Our attitude toward white-collar crime has two facets.

On the one hand, it

fascinates us: Why do well-paid professionals commit it — on their own, with
colleagues, or as part of an organization-wide collaboration? On the other
hand, it bores us: Complicated financial schemes are difficult to understand,
and the perpetrators and victims are often unclear. Who suffers when a
company shifts numbers around on a spreadsheet? Who’s to blame when it
has thousands of employees and layers of bureaucracy?
…[In] Capital Offenses, Samuel W. Buell, a law professor at Duke University,
points out that corporate crime is all about context. [C]ases may come down
to whether those accused knew their actions were illegal... He notes that the
standard defense in a fraud case is not that the fraud didn’t happen; it’s that
the fraudster didn’t know he or she was breaking the law — or that, whatever
the government may think, the fraudulent behaviour is business as usual in
that industry. Drawing these fine lines around intention is even trickier when
executives rely on expert advisers to help with their decisions. If a lawyer or
an accountant tells you that something is legal — even just barely — should
you have to go to jail if he’s wrong?
Prosecution is especially difficult when criminal behaviour spans a whole
organization ... Those high up, who bear the most responsibility for the
company, may know little about its day-to-day activities. And punishing a
large company — through massive fines or by sending its most senior leaders
to jail — can destroy it, which has serious economic ripple effects for innocent
employees, customers, and communities. There are no easy answers.
Whereas Buell’s expertise is in organizational corruption and the difficulty of
fighting it, Why They Do It, by Eugene Soltes, a professor at Harvard Business
School, focuses squarely on individual perpetrators who have been caught
and punished... To sum up his research, white-collar criminals rarely think
about the outcomes or potential victims of their decisions…To address this
striking lack of self-reflection, Soltes delves into the psychology of decision-
making within organizations... [In the] modern corporation, he writes, leaders
are removed from shareholders, customers, and the public. This
psychological distance can cause executives to lose their way... Business
school ethics courses can help, but making tough choices in the classroom is
far different from facing them in the real world.
The two authors agree that we need better ways to deal with white-collar
crime. Given that much of it is committed without criminal intent, Soltes says,
the best solution is for executives to surround themselves with people who
aren’t afraid to question their decisions. On the legal side, Buell says we need
greater corporate transparency and incentives for executives to act in the
interests of shareholders. He also calls for better regulations but emphasises
that they would help only to a point, because corporations pour money into
keeping the ones that constrain them from becoming law. And, more to the
point, regulations don’t prevent crimes.
The real solution, Buell says, is to rethink what corruption looks like, both in
business and in politics. After all, campaign contributions that influence policy
are among those greedy, selfish acts that aren’t illegal. Until the definition of
“legal” is no longer controlled by the people or organizations with the deepest
pockets, it’s unlikely that real change will come about.

Q1.   Eugene Soltes’ explanation for the ‘striking lack of reflection’ amongst
white-collar criminals is that

a) organisational corruption makes it difficult to catch and punish individual

perpetrators.    
b) perpetrators aren’t compelled to think about shareholders and customers.
   
c) leaders are distant from executives who are losing their way.    
d) real world challenges aren’t effectively simulated in business school ethics
courses.    

Q2.   All of the following are ways suggested in the passage to deal with
white-collar crime EXCEPT that:

a) executives should surround themselves with people who don’t always

concur with their decisions.    
b) shareholder interests should be made a priority for decision-makers.    
c) policies shouldn’t be influenced in any way by financial heavyweights.    
d) campaign contributions that influence policy should be regulated.    

Q3.   Which of the following considerations hasn’t been presented as a factor

that complicates prosecutions in corporate crimes?

a) What is fraudulent behaviour is considered acceptable in a particular

industry.    
b) Those accountable have limited knowledge of happenings on the ground.
   
c) Impactful punishments can encourage a chain reaction of negative
consequences.    
d) Expert advice could be precarious when it comes to the fine line between
legal and illegal.    

Q4.   Which of the following studies will Buell most likely approve of to further
bolster his ‘real solution’?

a) A study of how executives can be encouraged to act in the interests of

shareholders    
b) A study that traces how laws and regulations can be affected by lobby
groups with financial clout    
c) A study that traces how campaign contributions may have subtly influenced
policy in the past    
d) A study of the correlation between corporate transparency and white-collar
crimes    

Q5.   Soltes’ ‘best solution’ to white-collar crime, as mentioned in the

penultimate para, is most weakened by which of the following?

a) White-collar crimes are committed by those who are well aware of the
implications of their decisions.    
b) Executives aren’t always driven by shareholder interests.    
c) The line between what is a white-collar crime and what isn’t, confuses the
smartest of executives.    
d) A majority of white-collar crimes are committed by executives who have a
fine understanding of the law.    

