Introduction

The increasing demand of alternative and sustainable energy source to replace gasoline powered
engines has intrigued the development of battery technologies for hybrid and electric vehicles.
An electric vehicle battery (EVB) or traction battery is a rechargeable battery used for propulsion
of battery electric vehicles. A battery's basic task is to store energy obtained from the mains or
some other external power source and to release it to the load when needed. Example nickel-
cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. There are two
types of batteries:
1. Primary Batteries (disposable batteries): which are designed to be used once and
discarded.
2. Secondary Batteries (rechargeable batteries): which are designed to be recharged and
used multiple times.

EV battery history: Rechargeable batteries that provided a viable means for storing electricity
on board a vehicle did not come into being until 1859, with the invention of the lead acid battery
by French physicist Gaston Plante. First practical Electric car was built by Thomas Parker in
1884. As on July 2012, other electric automobiles, city cars, and light trucks available include
the REVAi, Tesla, Volt.

The Value Chain For Electric Vehicle Batteries Comprises Seven Steps

Production of Integration of the

anode, Arrangement of Installation of Use amid
Generation and cells into bigger battery pack into Battery reuse;
cathode modules together indicated in
get together of modules that the vehicle deconstruction
dynamic with frameworks vehicle battery
single cells incorporate structure, and cleaning
materials, that oversee lifetime
some electronic including the preliminary to
cover, control, charging,
management battery auto reusing of
electrolyte, and temperature
interface materials and
and separator. (connectors, plugs, parts.
mounts)

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 Source BCG Analysis

BATTERY TYPES:
Lead-corrosive batteries were utilized as a part of prior EVs (e.g., GM EV1). More often than
not, it is a SLI battery (beginning, lighting, start) to control the starter engine, the lights, and the
start arrangement of a vehicle's motor. Most EVs have utilized lead-corrosive batteries because
of their develop innovation, high accessibility and ease. Low particular vitality, poor icy
temperature execution, and short cycle life are among the obstructions to their utilization in
EVs and HEVs.

Do Hybrid Electric Vehicles Use Lead-Acid Batteries?

From PHEVs to vehicles furnished with "begin stop" advances, lead-corrosive batteries are the
ones most supported automakers for beginning, lighting and start (SLI) capacities.

For high voltage "control help" works in HEVs, the NiMh and Li-particle are best stockpiling
batteries. The top of the line HEV like the Ford Fusion utilize lead-corrosive batteries for SLI
capacities.

Source ALABC: Lead acid batteries in

HEV

The 12 volt lead- corrosive battery for

over 50 years has been a pillar of engine
vehicles and this will proceed for a long
time to come.

Vehicle High voltage battery SLI battery

Toyota Prius Liftback Hybrid
Toyota Camry Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
Toyota Prius C Hybrid
Ford C-Max Hybrid
Toyota Prius V Hybrid
Hyundai Sonata Hybrid
Toyota Avalon Hybrid
Chevrolet Malibu-Eco
Kia Optima Hybrid
Source ALABC: Lead acid batteries in HEV
1. Lithium Ion Battery:
201.6 Volt Nickel-metal hydride 12 Volt Lead-acid
244.8 Volt Nickel-metal hydride 12 Volt Lead-acid
300 Volt Lithium-ion 12 Volt Lead-acid
201.6 Volt Nickel-metal hydride 12 Volt Lead-acid
300 Volt Lithium-ion 12 Volt Lead-acid
201.6 Volt Nickel-metal hydride 12 Volt Lead-acid
270 Volt Lithium-ion 12 Volt Lead-acid
244.8 Volt Nickel-metal hydride 12 Volt Lead-acid
130 Volt Lithium-ion 12 Volt Lead-acid
270 Volt Lithium-ion 12 Volt Lead-acid

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Li-based cells are most conservative methods for putting away electrical vitality. Lithium-
particle batteries have high particular vitality, high particular power, high vitality effectiveness,
great high-temperature execution, low self-release. New Li-particle battery-prepared EVs give
320– 480 km for every charge. The drawbacks of customary li-particle batteries are No settled
framework for reusing substantial Li-particle batteries, Current li-particle battery cost per kW is
still high. An essential point about lithium particle batteries is that precise control of voltage is
required while charging lithium cells. On the off chance that it is marginally too high it can harm
the battery, and if too low the battery will be inadequately charged.

