1.4 First-Degree Equations in R* Recall that a solution of an equation in two variables of the form Ax+By=C or Ax t+ By+C=0, () ‘Aand Bare not both zero, is an ordered pair of numbers (x1,y1) such that a true statement results if the first component x, is substituted for x and the second component y, is substituted for y Graphs of First-Degree Equations It can be shown that the graph of the solution set of either first-degree equation in (1) above is an infinite set of points all of which lie in a straight line and completely “fill” the line. We simply refer to the line as the graph of the equation, nd call the equation a finear equation, Since two points determine a straight line, it is only necessary to obtain wo solutions in order to graph the equation. Sometimes the two solutions easiest to obtain are those with first and second Components respectively zero; that is, the solutions (0, b) and (a,0). In this case, a and b are called the x and y intercepts, respectively, of the graph, However, if the graph intersects the axes at the origin or near the origin, where the points are too close together to be useful in drawing the line, it is then necessary to graph one additional ordered pair that is a solution of the equation. If Possible, it is best to select an integer for one component that yields an integer for the other Vit Dips dengan Carnscarerrs waeaun ae C47 Finst-DrGnce Equations AND INFOUAL Graph each equation : ce we syed Moye ret bh dy= dye I? Solution and 2 a5 replacements £ bitrarly select ; rar seryand (2,5). We graph these order, h shown in Figure (a). In this example we xvand obtain the solutions (— Pairs and then complete the graph ©} © b. In this example we use 0 for the first component of one pair, (0. zero for the second component ofa second pair ( ,0), and-obtain 1 solutions (0, ~6) and (4,0), We graph these ordered pairs (—6 and are the y and x intercepts, respectively) and then complete the gra shown in Figure (t) In this example, since the x and y intercepts are both 0, one soluti is (0,0). Its graph is the origin, We need to graph an additio solution. Arbitrarily setectiig 3Tor x we obtain the solution (3, - and complete the graph shown in Figure (c). oa yl Graphs of Equations of the Form x=a and y=b Two special cases of linear equations x=a and’ can each be considered equations in wo variables x+0y and Ovty eb respectively in R?, Example 2 Graph each equition in R2 axed boy Dips dengan CarnscarnerFigure 1.12 14 Finer oRanEE toUATIONS 1 A” i. 4. This equation can be viewed as xi; =o in RY For each y thit equation astigns x equal to 4 Thar is any ordered pair of the form (4,9) 8a safuthon 8 graph 6 shown in Figuee ta b. This equation can be viewed as 0) -2in RE For this equation assigns y equal to -2 That ts any ordered py the form (y,~2) solution 8 sraph i shown in Figure (6) ® ‘ [As suggested fom the examples above, the graph of an equation ofthe form x= a isa vertical ine @ units from the v axis. The graph of an ‘equation ofthe form y= is ahorizoatal lise b units from the x axis We have been considering the problem of obtaining the eraph (a set of points) ofa given equation. We now consider the problem of firing ‘an equation that is determined by given geometric conditions Poi Slope Form of an Equation Consider the line in the plane with slope m and passing through a point (sup) as shown in Figure 112 If we select any other point ia the line and assign it the coordinates and y, the slope of the line is given by Muluiplying each member by 44, we obtain yee my vt w Dips dengan Carnscarervy cmanannt oH! FinsT-ocGRee cauarionis Axio INEOUALTIE point on the ee tine aid also satay (1 ates of Since x and y are the coordina ind yy are the coordinates ofa fixed point of | We have the following result. 8 an eq “Theorem .7- Ifaline wih slope m contains the point(s of the line is Equation 2s called the poinrsope form of #frstdepa® (rH equation in two variables. (4-1) and having th Example 3. The equation of the line through ing slope —3 can be obtained by substituting 4 for Xi ~1 fOr Yor 208 for min the point-slape form ofa linear equation from which Sety- ts Standard Form of an Equation ‘Note that the last equation in the foregoing example is written in the for Art By+C=0. ‘ Ward form of a first-degree equation We rele to this form as the st two variables. Example 4 Find an equation in standard form of the line determir by the points Py(~3, ~1) and Px(5,3) Solution The stope ofthe required line is ene! 532 “Then, using the point-slope form with P4(5,3), we have 2y-6=%-5, x-2yt1=0, Dips dengan