesof addition dilH,SO, —- Markovnikov B,H,and ———_Anti-Markovnikov H,0,, OH Oxymercuration — Markovnikov demercuration Oxidation of 1° alcohol —> aldehyde —> carboxylicacid (vith same no. (with same no. of of C atom) Catom) 2 alcohol —> ketone —+ carboxylic acid (vith sameno, (with lessno, of of C atom) Catom) 3° alcohol —> ketone —> carboxylic acid (vith lessmno, (vith less no, of ofCatom) — Catom) HCI oH OP henot HCH, Phenolic aldehyde (Reime-Tieman reaction) Pient 225 Phen caorti acid (Kolbe's reaction) @ Acidity ofphenols (iy Inereases by electron withdrawing substituents like =NO,,—CN,-CHO,—COOH,-X, -NR, (i) decreases by electron releasing substituents ike -R,- OH, ~NH,—NR,,~ oR 0, © 2ROH EOL R-O-R+1,0 (© RONa+X—R'—>ROR + NaX (Wilsons synthe) © RoR+ 11,0229, 2Ro1 © Formation of alcohols using RMeX (a) Formaldehyde + RMgX —tbutebyss_, 1° alcohol (0) Aldehyde + RMgx Hoss, 2°aleohol (ther than HCHO) (e)Ketone + RMgx —Huisinis_, ¥ aleohol OnDemand Tutoring BrowREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY © _Cannizzaro reaction (Disproportionation) Adehyde °° > Aleohol + Salt ofacid (n0 a H-atom) © Aldot condensation : Carbonyl compound + dil, alkali» f-hydroxy carbonyl (with « H-atom) compound © __Benzoin condensation Benzaldchyde —S™°!* 5 Benzoin NaC © _ Therelative reactivities of diferent acid derivatives towards nop ssubstiuon easton ln ear eee eet i I 1 n-€-cisn--0-€-8'> R-€-on'> RL {@ The rate ofesterfication deereases when alcohol, acid or both have branched substituents. CARBOXYLIC } Ortho effect : All ortho substituted AciDs —_/ benzoic acids (irrespective of type of substituent) are stronger than benzoic acid. Q Order of basicity (R=-CH, or—C,H,) p> 19>3°>NH, GNTROGEN ) Homann dation Amides —B2/KOH_, 1°amine The basicity ofamines is (decreased by electron withdrawing ‘groups (ii) increased by electron releasing groups © _ Reduction of nitrobenzene in different media gives different products Metium Product Acidic Aniline Basic ‘Azoxy, Avoand finally hydrazobenzene Neutral Phenyl hydroxylamine @ Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. © Monosaccharides are simple sugars, containing three to nine carbon atoms. POLYMERS © Characteristic reactions Homologous series ‘Type of renetions (i) Alkanes Substitution Mostly free radical Electrophillie addition Electrophillie substitution ‘Nucleophillic substitution Nucleophillie addition (i) Alkenes and alkynes (Gil) Atenes (iv) Allyl halides (v) Aldehyde and ketones eo ° ‘Tests to differentiate 1°, 2° and 3° aleobols ( Lueas test (i) Vietor meyer's test Hinsberg test Test with TINO, and KOH Test with AgNO, solution Tollen’s test/Fehling’s test Fehling’s test 1, 2° and 3° amines 1°, 2° and 3° nitro compounds ‘Aryl halides andl alkyl halides Aldehydes and ketones ‘Aromatic aldehydes and Aliphatic aldehydes ° ° Dil. H,S0, [or Conc. H,S0, + HO] Use + Hydrating agent (HOH) ‘Ale, KOH oc NaNH,(Use > -HX) CH,CH,CI_a0H_, CH=CH, Lucas Reagent ZnCl, + Cone, HCL Use + For distnetion between 1°, 2° & 3ale. ‘Tilden Reagent NOCI (Nitrosyl chloride) CoH NH, OL, C,H,C1 Alkaline KMnO (Strong oxidant) ‘Toluene —p Benzoie acid Bayer’s Reagent : 1% alkaline KMn0 (Weak oxidant) Use:—> For test of> C=C < or -C=C- ° CH-CH;+11,0+0] 2, CH,OH-CH,OH. Acidic K,Cr,0, (Stong oxidant):RCH,OH 191, RCHO. SnClyHCI or SwvHC! used for reduction of nitrobenzene in acidic medium. gino, 22> cant Lindla’s Catalyst = PaLCACO, “in small quantity (CH,COO),P 2 —butye +H, > Cis-2-butene (onan pret Ziegler Natta Catalyst (C;H,) Al + TiCl, Use ~hn Adkltion polymerisation IDENTIFICATIONTESTS: 0 «i iy «) w wi) (vit) Unsaturated compound (Bayer’s reagent) Decolourising the reagent Alcohols (Cerie ammonium nitrate solution) Red colouration Phenols (Neutral FeCl, soluti Violetdcep blue colouration ‘Aldehydes and ketones 2, 4-D.N.P) Orange precipitate Acids (NaHCO solution) Brisk effervescence (CO, is evolved) 1° amine (CHCI; + KOH) Fou! smell (isoeyanide) 2° amine (NaNO, +HC)) Yellow oily liquid (Nitrosoamine) OnDemand Tutoring Brow