VEHICLES THAT USED LITHIUM ION BATTERIES:

TESLA:
The 7,000 Li-ion cells store 53kWh of electrical power and deliver a driving range of 320km
(200 miles).Liquid cooling prevents the cells from exceeding 35°C(95°F).

Source Google image

 NISSAN LEAF:
The Nissan LEAF has zero emissions.The battery is half the weight and twice the power of the
nickel-metal hydride batteries.The 30 kWh lithium-ion battery stores its energy to power the 80
kW AC motor in lithium-ion modules

Source Google image

India Electric Car(Mahindra Reva):
In November 2011, Reva NXR was launched which could run 160 km when fully charged.

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 India electric car
Green car set to go into
mass production

Reva NXR
The second-
generation Reve
Three-door, four seater hatchback
Production in 2010
Retail price: US$15,000 – 34,470
Power
NXR Intercity: Lithium ion battery pack NXR City: Lead acid battery back
Range: 160 km Range: 80 km
Top speed: 104 kph Top speed: 80 kph

Source EVS-150327020826-conversion-gate01.pdf

Specification Data of Li-ion Battery

Battery Specification
Battery type Lithium-Ion
Rated Capacity (Ah) 50 (Ah)
Initial State of Charge (%) 100 (%)
Maximum Capacity 50 (Ah)
Fully Charged Voltage (V) 302.63 (V)
Nominal Discharge Current (A) 50 (A)
Internal Resistance (Ohms) 0.052 (Ohms)
Capacity (Ah) @ Nominal Voltage
Source battery university
2. Nickel Metal Hydride Battery:
The standards in which NiMH cells work depend on their capacity to assimilate, discharge, and
transport (move) hydrogen between the cathodes inside the cell.
The NiMH battery used in today’s HEVs has higher energy density, high power, light weight,
high level of safety, good thermal performance.
Downsides include the poor efficiency, high self discharge, expensive raw materials makes the
cost a serious issue.

Vehicles That Used NiMH Batteries:

Major automotive companies including Daimler Chrysler, Ford, GM, Honda and Toyota, have
developed HEVs with NiMH batteries into the market.

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The Chrysler electric minivan “Epic” uses a NiMH battery pack, which gives a range of 150
km.In Japan, NiMH battery packs produced by Panasonic EV Energy are being used in Toyota
EV RAV-EV and Toyota HEV Prius.
The Honda Insight’s battery pack is made of 120 Panasonic 1.2V NiMH cells. Total battery pack
output is 144V.

Batteries used in electric vehicles of selected car manufacturers:

GM USA Chevy-Volt Li-ion
Saturn Vue Hybrid NiMH
Ford USA Escape, Fusion, MKZ HEV NiMH
Escape PHEV Li-ion
Toyota Japan Prius, Lexus NiMH
Honda Japan Civic, Insight NiMH
Hyundai South Korea Sonata Lithium polymer
Chrysler USA Chrysler 200C EV Li-ion
BMW Germany X6 NiMH
Mini E (2012) Li-ion
BYD China E6 Li-ion
Daimler Benz Germany ML450, S400 NiMH
Smart EV (2010) Li-ion
Mitsubishi Japan iMiEV (2010) Li-ion
Nissan Japan Altima NiMH
Leaf EV (2010) Li-ion
Tesla USA Roadster (2009) Li-ion
Think Norway Think EV Li-ion, Sodium/Metal Chloride

