Name: Muvida Dheliana

Registered Number: F041201065

1. What is culture?
culture is transmitted from one generation to the next so this talks about how we
teach a way of life to the next generation so humans are the only mammals with
culture that enable them to adapt to their environment so they can survive on both
the equator and even in the Arctic so that's just a more in-depth look at culture.
2. What is communication?
Communication refers to a two-way process of delivering information, ideas,
feelings or opinions between two or more people, both verbally and non-verbally,
using the media. Communication is important because it is a process in which a
person or group of people creates and uses information so that they are
interconnected with the surrounding environment
3. What is language?
Language is a structured communication system used by conventional spoken,
manual (signed), or often written symbol systems by which humans, as members
of social groups and participants in their culture, express themselves. Language is
important because it is a tool to show self-identity, through language we can also
show our point of view, our understanding of something, our education, even our
nature.
Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
The Relationship Between Communication And Language
Language is a vehicle that we use in presenting our ideas, thoughts, feelings, opinions to
the world. It is what we exhibit our cultural norms and orientations in and the whole essence
of our being is captured in our language. Language and communication have a very close
relationship. Language is a system of communication that relies on verbal or non-verbal
codes to transfer information. Communication is a Latin word which means 'to share'. It is the
sharing of information between different individuals. It includes the sharing of ideas,
concepts, imaginations, behaviours and written content. Communication is simply defined as
the transfer of information from one place to another. Communication is a process of
transferring messages. The relationship between the two is reflected in the notion of language
according to the linguistic formulation and communication review, namely language as a
communication tool or media used by humans in interacting with each other. Language is the
most powerful tool of communication. Its function includes the: communication of ideas,
thoughts, opinion and emotional expression, social interaction, using the power of sound, g
recording facts, expression of identity. in my experience because I am a student of English
literature, so I must be able to communicate in English and understand every sentence in
English. so I can learn English well and can convey my ideas in English. This is why
language is indispensable in communication. if we can speak different languages, we can
easily communicate with other people.
Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
CONCEPTS AND QUESTIONS (Page 26)
1. What are some of the communication challenges that will have to be managed over
the next 50 years?
 Constant pings: too much communication that leads to annoyance
 Disconnect: miscommunication that creates frustration
 Radio silence: too little communication that causes anxiety
2. How do you think the united states becoming a “minority majority” nation will
influence dominant culture values?
New immigrants from asia and latin america have added a large measure of cultural
and phenotypic diversity to the american population in recent decades, just as waves
of immigrants from southern and eastern europe did a century ago. Moreover the
boundaries between racial and ethnic groups becoming blurred by high rates of
intermarriage. The relationship between the majority-minority often causes social
conflict which is characterized by subjective attitudes in the form of prejudice and
unfriendly behavior.
3. If you were planning a trip to another country, what preparations would you make to
minimize the effects of culture shock?
 Try to recognize that you are experiencing a culture shock. Realizing it can
help you deal with it better.
 Write down what you love when you first arrive, and look back later
 Learn as much as possible about your destination. As you learn and become
open-minded it is easier to understand the differences, see things from a
different perspective and thus adapt.
 Make sure to focus on all the positive aspects instead of having a negative
mindset. Spend time with positive-minded people, have fun and feel the good
vibes
 You will see differences everywhere but try to avoid comparing those with
your home country.
4. Why do you believe so many immigrants have a difficult time adapting to a new
culture? What suggestions do you have for making that process less troublesome?
 I believe because we are not used to the new culture and preparation before departure
both the language and knowledge of the culture of the destination country will be
helping to understand the surface culture as well as being a provision to overcome
culture shock was not done. My suggestion is that before we move to another area, we
must understand and recognize the culture and customs there
5. What are the relative merits of a fundamentalist and a relativist approach to
developing an intercultural ethic?
Intercultural ethics is all about general rules and regulations that get imbibed in any
culture in the world. It also includes the components like respect for each and other
cultures. Being human and showing humanity, whenever there is a need for the same.
The nature of providing helping hand to the needy to make them happy and satisfied
is always an admirable factor. Leading a life that prioritizes gratitude for others rather
than enjoying a luxuries life is predominant. The respect for others cultural beliefs,
traditions, morals, standards and value is also the most prominent practices.
6. As a member of a host culture, what responsibilities do you believe you have to make
immigrants feel comfortable in their new cultural environment?
= i think the responsibility i have to help immigrants feel comfortable in their new
cultural environment is by introducing new cultures and customs to immigrants and
also we have to be friendly to immigrants so they feel comfortable.
Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
The Deep Structure Of Culture