Disappearing in one place and reappearing in another. Being in two places at

once. Communicating information seemingly faster than the speed of light.
This kind of weird behaviour is commonplace in […] quantum mechanics, but
what might it have to do with fresh flowers, migrating birds, and the smell of
rotten eggs? Welcome to what is called quantum biology.
...Still a speculative discipline, it might spark revolutions in [many
industries] ...Until recently, the delicate states of matter predicted by quantum
mechanics have only been accessed with the most careful experiments:
isolated particles at blisteringly low temperatures or pressures, approaching
that of deep space.
The idea that biology – impossibly warm, wet and messy to your average
physicist – should play host to these states was almost heretical. But a few
strands of evidence were bringing the idea into the mainstream, said Luca
Turin of the Fleming Institute in Greece. "There are definitely three areas that
have turned out to be manifestly quantum," he says. "These three
things...have dispelled the idea that quantum mechanics had nothing to say
about biology."
The most established of the three is photosynthesis – the staggeringly
efficient process by which plants and some bacteria build the molecules they
need, using energy from sunlight. It seems to use what is called
"superposition" – being seemingly in more than one place at one time… [I]t
appears there are little packets of energy simultaneously "trying" all of the
possible paths to get where they need to go, and then settling on the most
efficient.
Biology seems to have been able to use these subtle effects in a warm, wet
environment and still maintain the [superposition]... The surprise [extends to]
animals, too: the navigational feats of birds that cross countries, continents or
even fly pole to pole present a compelling behavioural case. Experiments
show that European robins only oriented themselves for migration under
certain colours of light, and that very weak radio waves could completely mix
up their sense of direction. Neither should affect the standard compass that
biologists once believed birds had within their cells.
What makes more sense is the quantum effect of entanglement. Under
quantum rules, no matter how far apart an "entangled" pair of particles gets,
each seems to "know" what the other is up to – they can even seem to pass
information to one another faster than the speed of light. Experiments
suggest this is going on within single molecules in birds" eyes ... [like] a
"heads-up display" pilots have: an image of the magnetic field... imprinted on
top of the image that they see around them.
…Most smell researchers think the way that we smell has to do only with the
shapes of odour molecules matching those of receptors in our noses. But Dr
Turin believes that the way smell molecules wiggle and vibrate is responsible
– thanks to the quantum effect called tunnelling. The idea holds that electrons
in the receptors in our noses disappear on one side of a smell molecule and
reappear on the other, leaving a little bit of energy behind in the process.
What intrigues all these researchers is how much more quantum trickery may
be out there in nature. "Are these three fields the tip of the iceberg, or is there
actually no iceberg underneath?" asked Dr Turin. "We just don"t know. And
we won"t know until we go and look."

Q6.   What does the author emphasise as ‘heretical’ in the line ‘The idea that
biology … should play host to these states was almost heretical’?

a) Finding evidence to bring the idea of quantum mechanics into mainstream

discussions    
b) The idea that delicate states of matter accessible at low temperatures or
pressures can manifest themselves in the warm, wet and messy world of
biology    
c) Speculation that quantum biology could spark drastic changes in several
industries    
d) That particles present only in deep space can be discovered in the
biological world    

Q7.   Dr. Turin uses the expression ‘no iceberg underneath’ in the last para of
the passage to allude to the possibility that:

a) quantum biology can play a major role in many industries.    

b) quantum biology doesn’t extend beyond the three discovered phenomena.
   
c) we may never be able to find out what lies beneath the known in quantum
biology.    
d) we may discover that quantum biology was just trickery and nothing like
quantum mechanics.    

Q8.   All of the following can be understood to be true according to the

passage EXCEPT that:

a) energy from sunlight appears to use superposition to aid photosynthesis.    

b) our sense of smell may depend on the vibration of smell molecules thanks
to tunnelling.    
c) birds use the quantum effect of entanglement to ensure their standard
compass isn’t affected by radio waves and certain colours.    
d) there is probably more to our sense of smell than just the shape of odour
molecules matching nose receptors.    

Q9.   Which of the following cannot be reasonably inferred from the passage?

a) Most smell researchers assume that the vibrations of odour molecules do

not affect the sense of smell.    
b) Blisteringly low temperatures aren’t usually observed in biology.    
c) Quantum biology may explain why European robins mix up directions in the
presence of radio waves.    
d) Photosynthesis has been witnessed outside plant life.    