Source Electric vehicle battery technologies springer

POPULAR ELECTRIC VEHICLES:

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 Electric Battery Range Range in real world Charge times
vehicle advertised
Chevy 16kWh, fluid cooled 64km, 45km, 28 miles; 149hp 10h at 115VAC; 4h
Volt Li-manganese, 181kg 40 miles electric & 1.4 liter IC at 230VAC
(400lb) engine
Toyota 3 Li-particle packs, one 20km, N/A; 3h at 115VAC;
module for hybrid; two for EV, 13 miles 80hp electric & 1.5h min 230VAC
prius 42 temp sensors 98hp IC engine
Mitsubish 16kWh; 88cells, 4-cells 128km, 88km, 55 miles; 13h at 115 VAC;
i modules;Li- 80 Miles Highway speed, 7h at 230VAC
iMiEV particle;109Wh/kg;330V mountain pass
Nissan 16kWh; Li-manganese, 160km, 100km, 62 miles 8h at 230VAC;
Leaf 192 cells; 80Wh/kg, air 100 miles at interstate speed with 30Min high ampere
cooled; 272kg (600lb) radiator on
Tesla 56kWh; 6,831 Li-cobalt 352km, 224km, 140 miles; 3.5h at 230VAC
Roaster PC cells; fluid cooled 220 miles 172km, 108 miles high ampere
driven sport car
Ford 23kWh limit lithium-ion 76mi TBA full recharge
Focus battery utilizing the auto
6.6kW charger
takes 3-4 hour
@240 volts AC
Classis Nickel metal hybrid 160 miles! TBA 8 hours, (through
EV II (NiMH) “Ovonic” an 80% charge
battery pack could be
accomplished in
between 1 to 3
hours)
Source Electric vehicle chasis & battery system By L. Lopez.pdf

Where is battery technology heading?

1. Nano-technology offer potential to increase energy storage and carrying capacity of Li-
ion electrodes, decrease charge times without degrading battery life

2. Manganese/titanium Li-ion cells demonstrated exceptional power, energy, and safety in

the lab, potential for faster charge times than tradition Li-ion

3. Hybrid energy storage with ultra-capacitors provide high power of ultra-capacitor and
high energy of Li-ion.

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 Storage Cycle life Efficiency (%) Specific power Specific energy
technology (W/kg) (Wh/kg)
Lead acid 500 – 800 50 – 92 150 – 400 30 – 40
battery
Li-ion battery 400 – 1200 80 – 90 300 – 1500 150 – 250
Nickel metal 500 – 1000 66 250 – 1000 30 – 80
hydride battery
USABC long- 1000 80 400 200
term goals

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 CONCLUSION:
Electric Battery Automobiles are really important as they will prevent a major

source of increased Global Warming and other natural problems.

Automotive battery manufacturing has become more and more important due to

the need of alternative energy storage device to replace gasoline powered engines.

New Concepts of rechargeable should arise that will have higher efficiency than all

other existing batteries.

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REFERENCES:
1. James Larmine, John Lowry, “Electric Vehicle Technology Explained”,
First Edition, England: John Wiley&Sons, Ltd, 2003, Print.
2. David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy, „Handbook of Batteries‟, Third Edition,
New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010, web, 14 Jan 2013, online.
3. R. Friedrich and G. Richter, “Performance Requirements of Automotive
Batteries for Future Car Electrical Systems,” J. of Power Sources, vol. 78,
pp. 4-11, 1999.
4. M.A. Fetcenko, S.R. Ovshinskya, B. Reichmana, K. Younga, C.Fierroa, J.
Kocha, A. Zallena, W. Maysa and T. Ouch, “Recent Advances in NiMH
Battery Technology,” J. of Power Sources, vol. 165, pp. 544-551, 2007.
5. J. McDowall, "Conventional battery technologies-Present and future," in
Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, vol. 3, pp. 1538-

1540,2000, July.