deep structure
institutions
supply much of
a person
identify Family

THE DEEP
STRUCTUR
E OF Function
Form of
CULTURE family Of The
Nuclear And Family
Extended
deep structure Families
institutions carry 1. Reproductive
culture's most
important 2. Economic
messages
3. Socialization
4. Identity
1. Deep Structure Institutions
And Their Messages Endure
2. Deep Structure Institutions
And Their Messages Are
Deeply Felt

Communication, Culture And Family

Communication, cultural vatiants in

Culture And Family family interaction

Gender roles :
1. United states
2. Asian
3. Latino
4. Indian
5. The muslim community
 Individualism And Collectivism

Individualism
And
Collectivism

individualism colectivism and

and the family the family

The Elderly

Social Skills
1. Aggression
2. Decision Making
 Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065

Chapters 4: What are the keys to understanding cultural and ethnic identities?

1. Family and Gender Socialization

Family Come In in all cultures, family in the
Different Shapes Central communication hub.
Although all cultures and
societies have webs of family
relationships, the structure
changes across time and
cultures (Lucey, 2010)

Family and Gender

socialization
Insert Text
Here

Insert Text Here

the gender identities we learned as
children affect our communication Gender Insert Text
with others. they affect how we Socialization And Here
define ourselves, how we encode Interaction
and decode gendered messages, Patterns
how we develop intimate INSERT TEXT
relationships and how we relate to HERE
one another.
 2. Group Membership: Intercultural Boundary
Crossing
Acculturation process is defined as
the degree of identify change that
occurs when an individual move
from a familiar environment to
face to face (F2F) anf unfamiliar one.
network-level factors can
enculturation refers to the systems-level factors
include face to face
sustained, primary socialization are those elements in
networks (e.g., social
networks, mediated process of strangers in their the host enviroment
original home. that influence
contact factors (e.g.
mass media), and newcomers’
adaptation to the new
interpersonal skills
culture ( Y.Y Kim,
factors (Y.Y Kim, 2005)
2005).
The Process Of
Mass media play Acculturation And
Enculturation
critical role in the on the individual anlysis,
initial stages of contributing to the success
adaptation. Mass Interpersonal of adapting is the
Face-To-Face Systems-Level porsonality resilience of the
media may influence
And Network Factors boundary-crossing
and guide the
Level Factors immigrant or refugee. this
adaptation process
but this is a broad- x-factor, resilience or
personal strengh, can make
based influence
or break the process of
long-term acculturation.
dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipis cing eli do eiusmod
Mass Media –
Level Factors
Group Membership: Individual-Level
Factors
Intercultural Boundary
Crossing
 Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
Week 6
 Why Are the Keys to Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities

Cultural identify conceptualization is defined as the

emotional significance that we attach to our sense of
belonging or affiliation with the larger culture. Cultural
identify refer to the strength of affiliation we have with
our larger culture.
Group affiliation and
Ethnic identify conceptualization. Ethnic identify is
identify formation
“inherently a matter of ancestry, of beliefs about origins
of one’s forebears” (Alba, 1990, p. 37). Ethnicity can be
Multiracial and biracial identify is based on national origin, race, religion or language.