Q10.   The author believes that the quantum effect of entanglement makes
more sense (in para 6) because

a) the standard compass that biologists believed birds had doesn’t explain the
peculiar case of European robins.    
b) it is not possible for entanglement to go on within single molecules in birds’
eyes.    
c) experiments don’t prove whether birds can actually sense magnetic fields.
   
d) entanglement doesn’t explain the effect of radio waves and certain colours
of light on European robins.    

How may one characterise the relation between the disciplines of

psychoanalysis and law? It will not do to say simply that it is a relation of
friendly cooperation or one of hostile suspicion. The psychoanalyst, on one
hand, regards the maintenance of a system of law and justice as a necessary
condition for personal equilibrium. On the other hand, he regards much of the
law as antiquated/outworn and often criticises it as based on theoretical/
moral ideas which have survived their usefulness. The men of law sometimes
welcome the insights into human motivation which psychoanalysis has
contributed. At other times, lawyers show hostile defensiveness in the face of
the analysts" sweeping criticisms of the law. The principal focus of tension
between psychoanalysis and law is the general concept of responsibility.
Legal tradition asserts that men exercise free choice. However, Franz
Alexander says that psychoanalysis considers the human psychic apparatus
as a system determined by psychological/biological causative factors, where
free will is an illusion and where the Super-Ego rules. ...
Alexander identifies four categories of criminals. In psychotics and defectives,
criminal acts are traceable to organic degeneration and ego participation is
entirely absent. Among neurotic criminals, there is a variety in the degree of
ego participation. Persons with specific neurotic symptoms (kleptomaniacs
and pyromaniacs) re-enact an unconscious drama of crime and self-inflicted
punishment. Here the action is compulsive; ego participation is almost zero.
In general neurotic characters, the ego, which plays a larger role, assents to
the overt conduct but there is no awareness of the subjective meaning of the
conduct, and rationalisation and projection are typically involved. In normal
(professional) criminals, Alexander finds a “criminal Super-Ego”; the criminal
is without unconscious conflict, but his adjustment is to the law-breaking
section of the community. In his conduct, there is a nearly full ego
participation. These three categories include “chronic” criminals. In the
“situational” (acute) criminal, there is complete ego participation – here the
circumstances are so painful that the individual feels released from the
“bargain” which normally keeps his behaviour within the law.
This summary of the psychoanalytic view of the criminal law function
suggests that a working agreement is possible between "lawyer" and
"analyst". They should be able to agree that individuals who are deterred by
threat of punishment, those in whose conduct a high degree of ego
participation is manifested, are to be held responsible as if their acts sprang
from free choice. As to the mentally ill, neurotic criminals as well as
psychotics, where criminal conduct isn"t deterred by punishment, it is
inappropriate to treat them in the same fashion. …
However, lawyers have balked at any such working agreement with
psychiatrists. The typical lawyer, … assumes that legal responsibility is
related to moral responsibility… [which] presupposes freedom of choice.
Judges and legislators have hesitated to follow the lead of psychiatrists in
defining the class of the irresponsible. They insist on the traditional “right and
wrong” test, under which evidence of mental illness may be considered only if
it establishes that the accused was unable to understand the moral nature of
his act. Psychoanalysts have criticised this formula because it apparently
holds responsible many criminals who are seriously ill and who act
compulsively despite an acute sense that their conduct is wrong. They
recommended that no person shall be convicted .... when at the time of
committing the act .... he was suffering from mental illness.
Q11.   According to the passage, which of the following correctly represents
the criminal categories of Franz Alexander, or the examples thereof, in the
decreasing order of the degree of the ego participation in the crime?

a) acute criminals, professional criminals, pyromaniacs, persons with general

neurotic symptoms, defectives    
b) psychotics and defectives, kleptomaniacs and pyromaniacs, persons with
general neurotic symptoms, normal criminals, situational criminals    
c) situational criminals, professional criminals, persons with general neurotic
symptoms, persons with specific neurotic symptoms, psychotics    
d) normal criminals, acute criminals, persons with general neurotic symptoms,
kleptomaniacs and pyromaniacs, psychotics and defectives    

Q12.  According to the passage, the relationship between the professions of

psychoanalysis and law can be best described through

a) attitudes ranging from scepticism to friendly cooperation.    

b) an attitude of hostile defensiveness.    
c) attitudes ranging from pointed criticism to great fascination.    
d) attitudes that swing between acceptance and opposition.

