Sample Example 11. Two stars, cach of 1 solar mas x 10° kg } are approaching each other fora head-on collision. When they are at a distance 10° km, their speeds are negligible. What is the speed with which they will collide? The radius ofeach star is 10" km. Assume the stars to remain undistorted until they collide (Use the known value of G). INCERT] ‘Solution : Here, mass of each star, M =2x 10° kg, radius of each star, -=10” m Initial potential energy of the stars when they are 10! m ogi Git ee ge When the stars are just going to collide, the distance between their centres = twice the radius of each star=2r=2%107 m Final potential energy of the stars when they are about to 2 collide =-GMxM_ ___GMT (2x07) 2107 ‘Change in potential energy of the stars ~-GM? [_ GM? )_ om? om? 10? ( 2x107) 2x10" 108? 2 2 2 ae gee) Gy 2x107 10? 2107 Let vbe the speed of each star just before colliding, Final KE ofthe stars =2 Me? =m? Initial KE of the stars =0 (Because when the stars are initially 10'? m apart, their needs are negligible). ‘Change in KE of the stars = Mv? sii) oe of energy, from eqns. (i) 7 GRA\ ENERGY \VITATIONAL POTENTIAL NEAR THE SURFACE OF EARTH: be Lets consider a body of mass m vehich is lifted fom surface of the Barth through a height as shown in Fig. 19-15 Gravitational potential energy of the body at A, £e (Ri) ‘As Uy >U;, increase in gravitational potential energy when the body is lifted from EMRE i Figure 15.18 Ifthe point & lies very close to the Earth's surface, h<R). tie mass (m) of the body. (Mf) and radius (R) of the20 GRB New Era Physics - ERB New Era Physics 4 Avy GM piel? GM z From eqn. (4), v= eee = JR 3) Cleatty, = 29h = 28 eg (Me SOMare of he expe peed kth product of diameter te, [20 ofthe Earth and the deceleration de to gin (ph co Earth's surface 1 o> tbody witmovin pace ithaspet’= FE. (Ae mt a +o Where ois the speed Ie after the body has ecaped te gravitational pull of Ean, = «212 op YnyFaey, cl eH ‘Ris alled the Schwarzchild radius ais, ity ole wih mass equal the mas ofthe Sun, 1. ig HSIAO Ne Aga nip Re Gxi0m/ sy? =2.96x10°m = 3 km! ellipse Sample Example 13. 1 arth hs mass nine ing. 0) In the satellite i ° ; _GMm 20 ee eee . Gravitational pull ating onthe sttlite = "75 (7) ln shor, for £ <0. the orbit is bound (ellipse or a sirele) : ; meses tke hh epe euatolacetypsbols necting In equilibrium, the gravitational pull provides the necessary E=0orE>0. centripetal force. Thus, a Te ONE: oe oD) 7 - Ig isthe acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Barth then Q) Brom eqns. (1) and (2), on a - Itis clear from eqn. (1) that orbital velocity: (i) is independent of the mass of the satellite (ii) decreases with an increase in the radius of the orbit. Ifa satellite is orbiting close to the Earth, then Figure 1524 ‘(radius of the orbit) = (radius of the Earth) ‘Thus, from eqn. (3), orbital velocity for an orbit elose to Note that vy >¥g >vs >v4 >vs >¥3 >ey on When E =() the projectile will be at rest at infinity. All the man made satellites have orbits like (3) and (5) but gk 4) some of these orbits are very nearly circular. For simplicity, we i ‘shall consider only circular orbits. =9.8 m/s? and R= 6.37 10° m, we get ave: Tmt 1 Put satelite into an obit road the Eat, we 4, =7.9kmis a ‘We can also calculate the time period and the altitude of the (i) to take the satellite to a suitable height above the Earth's satellite. ae ee surface ag (b) Time period. Itis the time taken by the satellite to complete =, one revolution and is denoted by T. Thus, T= distance travelled in one revolution hy e orbital velocity Qnr |r or Ta—-.