described as a process across the life span

that is based on internal and external
forces. Biracial identity development
includes self-identification. A multiracial
Multiracial and Cultural–ethnic identify typological
or biracial person is someone whose Why Are the Keys to model
Biracial identify
parents or ancestors are from different Understanding Cultural Ethnic-racial identify 1. Ethnic-oriented identity: retaining
racial backgrounds. and Ethnic Identities change process Insert Text
their ethnic culture & avoiding the
dominant Here
culture.
2. Assimilated identity: weak
identification with their ethnic culture &
Racial-ethnic identify
Insert development
Text Here model accepting the dominant culture.
We can discover identify issue that are desirable to 1. Pre-encounter: people are naïve about 3. Bicultural identity: integrative
the individuals in our everyday intercultural being ethnic group members. Insert Text
approach (comfortable for their
encounters through practicing the following 2. Encounter: realization of ethnic group culture).
Here
communication skills: members (encountering racism). 4. Marginal identity: separation,
Intercultural reality 3. Immersion-emersion: become ethnically alienation, and ambiguity.
1. Mindful listening: mindful listening demands that
we pay thoughtful attention to both the verbal and check: do–bles conscious, staying in their ethnic.
INSERT TEXT
the nonverbal messages of the speaker before 4. Internalization-commitment: having
responding. secure racial-ethnic identity, interpersonal
HERE
communication with both in group and out
2. Identify validation; when a person perceives group members.
authentic and positive identify validation they will
tend to view self-images positively. When a person
perceives identify rejection, they will tend to view
self-images negatively. Positive identify validation can
be expressed through verbal and non-verbal Insert Text
Insert Text Here
confirming messages. Here
 Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
Week 7
 Chapter 5 : What Is Culture Shock?

characteristics of culture shock basically refer to a

stressful transitional period when individuals move
from a familiar environment into an unfamiliar one

approaching culture shock: underlying factors:

Characteristics Of motivational orientation, personal expectation,
Culture Shock cultural distance, psychological, socialcultural,
communication and personality attributes.

.
approaching culture shock:
underlying factors: motivational 1. Psychosomatic problems
orientation, personal expectation, Approaching
Unpacking Culture
cultural distance, psychological, Culture Shock: 2. Affective upheavals consisting of
social cultural, communication and Shock Pros And Cons Of
Underlying Factors feelings of loneliness.
personality attributes. Culture Shock Insert Text
3. Cognitive exhaustion caused by
Here
difficulty in making accurate
attributions.
Insert Text Here
1. increasing their motivations to learn about the
new culture. Insert Text
2, keeping their expectations realistic and Here
increasing their familiarity concerning the diverse
facets of the new culture. Initial tips to
manage culture INSERT TEXT
3. increasing their linguistic fluency and learning
why, how and under what situations certain shock
phrases or gestures are appropriate, HERE
4. working on their tolerance for ambiguity and
other flexible personal attributes.

5. developing strong ties and weak ties

6. being mindful of their interpersonal.

Insert Text
Insert Text Here
Here
 The revised W-shape adjustment model: the honeymoon,
hostility, humorous, in sync, ambivalence, reentry culture
shock and re-socialization stages.

The u-curve adjustment model: suggesting that

sojourners pass through an initial honeymoon phase and
pull themselves back up to an effective phase.

Cultural shock: peaks and valleys:

Intercultural 1. They must understand the peaks and valley

Adjustment: 2. They must be aware and keep track of their
Developmental instrumental, relational and identify goals
Patters
3. They must give themselves some time and space to
adjust

4. They must develop both strong ties

5. They must reach out to participate in the host Culture’s

Intercultural
Adjustment:
Developmental Patters
and Re-Entry Culture
Insert Text
Shock Here

Insert Text Here

The phenomenon of reentry culture shock has
Insert Text
received increased attention from intercultural
Here
researchers. Reentry shock involves the
realignment of one’s identity with a once-
Re-Entry
familiar home environment.
Culture Shock INSERT TEXT
HERE