CarnscarerFigwne 113) Figure 1.14 ov. he fina equation world HRCA, Uwere sein the points ty the ante Slope tntoreept Pony of an Equation aha given point (28) 08 Now comsiter nn equation of the Hine thre stung the wavs and having slope a shor gure 113. Se ral fae an fr An the pou slope wwe have a prot ofthe following theoter Theorem LS Ifa tine with slope my has ay satervept Baa equation of te line is pemen bs © san foe Tinga equation in 889 gation ial the lope-intercept vaiables, ‘Anyequation i standard form can be waite én slopssintercept fore by solving for pin terms xsi B60 ample § 0 can be written as fom whit ye oyyt2 0 i the slope (~ V4) and the y intersept (2) of the grapt of the equation can be read directly from Equation S by comparing it with Equation 4 1s of Straight Lines Note that a variation in the constant m in the stopeintercept form Jermix +b. gives a set of straight lines for their graphs each of which has a different slope and the same ¥ imeteept, Sush a set oF straight Tines is called a family of lines. Figure 1.4 allastrates a fasuity of tines for the equation y= my 2. The variable m an this case is called & ofstraight ines for the gquation Ve VFR WHEE ameter is, shows an Fagire U1 Dips dengan Carnscarer‘igure 1.15 “GD: Systonys of Equations ae a for ‘at bath of the equating {of all such onde Pts ete son ett 9 "a ts saint thc poi Srv eu one ee HD the ordered py graphs The solu fein of thet jut hc syste Ha Hat only ane port in He has no solution and that th 2. The enpty set, meaning thatthe SY two ines ave parallel, // set in the ease that the lines evince sowapa )/ bing ‘A unique solution ean be found by the usial aerate: ethos Appeniis A) The components of a solution obtained by eraphic metho in Figure 1.15, are usunilly approxinns tions to the actual values. The graphs appeat to intersect at abou (15.4.5) however the actual components ofthe solution ofthis system ar yeaa and y= 922. You may want to verily these results 3.An inf Exercise 1.4 Graph each equation in R2 Lv 3ye6 head Rw ty-6a0 AIHA 2HO 5.2V— Syn 63x 4 Iy=0 dyed Bye 6 ee 1. Find an equation in standord form, of ea eer af cach line that includes the given po PAM med 13 (-3,-4); ma? 15.(0,4); m= <4 16.(0,0),m = = 9 14. (5,01; mo ~ Write each equation i slope-intre Y intercept ofits graph n+ rH6 tea, 20.5925 *P4 form and specify the slope and 1! Dips dengan CarnscarerFan bar poreacn tana ae 2 The yanterept teats Said wakes sales 4 gn 2 The yintereept equals hand wes oa vals ban 4 25. The slope equals 3a fakes ow sales th A an 26, The slope mexuls 2 an bakes on sales! ant Approsinate to the eres Ball iene at He ho system hy graphical meth WW ya wet Ww yet ve dye & i yend yes 30. v4 Sym 12 Mew + 2y eG Woy Ad Bx = Gyn 1 yoo? Miscellaneous problems 33, Determine the value of so that the grap passes through (2, ~3) 34, Determine the value of k so that the graph ol 6x — hy $= 0° has a slope of ~2. throuph 35. Determine an equation in standard form of the line pa the points (2,5) and (~ 3,7) ward fort of the line who 4, respectively 36, Determine an equation inst fon the x and y axes are ns, in standard form, of the lines through the origin that lel to the graph of —2y-= 5: and (b) perpendicu to the graph of x —2y = 3) Sketch the graphs of theve equation 38 Write equations, in standard form, of the lines throush (0,5) that (a) parallel to the graph of 2 —3y = 5; and (b) perpendicular to the graph of 2y—3x= 5. Sketch the ¢ e equation 39, Write an equation, in standard form, of the tine Ml * pendicular bisector ofthe line seement whose endpoin and Px -5, =) 49, Write an equation. in to the line segment Py Ps at a point one-tiue point £4(6,5) 10 the point Ps) a is the per- re Py(7,~ Ad nf the line that 1 perpendicular the distance om Me Dip dengan Carnscarersoot yuaueries in ar AND MT the intersection aves through rf the He eee rag 6 and r ie point (A by othe prapl through thet 2. Determine an equation ofa tine that pa on of a tine wilh a= and “A Show that Sy hed a't sand b. respectively. This for of a hy an equ equation 1s called the intercept itervept fora of an equation 44. Using the results of Problem 43, write an equation of the line with x and y intercepts 2 and — 4, respectively, tn inter an equation of a line J origin to the ve N ANS tion pr for where “48. Show that veosa ty sings pts sth of the normal (perpendicular) font th the angle that the normal makes with the pos! This form of an equation is called the normal form of an equ ills of Problem 44, write an equation of the line with 46, Using the te ped and a= 20° Dips dengan Carnscarer