— |- a sie 5 Foran orbit close to Earth's surface,Mere, 1 96) nin We 0, HYG 42 54006) = o8MObn, WAT msg? aij? } Hh, frm] 9400)" + (OHO)? (9.40 4-4 y Is maa Jon 480 eon of 4 = (695-6946) ban 2754 15:23 WEIGHTLESSNESS Weight prend ee 4 defined ay the force with whlch W hs Weluht can alva be considered as the force with whee a PTENKES ayalunl a supporting surface, According to Newton's third law of motion, to every action Is an equal and opposite reaction, As such the supporting surface also reacts on the boy and pushes it in the opposite direction with the same forve, In case of w living being, the reaction produces 4 vertain feeling and it is with this aspect of the Weigh that We axe presently concerned with, A body ts sald to be in w state of welgisthessners when the Lectin of he supporting surface is zero or ls apparent weight uo, We shall explain the concept of weightlessness with the help of the following examples, (2) Inside an Elsvator (i) Let us consider » paswenger (7) in an elevator which is moving vertically downwards with an acceleration a, Lea my be the true weight of the passenger and Ibe the reaction of the floor on him as shown in the Fig 15.24, Since the passenger is — necelerating downwards with an ‘acceleration a, the resultant body, then me -R= mao R= mgmt rary o = Rh=mhg~a) oe ve so this decreased reaclon, the paswenger feels that Mes amen ghcnape etre a bs the measure of ne 5 aie kdetiegts ie. me Wot m2) a) EE Re ooT9 posed carcpilly Wal the py, devi pull of the gray iW chang . pares on the fone and aye! et, mura 9 in Hat Nas len (i Lat ws nom consider the case vin the ih is movi vertieslly upwards with an ‘cceleration, a ‘The weight tng) of the passenger (dad renction (R) of the floor set ‘onlin as as shown in the FFB fn 15.25, % fl Since the passenger avocoraing upwards with a ‘acceleration 4, the resultant force (P) must be acting upwards, Thus, Figure 153 Fe h-mg Also, a6 Vs ma, Romy = ma or R= mg +maor k= wl ‘Due to this increased reaction, the passenger {cr his weight has increased, Le., WeRewmg ra) When a spacecraft is launched, usually a = 15 ga eqn. (2), the reaction (R) seting, on an astronaus such his weight (W) is given by W = R= my + 15g) =lOmg ‘This force is sixteen times the weight ofthe astron as such he experiences a large force, i.e, his wei becomes 16 times. Aliter : We can analyse the above situations by choo accelerating lift asthe frame of reference, Such a referenc (which is accelerating) is obviously a -non-inertial fr reference. As such we must take into account a pseu (qual to ma) which i acting in a direction opposite to th us mp0 ‘acceleration. The free-body diagrams for the passe ‘observed from within the lift are draven in i results obtained are the same, R R af re f nO, m@P co B, mg R+ma=mg eee orR=m(g-a) SiBemig+s) Lit moving downwards2 Deee eeee encray.(A. ofa satellite revolving around the rive an expression for escape speed using the law of conservation of ® 22 Bone an eeion or te oa ped en eee Hi he expres rte ine od é 3 Pinb.(Ar 15.21) time period, altitude and angular momentim °F Briefly describe the launching of a satellite. Derive an expression for orbital speed. 34 stellit revolving around the Earth, (Art. 15.21) . ‘38, _Derivean expression forthe tora energy of satelite revolving around Earth in an omits orbitto infinity? (Art 15.21) setae \Write the necessary condition under which a satellite appears stationary with respect to Earth. (art 15.22) _ ‘What isa geostationary satelite? Give two functions of such a satellite. (Art : i. a Br Desine weightlessness. Find expressions for weight of « person in a tit moving upwards and downwards with acceleration. (Art. 15.23) 49. Whats weightlessness? Why does an astronaut feel weightless inaspaceera!? (Art 15.23) 40. What measures the weight ofa person in an accclerating lift ot ina spacceraft? (Art. 15.23) Discuss briefly some problems of weightlessness. (Art, 15,23) red toremoveit orbit. How much energy is required '0 3 Topic Based Problems FOR PRACTICE > KEPLER'S LAWS AND NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITATION Inan experiment using the Cavendish balance, the smaller spheres have a mass of 500% 10"> kg each, the larger spheres have a ‘mass of 12.0 kg each, the length of the rod is 100.0 em, the torsion constant ofthe fibre 356x 10~* N mv/rad, the angle of twist is 486 10~ rad, and the distance between the centres of each pair of heavy and light spheres is 15.0 cm. Compute the value of G from this data. ans. 649x107!" Nm?