Insert Text
Insert Text Here
Here
Scanned by TapScanner
 Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065

hubungan

antara

kebudayaan dan

komunikasi

Kebudayaan komunikasi

Budaya dan komunikasi memiliki hubungan

timbal balik. Budaya mempengaruhi
kebudayaan adalah hasil Komunikasi adalah suatu
komunikasi dan sebaliknya komunikasi
cipta, rasa dan karsa manusia proses dalam mana
mempengaruhi budaya. Hubungan timbal
dalam memenuhi kebutuhan seseorang atau beberapa
balik antara komunikasi dan budaya penting
hidupnya yang kompleks orang, kelompok,organisasi,
untuk dipahami karena dengan budayalah
yang mencakup pengetahuan, dan masyarakat
orang-orang dapat belajar berkomunikasi.
keyakinan,seni,susila, hukum menciptakan, dan
Kemiripan budaya dalam persepsi akan
adat dan setiap kecakapan, menggunakan informasi agar
memungkinkan pemberian makna yang
dan kebiasaan. terhubung dengan lingkungan
cenderung mirip pula terhadap suatu realitas
dan orang lain.
sosial atau peristiwa tertentu. Sebagaimana
kita memiliki latar belakang budaya yang
berbeda-beda maka dengan sendirinya akan
mempengaruhi cara dan praktek
berkomunikasi kita, banyak aspek/ unsur dari
budaya yang dapat mempengaruhi perilaku
komunikasi seseorang.
 Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
Week 10
 Chapter 6 What Is Connection Between Verbal Communication And Culture?

Distinctive  Arbitrariness
Language Features  Abstractness
 Meaning-Centeredness
 Creativity

Human Language,
Distinctive Feature
And Rule Patterns

The Following Rules Of Language:

 Phonological Rules
 Morphological Rules
 Syntactic Rules
 Semantic Rules Multiple Rule
 Pragmatic Rules
Patterns
 To really connect with a culture, we must
understand the language of a culture group.
To understand language in context we must
understand the fundamental worldview the
The Cultural drives particular language reasoning process
in particular situations. Worldview refers to our
Worldview Function
larger philosophical outlook or way of
perceiving the world.

Beyond language habit change, two

interesting trends are taking place.
The first interesting trend is the
language change in the U.S. sport
and global social scenes. The The Social Change Appreciating Diverse Our everyday language has
second interesting trend under the Function The Everyday Social repeated categories that capture
social change heading is integrating Language Function Reality Function our social experience and
brand names into everyday ultimately shape our cultural
Insert and
Text
language. gender expectations.
Here

Insert Text Here

Insert Text
Language represent a rallying point for The Cognitive Here
evoking group sentiment and shared identify. Shaping Function Language also serves as a
Language serves the larger cultural-ethnic The Group strong filter between what we
identify function because it is an emblem of Membership Identify think and how our thinking
group solidarity. Function pattern is shaped INSERT TEXT
by the
grammatical structure of our
language system. HERE

Insert Text
Insert Text Here
Here
 Appreciating Diverse Language Function

Language is a structured system of communication used by humans, based on speech and gesture (spoken language), sign, or often writing.
The function of language is as a tool of social control in communicating either directly or indirectly. Language is the most effective
communication tool to convey ideas, thoughts, intentions and goals to others. Therefore Appreciating the Diverse Functions of Language is an
important thing that must be done. The diverse functions of languages across cultures as the culture worldview function, the social reality
function, the cognitive shaping function, the group identity function and the social change function.