 
Q13.   If a paragraph were inserted between the first and second paragraphs
of the passage, then the main point of discussion of the inserted paragraph
could be:

a) Challenges that the legal world is facing because the psychoanalytical

world misunderstands it    
b) An introduction to the understanding of criminal behaviour through the lens
of law and psychoanalysis    
c) The seeming incongruity that lawmakers have been experiencing in their
profession for years due to their heedlessness of the 'ego'    
d) The need for a dialogue between the professions of psychoanalysis and
law    

Q14.   With which of the following statements is the author of the passage
least likely to agree?

a) The integration of psychoanalysis and jurisprudence is not close at hand,

but they will both together adequately explain criminality.    
b) The professional and the situational criminals are more or less deterred by
the threat of punishment.    
c) Psychoanalysts recommend that the law should not hold criminally
responsible a person suffering from such an emotional disorder that he didn't
possess the power to prevent committing the crime.    
d) The dichotomy between the traditions of psychoanalysis and law revolves
around their disagreement with reference to 'responsibility', 'free will' and
'retribution'.    

Q15.  The primary purpose of the author of the passage is to

a) prove that followers of one tradition rightly regard the beliefs held by those
of the other tradition as untenable.    
b) contrast two traditions that analyse criminal behaviours.    
c) reconcile conflicting viewpoints between two traditions and advocate the
'best of both worlds' approach.    
d) identify shortcomings of two traditions in providing an answer to a long-
standing dilemma.    

16. Five sentences are given with a blank in the following question. Four
words are also given below the sentences. The blank in each sentence can
be filled by one or more of the four words given. Each word can go into any
number of sentences. Note that the sentence can change contexts depending
on the use of different words which can be appropriate. Identify the number
of sentences each word can go into and enter the maximum number of
sentences that any word can fit in. For example, if you think that a word
goes into a maximum of three sentences, then enter 3 as your answer in the
input box given below the question.

1 The mason has to ensure that the marbonite tiles are

_________________ with the ground.
2 Blessed with an appealing _________________ of phrase, Susan
performed brilliantly in oratorical contests.
3 It's wonderful to own a horse, but you wouldn't be able to ride him until
you ________________ him in.
4 The railway engineers were called to fix a _________________ in the
railway track.
5 In a _________________ of patriotism, I decided to quit my job and join
the movement against terrorism.
1 turn
2 break
3 buckle
4 flush

1) 1 2) 2 3)3 4)4. 5)5

17. The sentences given in the question, when properly sequenced, form a
coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a number. Decide
on the proper order for the four sentences and key in the sequence of
four numbers as your answer, in the input box given below the question.

1 We all know that successful people come from hardy seeds.

2 Biologists often talk about the “ecology” of an organism.
3 But do we know enough about the sunlight that warmed them, the soil
in which they put down their roots, and the rabbits and lumberjacks they
were lucky enough to avoid?
4 The tallest oak in the forest is the tallest not just because it grew from
the hardiest acorn; it is the tallest also because no other trees blocked
its sunlight, the sun around it was deep and rich, no rabbit chewed
through its bark as a sapling, and no lumberjack cut it down before it
matured.

18. The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries.

Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.

Operationalism as a methodological dogma never made much sense so far

as the social sciences are concerned, and except for a few rather too well-
swept corners -- Skinnerian behaviourism, intelligence testing, and so on -- it
is largely dead now. But it had, for all that, an important point to make, which,
however we may feel about trying to define charisma or alienation in terms of
operations, retains a certain force: if you want to understand what a science
is, you should look in the first instance not at its theories or its findings, and
certainly not at what its apologists say about it; you should look at what the
practitioners of it do.

a) Operationalism outside social sciences is largely dead, despite the

importance and force of the points it made, precisely about scientific theories,
findings and its practitioners.    
b) While operationalism has all but disappeared, the point it made about
understanding science by looking at those who practiced it, is significant.    
c) Barring Skinnerian behaviourism and intelligence testing, operationalism is
largely irrelevant at a time when science is all about what its practitioners do.
d) The methodological dogma of operationalism gave us the most powerful
point about science, that it can be best understood from the viewpoint of its
practitioners.    

19. Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option
that best captures the essence of the text and mark the number
corresponding with it in the box provided below each question.
When Amazon, the online retail giant, decided to open a brick-and-mortar
store, some thought it was a regression of sorts. However, it soon became
evident that the company was not turning the clock back at all. Instead, it was
taking a big leap into the future by setting up a grocery store where there
would be no cash registers or checkout lines to waste time. Called Amazon
Go, and due to open in the US early next year, these stores will allow
customers to walk in and pick up whatever they want. However, unlike in
giant superstore chains like Walmart, shoppers in Amazon Go stores will
have access to a specially created app – one that allows you to scan
products, then walk into the shop and pick up what you want. The app will
automatically debit your account when you walk out of the store and e-mail
you the bill.
1 By deciding to start retail grocery stores that will have no cash registers
or checkout lines, Amazon, the online retail giant, is “reinventing
shoplifting”.
2 A specially created app meant for people visiting Amazon Go stores
that are being opened soon, will allow them to scan products, walk into
the shop devoid of cash counters, pick up whatever they want and get
the bill amount automatically debited from their account at the point of
exit.
3 Amazon, the online retail giant, is taking a big leap into the future by
setting up app-oriented grocery stores where there would be no cash
registers or checkout lines to waste time.
4 Amazon Go, the grocery shops being opened by the online retail giant,
is bound to make shopping hassle-free and pleasurable because an
app specially created for the purpose eliminates the need for billing
counters.

20. Five sentences related to a topic are given in the question below. Four of
them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph.
Identify the odd one out. Choose its number as your answer and key it in.

1 In the past year, Google searches for “carbon offsets” have been on the
rise, and those who sell them say their sales are up.
2 The market-based approach to reducing emissions is not without
criticism.
3 Spend about 10 hours flying this holiday season and your travel could
add as much as a metric ton, or 2,000 pounds, of carbon to the
atmosphere.
4 If you feel guilty about those climate-warming carbon emissions, you
might be tempted to purchase a carbon offset.
5 When 16-year-old climate activist Greta Thunberg sailed across the
Atlantic Ocean on a zero-emissions boat, she did so to make a point
about the millions of tons of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere
every year as a result of air travel.
21. Each of the following question presents 5 statements of which 4, when
placed in appropriate order, would from a contextually complete paragraph.
Pick the statement that is not a part of that context and mark the number
corresponding with it in the box provided below the question.

1 So even when we scroll down through news websites, we find the

visual medium to be more captivating than ever.
2 But this is not how the quote has come down to us.
3 As a novelist, I cannot buy into Ibsen's claim that the deed is greater
than a thousand words because I believe that the word is a deed as
well.
4 “A thousand words leave not the same deep impression as does a
single deed,” Henrik Ibsen once wrote.
5 “A picture is worth a thousand words” we say, courtesy of a 1921 ad
campaign run – ironically – in Printer's Ink magazine.

22. Each question below has a sentence. From the choices provided, identify
the one which best restates the given sentence and mark its corresponding
letter as the answer.

If you take any two historical events and ask whether there are similarities
and differences the answer is always going to be yes or no, as at some
sufficiently fine level of detail, there will be differences, and at some
sufficiently abstract level, there will be similarities.

a) No two historical events are exactly alike for at some fine level of
abstraction they will have similarities as well as differences.    
b) Any two historical events are bound to have similarities and differences,
whether you acknowledge them or ignore them.    
c) Inspite of the blatant differences that surface in the comparison of two
historical events there will be some similarities underlying them.    
d) If you take two historical events and compare them, you will definitely come
across some similarities and dissimilarities.    

23. Each question below has a sentence. From the choices provided, identify
the one which best restates the given sentence and mark its corresponding
letter as the answer.

Among the many peoples who have come in contact with and influenced
India’s life and culture, the oldest and most persistent have been the Iranians.
a) Iranians have come in contact with Indians long before the other people
and have influenced the life and culture of the people.    
b) India’s life and culture has been influenced by many people who have
come in contact with the country including the Iranians but the latter’s
influence has been the longest and constant.    
c) Before all the other Iranians could influence the life and culture of the
people of India.    
d) Many cultures influenced the lifestyle of the people of India and Iranians
happen to be one of them.    

24. The sentences given in each of the following questions, when properly
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is indicated with a
number. Choose the most logical order of sentences that constructs a
coherent paragraph and mark the correct sequence in the box provided below
the question.

1 Citizens who have witnessed 10 or more elections in free India would

readily agree that electoral politics has never sunk so low in the past as
it has now.
2 Truth and national interest were victims while destruction of the political
enemy became the sole purpose of fighting the election.
3 Yet there is one very bright side that needs celebration - the integrity of
the election process and the mechanics of registering the choice of the
voter.
4 The devastation caused by a vicious electoral campaign for the 17th
Lok Sabha has cast a troublesome shadow on India’s future.