/kg? ‘A mass Mis broken info two parts of masses m and mp. How are m, and m, related so that the force of gravitational attraction between the two parts is maximum. (Ams. M/2,M/2] ‘The radius of Earth’s orbit is 1.5 10% km and that of Mars 2.5x 10"! m. In how many years does Mars complete its one revolution? (Ans, 2152 years] The orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun is 1.496 10"! m. If the period of the planet Sarum is 29.6 Earth years, what is its | orbital radius around the Sun. [Ans. 1.43% 10!? mj Ifthe period of the planet Neptune is 165.0 Earth years, what is its orbital radius? c Earth from the Sun is 1.496 * 10° km and its sidereal revolution period is 365.3 days, The sidereal 1's two neighbouring planets Venus and Mars are respectively 224.7 days and 687.0 days where a distance ofthese planets from the Sun. (Neglect the effect of other planets wheni free space? Given mass of 22, Howmuch energy must be given 10.4100 kg rocket missile to carry it ftom surface of Earth out Eth =6%10°" kg, radius f Earth 6400km tad Gs 667% 10" Nek? [Ans. 6.253109 3] > ESCAPE SPEED mt Caeulate the escape velocity onthe surface ofthe Earth. Radius of Earth =6.38x 10m, acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m Ans, 11.2 km/s] ore 24, Caleulate the velocity with which a body projected from the surface of Moon may escape from its gravitational pull. Also value (of (£;,01 the Moon's surface. Given mass of Moon =75x10% kg, mdius of Moon =16x10° m and G=6.67% 10" 'N m? /kg?, [Ans. 2.5 km/s, 1.954 m/s?] ijectile on the Earth’s surface is 11.2 knv/s. A body is projected out with twice this speed. What is the 435, The escape velocity of a pro speed ofthe body faraway from the Earth, ie. at infinity? Ignore the presence of the Sur and other planets etc. [Ans.19.4 km/s} MOTION OF SATELLITES 2 Calculate the mass ofthe Sun given thatthe distance between the Sun and the Earth is 49% 10"" mand G=6.67%10~" Nm? kg? ‘Take the year to consist of 365 days, (Ans, 1.972% 10°? kg] 7. Determine the mass of the Earth from the Moon's revotution around the Earth ina circular body orbit of radius 2.39x 10° miles with period of 27.3 days (1 mile =1609m, G =6,67x 10-1! N m2/ kg}. [Ans. 6.05% 10% kg] 14, An artificial satellite is revolving around the Earth at a distance of 620 km. Calculate the orbital velocity and its period of revolution. Radius of Earth is 6380 km and g = 98 mvs’. {Ans. 7,548 km/s, 5829 second] 19, A satellite revolves around a planet in an orbit just above the planet's surface. Taking G = 6.67% 107! N m?/kg? and mean density of planet = 8000kg / m), find the period of the satellite. ‘serves the purpose of a fixed relay [Ans. 4201 s] WH, Consider an Earth satellite so positioned that it appears stationary to an observer on Earth and. station for intercontinental transmission of television and other communication. What would be the height at which the satellite = 6400 km and acceleration due to should be positioned and what would be the direction of its rotation? Given radius of Earth ‘gravity on the surface of Earth =98m/s?. [Ans. 36,000 km, anticlockwise] A remote-sensing satellite of the Earth revolves in a circular ombit ata height of 250 km above the Earth's surface, What isthe : _(@ orbital speed and (b) period of revolution of the satellite? Radius ofthe Earth, R = 638 10° mand acceleration due to gravity oe surface of the Earth, g =98m/s". (a) 7.76 km/s (b) 1 h, 29.5 min]