Firstly, the culture worldview function understand language in context we must understand the fundamental worldview the drives particular
language reasoning process in particular situations. Worldview refers to our larger philosophical outlook or way of perceiving the world.
Secondly, the social reality function in our everyday, language has repeated categories that capture our social experience and ultimately shape
our cultural and gender expectations. Thirdly, the cognitive shaping function language serves as a strong filter between what we think and how
our thinking pattern is shaped by the grammatical structure of our language system. Next, in the group identity function, Language represent a
rallying point for evoking group sentiment and shared identify. Language serves the larger cultural-ethnic identify function because it is an
emblem of group solidarity. lastly, the social change function make language habit change, beyond language habit change two interesting trends
are taking place. The first interesting trend is the language change in the U.S. sport and global social scenes. The second interesting trend under
the social change heading is integrating brand names into everyday language.
Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
Verbal Communication Style
A communication style is the way people communicate with others, verbally and
nonverbally. It combines both language and nonverbal cues and is the meta-message that
dictates how listeners receive and interpret verbal messages. Of the theoretical perspectives
proposed to understand cultural variations in communication styles, the most widely cited
one is the differentiation between high-context and low-context communication by Edward
Hall, in 1976. Low-context communication is used predominantly in individualistic cultures
and reflects an analytical thinking style, where most of the attention is given to specific, focal
objects independent of the surrounding environment; high-context communication is used
predominantly in collectivistic cultures and reflects a holistic thinking style, where the larger
context is taken into consideration when evaluating an action or event. In low-context
communication, most of the meaning is conveyed in the explicit verbal code, whereas in
high-context communication, most of the information is either in the physical context or
internalized in the person, with very little information given in the coded, explicit, transmitted
part of the message. The difference can be further explicated through differences between
communication styles that are direct and indirect, self-enhancement and self-humbling, and
believe expressed in talk and silence.
The first are direct and indirect. Direct communication happens when a speaker’s true
intentions are communicated in his/her verbal message. It expresses the speaker’s/sender’s
needs and desires explicitly. When a direct communicator wants or needs something, he/she
will ‘come right out and say it’. Direct communicators take the other speaker’s words at face
value: they will not analyze the message for underlying meaning. They value the
effectiveness of short, direct answers, and expect and respect honesty and frankness. Indirect
communication happens when a speaker’s true intentions are hidden. Indirect speakers will
not make a direct statement or directly answer a question that might cause tension or result in
an uncomfortable situation. Next is a self-enhancement communication style includes
individuals who are open and speak directly about their accomplishments and achievements.
A self-enhancement communication style includes individuals who are open and speak
directly about their accomplishments and achievements. A self-humbling communication
style includes individuals who are quite modest and self-restraint while talking. They are
quite hesitant in speaking about their accomplishments. The last is silence. Silence can
oftentimes say as much if not more, than words. Silence may hold strong contextual
meanings in high context cultures, prolonged silence is often viewed as “empty pauses or
ignorant lapses in the western rhetorical model.
These stylistic differences can be attributed to the different language structures and
compositional styles in different cultures, as many studies supporting the Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis have shown. These stylistic differences can become, in turn, a major source of
misunderstanding, distrust, and conflict in intercultural communication. Understanding
differences in communication styles and where these differences come from allows us to
revise the interpretive frameworks we tend to use to evaluate culturally different others and is
a crucial step toward gaining a greater understanding of ourselves and others.
 Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
Week 12
 The Impact Of Non-Verbal Communication
Nonverbal communication has a distinct history and serves separate evolutionary functions from verbal communication. For example,
nonverbal communication is primarily biologically based while verbal communication is primarily culturally. This is evidenced by the fact that
some nonverbal communication has the same meaning across cultures while no verbal communication systems share that same universal
recognizability (Andersen, 1999). Nonverbal communication also evolved earlier than verbal communication and served an early and important
survival function that helped humans later develop verbal communication. Verbal communication is the use of words to convey a message.
Some forms of verbal communication are written and oral communication. Nonverbal communication is the use of body language to convey a
message. One main form of nonverbal communication is body language. While some of our nonverbal communication abilities, like our sense of
smell, lost strength as our verbal capacities increased, other abilities like paralanguage and movement have grown alongside verbal complexity.
The fact that nonverbal communication is processed by an older part of our brain makes it more instinctual and involuntary than verbal
communication. A primary function of nonverbal communication is to convey meaning by reinforcing, substituting for, or contradicting verbal
communication.
Nonverbal communication is also used to influence others and regulate conversational flow. Perhaps even more important are the ways in
which nonverbal communication functions as a central part of relational communication and identity expression. The nonverbal messages we
send and receive influence our relationships in positive and negative ways and can work to bring people together or push them apart. Nonverbal
communication in the form of tie signs, immediacy behaviors, and expressions of emotion are just three of many examples that illustrate how
nonverbal communication affects our relationships. signs are nonverbal cues that communicate intimacy and signal the connection between two
people. These relational indicators can be objects such as wedding rings or tattoos that are symbolic of another person or the relationship, actions
such as sharing the same drinking glass, or touch behaviors such as hand-holding (Afifi & Johnson, 2005). Nonverbal communication is
important because it gives us valuable information about a situation including how a person might be feeling, how someone receives information
and how to approach a person or group of people.
 In interpersonal communication, the
appearance of the participants establishes
their social identity. By our appearance
cues, we often send messages designed to
Physical construct a social reality or social identity for
Appearance ourselves that we could not and would not
want to construct by verbal means (Kaiser,
1990).
Haptics is the discipline which studies
the sense of touch. It is a form of
nonverbal communication and the way
by which people communicate via
touching. Touch, or the haptic sense,
is extremely important for humans, as
Paralanguage is the study of
well as providing information about
Haptics Forms of Nonverbal nonverbal cues of the voice. Various
surfaces and textures. Haptics is a acoustic properties of speech such
Paralanguage
component in interpersonal Communication as tone, pitch and accent,
relationships and vital in conveying collectively known as prosody, can
physical intimacy. Insert Text
all give off nonverbal cues.
Paralanguage may change Herethe
. meaning of words.
Insert Text Here

