Modern political science and its scope.

Nature - From the beginning of the twentieth century, scholars started disillusioning about the
definitions of traditional political science and there was an increasing attraction towards the modern
definition. Many scholars opposed the traditional approach and presented a new approach. After the
Second World War, Behaviorism presented a revolutionary change that brought about fundamental
changes in the subject matter and methods of study of Political Science. As a result, the scope of
Political Science became very wide and the nature became scientific. According to modern political
thinkers, political studies cannot be confined to the periphery of 'state' or 'governance'. Now the study
of 'politics without state' is done under modern political science. Under this, emphasis is now being laid
on the importance of human action, behavior and function outside the state. In order to make the
subject objective and useful, new scientific methods and techniques are being used. The definitions of
some modern writers are as follows: Lipson - Explaining the difference between society, politics, state
and governments, considers politics as a wider object than the state. Politics is a continuous process of
controversy. According to him, "The state is limited in comparison to politics. The fact that politics is
more expansive than the state can be easily shown. Where there is a state, there is politics, but on the
contrary it is not true." Where there is politics, there is also a state. International state is not formed but
international politics takes place. We talk of politics in churches, corporations or trade unions, although
none of them is state. "Political thinkers such as Pareto, Mosca, George Catlin, Charles E. Merriam,
Laswell, Morgetheau, V. Russell and Chatkins consider 'power' to be the central concept of politics. How
to get power, how to create power The study of power struggles is considered politics. According to
Catlin, "Politics is the science of power." Robert Doll called politics The search for power is called '. Max
Weber said that politics is the struggle to participate in or influence the division of power, whether it is
the division of power between states or between different communities of a state. According to
Laswell, “Politics as an empiricist study is the study of creating and participating in power. In the words
of Robson, "Power is the basic concept that unites all the departments of political studies." Many
modern scholars have also given definitions of politics in terms of "action" as opposed to "power".
According to them, it is the action that "establishes control" in society. Catlin has said in this context that
political science is related to The action of control in society and the structures arising out of the
controlling relations of desires." The famous Indian thinker Appadorai has adopted this view and said
that 'Political science in a broad sense is concerned with the control and obedience in the social
organization. . Resolving mutual differences is an important aspect of politics, but politics is not
concerned with individual matters and individual differences, but with those differences of public life
which are related to the group or the whole society. Politicians study the institutions developed and
established to resolve such differences peacefully and within the legal framework. The definition of
political science given by the modern thinker David Easton has gained the most popularity. In his words,
Political Science is the study of the official division of values in a society. "Lack of resources is found in
all societies. Values or goods are not found in sufficient quantity to fulfill the desires of all the members
of the society, so mutual differences and conflicts arise. In such a situation special institutions and
processes are political or non-political. - Political situation arises. In the context of reducing the dispute
arising in relation to the division of valuable goods, two things are necessary - (1) Structures and
processes are necessary for decision and related work (which is called appropriation) (ii) A guarantee
that these decisions and actions (appropriations) will be officially accepted. Interactions like primitive or
developed are found in every society.

Which mainly affects the official appropriation of values. The collective behavior resulting from these
interactions is called 'political system' and the study of interactions is a fundamental subject of political
science. Field of Modern Political Science In the present period the field of Political Science has become
very broad. Now only value is no longer the basis of its thinking, but the political behavior of man has
become its main subject matter. Traditional political science was limited to the knowledge related to
the state and government. He used to study it institutionally and formally, but modern political science
is not limited to the periphery of state and governance. It has also started studying 'Politics without
State'. From family clubs, trade unions, student organizations to national organizations and their
political aspects have been included in it. Under these, today emphasis is being laid on the importance
of human action, behavior and funcion 'outside the state'. Institutions were not only studied formally
and descriptively . Rather, their comparative study and theoretical analysis is done through scientific
methods. The following subjects come under modern political science. : (i) Study of Power - Modern
political science is called 'Science of Power'. In modern political science, Max Weber, Laswell, Catlin,
Dell etc. have studied political science as power. Under this, he has studied the meaning of power, its
various forms, its nature, use and effect of power. (ii) Study of Political Process - Politics is a process. It
is not only the study of the institution or organization, but this process is also seen in its functioning.
The study of formal and especially informal processes which are found regarding general elections, law
making, working of parties, relations between officials etc., reveals the true form of politics. (iii) Study of
Political Action - Modern Political Science also studies political actions. It is realistic. Therefore, the
actions which are visible (observable) or the actions which are observable, they are studied. The process
of voting at the time of election, behavior of members in Parliament, steps taken by individual members
or parties at every stage while passing a bill, etc. are examples of this. (iv) Study of Social Values -
Modern Political Science is Value-frec. As a professional behaviorist separates values from facts but now
the tendency is to recognize social values. Answer- Behaviorists have tried to make political science
relevant and useful by giving place to values in their study. (v) Study of Problems of Conflicts Human
wants and needs are many, while the resources available for their fulfillment are limited. As a result,
problems and conflicts arise in the society. to resolve these conflicts and limitPower is required for the
allocation of resources. Modern political science studies these conflicts and the power and organization
required to resolve them. (vi) Study of Consent and General Opinions In order to minimize social
conflicts, there should be a consensus among different sections of the society on various problems and
general public opinion should be formed on any problem. . Modern Rajologists study people's
attitudes, motivations and their sense of cognition from this point of view. For this, various systems are
used like interview, data collection, verification etc. (vii) Study of Political Behavior Traditional Political
Science lays emphasis on the study of institutions whereas Modern Political Science lays emphasis on
the political behavior of man. He considers human behavior as the driving force. The real form of
politics can be understood only by the study of human behavior beyond the state