Insert Text
A gesture is a form of non-verbal Facial The human face is extremely
Here
communication in which visible bodily Expressions expressive, able to convey
actions communicate particular messages, Gesture countless emotions without
either in place of, or in conjunction with, saying a word. facial expressions
speech. Gestures include movement of the are universal. INSERT
The TEXT
facial
hands, face, or other parts of the body. expressions for happiness,
HERE
sadness, anger, surprise, fear,
and disgust are the same across
cultures.

Insert Text
Insert Text Here
Here
 Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
Week 13
 CHAPTER 7: WHAT ARE DIFFERENT WAYS TO COMMUNICATE NONVERBALLY ACROSS CULTURES?

Interpersonal boundary regulation is a

perspective that casts privacy as
something people do, together, instead
of depicting it as a characteristic or a
Regulating possession. This framing directs us away
Interpersonal from dichotomist notions of something
Boundaries being either public or private.

regulation - a type of regulation of

gene expression in which a gene is
only expressed at a specific time in
development; for example, genes
that are only expressed in the light
Regulating
Time
Boundary Environmental boundaries
are defined as the claimed
or during flower development. Environmental
regulations Boundaries sense of space
emotional attachment
and
Insert we
Text
share with other in our
Here
community

Insert Text Here

Insert Text
AA boundary simply put, is the edge of Here
something. When psychologists use the term
boundaries they are usually trying to Psychological
separate different parts of something up in Boundaries
order to see them individually. There are two INSERT TEXT
important types of psychological boundary:
HERE
– External Boundaries (between you, the
world and other people)

– Internal Boundaries (the links and different

aspects within you)
Insert Text
Insert Text Here
Here
 Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables

Non verbal point to consider in communication across

cultures:
 be flexible when you observe and identify non-verbal
display rules
 Go deeper: different meanings and expectations of
non-verbal norms and rules
 remember that what someone says is not as
important as how it is said
 as a flexible non verbal communicator, express
emotions and attitudes that correspond to your
comfort level
 learn to be less judgmental and more tentative in
interpreting other unfamiliar non verbal signals
 Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065

CHAPTER 9: HOW CAN WE MANAGE INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT FLEXIBLY?

Cultural value patterns such as

individualism and collectivism often color
our conflict attitudes, expectations, and
behaviors when we are involved in
Culture-Based emotionally frustrating episodes (Cohen,
Conflict Lenses 1987, 1991). Different cultural lenses and
assumptions serve as the first set of factors
that contributes to initial intercultural
irritations.

Conflict resources are tangible or

intangible rewards that people want The second set of background factors
in a dispute. Tangible resources takes into consideration the global
include how much money to spend Perceived workplace situation, especially in
on a smart phone, an I-Pad, or incorporating the value dimension of
choice of prime location for a
Scarce Intercultural small–large power distance on top of the
Resources Intercultural
vacation. Intangible resources, Conflict: Cultural value dimension of individualism–
however, may include deeply felt Workplace collectivism. In combining both
desires or emotional needs, such as Background Factors Conflict Grid individualism–collectivism andInsert Text
small–large
power distance value patterns,Here we can
emotional security, inclusion,
discuss four predominant corporate value
connection, respect, control, and
conflict approaches that result from
meaning issues. forming a grid based on the individualism–
Insert Text Here
collectivism continuum and small–large
power distance continuum.
Insert Text
The fourth set of cultural background factors
Here
involves conflict goal issues. The perceived or The primary perception features of intercultural
actual differences in an intercultural conflict conflict are the following: (1) conflict involves
Intercultural Intercultural
often rotate around the following three goal intercultural perceptions—perceptions are filtered
Conflict Goal Conflict
issues: content, relational, and identity (Wilmot through our lenses of ethnocentrism INSERT TEXT and
& Hocker, 2011; Ting-Toomey, 2010c). Issues Perceptions stereotypes; (2) ethnocentric perceptions add
biases and prejudice to our conflict HERE attribution
process; and (3) our attribution process is further
complicated by dealing with different culture-based
verbal and nonverbal conflict styles.

Insert Text
Name: Muvida Dheliana
Registered Number: F041201065
Task 1
Problems That Must Be Faced When Studying Abroad
Studying abroad is a desire to gain knowledge and seek experience in other countries. This
is a call and encouragement that we have the desire to learn and seek knowledge even though
the place is far and foreign to us. Studying abroad helps us learn a new language, appreciate
other cultures, overcome the challenges of living in another country and gain a greater
understanding of the world. There are several things that we must know and be able to
overcome if we want to study abroad are cultural differences, cultural shock, and adaptation.
Cultural inherent in a person comes from his own country. Therefore, when we enter a new
environment, we realize that some things are different and we have to learn to adapt. For
example, environmental conditions, such as campuses and classes that do not meet
expectations, can be one of the factors causing cultural differences. To overcome cultural
differences when we study abroad, we must first study the daily habits of residents in our
destination country because our habits are not necessarily the same. For example, late hours
in Indonesia, not necessarily people there are open with a delay of only one minute. Different
cultural values also form different senses of humor. Humor can make relationships with other
people to be harmonious. The next way to overcome cultural differences is that we must try
to adapt to that culture. However, it would be nice if our adaptation did not forget the culture
of our homeland, so that we still carry our own cultural characteristics with pride. Of course,
there must be a balance between understanding and accepting other cultures without leaving
our identity as Indonesians.
Culture shock refers to feelings of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people may
experience when moving to a new country or experiencing a new culture or surroundings.
This cultural adjustment is normal and is the result of being in an unfamiliar environment.
Culture shock can occur when people study abroad for school. For example, international
students studying abroad for a semester in another country may experience a cultural
adjustment due to unfamiliarity with the weather, local customs, language, food, and values.
There are several ways to deal with culture shock. The first way to overcome this is to first
learn the ins and outs of the destination country, learn about the culture, traditions, customs,
regulations, and behaviours of the surrounding community that developed in the area. try to
memorize important locations in the area. For example, by memorizing where the road to the
station is, how the route of public transportation to public places, the location of
supermarkets, hospitals, police stations and so on. Also pay attention to the various buildings
that are around the residence so that you can memorize the characteristics of the nearest
neighbourhood area. The next way to overcome culture shock is to build networking or
relationships in new areas. in this way we will find it easier to get help and information. The
last way is to apply an open mindset. With an open mind, we will find it easier to learn
something, be mature and wise in assessing the point of view of the people in the area, we
will also be more patient in understanding the problems and obstacles faced while studying
abroad.
Adaptation is a problem that needs to be solved when a person or group of people
communicated with others from different cultures. Cross-cultural adaptation process is an
interactive process that evolves through communication activities between individual entrants
with new socio-cultural environment. There are 5 theories in adaptation to overcome this,
namely Integrative Communication Theory, Anxiety / Uncertainty Management Theory,
Uncertainty Reduction Theory, Theory of Acculturation and Culture Shock, and Co-cultural
Theory.
1. Theory Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (AUM)
This theory is a theory developed by William Gudykunst through his research in 1985
using existing theories as a starting point. AUM is a theory that talks about the
effectiveness of intercultural communication. The theory says that the basis for being
able to achieve effective communication with foreigners or people from different
cultures is the ability to control feelings of anxiety and uncertainty.
2. Uncertainty Reduction Theory
There are two processes in reducing uncertainty, namely proactive and retroactive.
Proactive uncertainty reduction occurs when a person thinks before communicating
with others. For example, when we see a stranger in the terminal, we then think about
asking the stranger to get acquainted and arrange what we will say when we meet that
person. This is done to reduce our uncertainty to the strangers we meet. Retroactive
uncertainty reduction occurs when explaining behaviour after the encounter. For
example, when we and the stranger who met at the terminal have been acquainted, we
then think whether the foreigner likes us, or is happy to meet us, or whether he wants
to meet and talk to us again, and so on.
3. Acculturation Theory
Proposed by Berry (1987) Acculturation is a process in which we adopt a new culture
by adopting its values, attitudes, and habits. Acculturation is a term used to describe
 what happens when people from one culture enter a different culture. Acculturation is
always characterized by physical and psychological changes that occur as a result of
the adaptations required to function in a new or different cultural context.
4. Co-cultural Theory
Put forward by Mark Orbe. Co-cultural is a theoretical thought that explains the need
for cultural equality. Mark Orbe and his colleagues chose the word co-cultural over
the terminology of sub-cultural, subordinate, and minority, because the term co-
cultural wants to show that no one culture in society is superior to other cultures. Co-
cultural theory is based on the theoretical thinking of Muted Group (Cheris Kramarae)
and Standpoint. Muted Group Theory (Miller, West & Turner, 2007) explains that
language provides its creators (and people in the same group as its creators) better
conditions than people from other groups who must learn to use language as best they
can. The mute group created their own language to compensate for their problems.
In order to study abroad, we must be able to overcome several problems that we will face
when studying abroad, firstly, cultural differences, to overcome cultural differences when we
study abroad, we must first study the daily habits of residents in our destination country and
we must try to adapt to that culture. Next is culture shock. Culture shock can occur when
people study abroad for school. For example, international students studying abroad for a
semester in another country may experience a cultural adjustment due to unfamiliarity with
the weather, local customs, language, food, and values. the last is how to adapt quickly. There
are 5 theories in adaptation to overcome this, namely Integrative Communication Theory,
Anxiety / Uncertainty Management Theory, Uncertainty Reduction Theory, Theory of
Acculturation and Culture Shock, and Co-cultural