Video Scripts today
And we’re all invited
Unit 1
VIDEO TRACK 1.1  1:22 min
Part 2, page 16, Exercise E, Watch for Details
Segment 1
Hi, my name is Frank, and I collect secrets. It all started with
a crazy idea in November of 2004. I printed up 3,000 self-
addressed postcards, just like this. They were blank on one
side, and on the other side I listed some simple instructions.
I asked people to anonymously share an artful secret they’d
never told anyone before. And I handed out these postcards
randomly on the streets of Washington, D.C., not knowing
what to expect.
But soon the idea began spreading virally. People began
to buy their own postcards and make their own postcards.
I started receiving secrets in my home mailbox, not just
with postmarks from Washington, D.C., but from Texas,
California, Vancouver, New Zealand, Iraq. Soon my crazy
idea didn’t seem so crazy.
VIDEO TRACK 1.2  3:51 min
Page 16, Exercise F, Watch for Main Ideas and page 17,
Exercise H, Recognize Examples
Segment 2
What I’d like to do now is share with you a very special
handful of secrets from that collection, starting with this
one. “I found these stamps as a child, and I have been
waiting all my life to have someone to send them to. I never
did have someone.” Secrets can take many forms. They
can be shocking or silly or soulful. They can connect us
to our deepest humanity or with people we’ll never meet.
(Laughter) Maybe one of you sent this one in. I don’t know.
This one does a great job of demonstrating the creativity that
people have when they make and mail me a postcard. This
one obviously was made out of half a Starbucks cup with a
stamp and my home address written on the other side.
“Dear Birthmother, I have great parents. I’ve found love.
I’m happy.” Secrets can remind us of the countless human
dramas, of frailty and heroism, playing out silently in the lives
of people all around us even now.
“Inside this envelope is the ripped up remains of a suicide note
I didn’t use. I feel like the happiest person on Earth (now.)”
This is the last postcard I have to share with you today.
“When people I love leave voicemails on my phone I always
save them in case they die tomorrow and I have no other
way of hearing their voice ever again.” When I posted this
secret, dozens of people sent voicemail messages from their
phones, sometimes ones they’d been keeping for years,
messages from family or friends who had died. They said that
by preserving those voices and sharing them, it helped them
keep the spirit of their loved ones alive. One young girl posted
the last message she ever heard from her grandmother.
Secrets can take many forms. They can be shocking or silly
or soulful. They can connect us with our deepest humanity
or with people we’ll never meet again.
Voicemail recording: First saved voice message. Grandma:
It’s somebody’s birthday today Somebody’s birthday
64 VIDEO SCRIPTS
55516_video.indd 64
The candles are lighted
on somebody’s cake
for somebody’s sake You’re
21 years old today. Have a real happy birthday, and I love
you. I’ll say bye for now.
FW: Thank you.
VIDEO TRACK 1.3  2:42 min
Page 18, Exercise J, Expand Your Vocabulary
“And I handed out these postcards randomly on the streets
of Washington, D.C., not knowing what to expect.”
1. What does hand out mean?
a. send off
b. handle
c. give out
“But soon the idea began spreading virally. People began to
buy their own postcards and make their own postcards.”
2. What does spreading virally mean?
a. creating a misunderstanding
b. moving quickly over the Internet
c. getting people very excited
“What I’d like to do now is share with you a very special
handful of secrets from that collection, starting with this one.”
3. What does a handful of mean?
a. a few
b. close
c. personal
“This one does a great job of demonstrating the creativity
that people have when they make and mail me a postcard.”
4. What does does a great job of mean?
a. continues with
b. does the work of
c. is successful in
“I always save them in case they die tomorrow and I have no
other way of hearing their voice ever again.”
5. What does in case mean?
a. if
b. because
c. although
VIDEO TRACK 1.4  0:32 min
Page 19, Presentation Skill: Start Strong
Hi, my name is Frank, and I collect secrets. It all started with
a crazy idea in November of 2004. I printed up 3,000 self-
addressed postcards, just like this. They were blank on one
side, and on the other side I listed some simple instructions.
Unit 2
VIDEO TRACK 1.5  4:06 min
Part 1, page 26, Exercise D, Listen For Main Ideas
Take a look at this photo. It shows the Maldives Islands—
the lowest, flattest country on Earth. The Maldives are in
the warm waters of the Indian Ocean. More than a million
tourists visit the Maldives every year.
In our class we’ve talked a lot about climate change. But
many people are getting kind of tired of the topic. Why aren’t
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 we taking it seriously? Maybe because most of the impact
of climate change is in the future, it’s easy not to think about
the effects. But to the people of the Maldives, the effects are
already very real.
Most of the Maldives are barely above sea level—just about
seven feet. Any increase in the sea level could lead to
dangerous floods. So the government took three steps to
protect the country and its population.
First, the government built an 11.5-foot high wall around
Malé, the country’s capital. The wall gave the city some
protection from a tsunami in 2004, but there was still a lot of
flooding. 88 people died, and more than 10,000 people lost
their homes as a result of the floods. But without the wall, it
would have been much worse. Scientists predict that global
warming will cause the sea level to rise between three and
five feet by the end of this century. Next time, the people of
Malé may not be so lucky.
But the Maldivian government is not waiting for the next
tsunami. It has built an artificial island about ten feet above
sea level. The island has a hospital, schools, shops, and
homes. The government hopes that one day in the future,
more than 100,000 people will live there.
Maldivian President Mohamed Nasheed knows that he
cannot protect his country by himself. Because he wanted
to get the world’s attention, Nasheed held the world’s first
underwater governmental meeting. In the meeting, Maldivian
leaders signed a document pleading with world leaders
to work together against climate change. However, it was
mostly a symbolic action and may not result in much change.
The Maldives will be the first to feel the impact of climate
change. For these islands, even a small change in sea
level may have serious consequences. But what if all
the ice melted? This was a question the folks at National
Geographic recently asked. Naturally, the sea level would
go up—and by a lot. Scientists predict that it would rise by
about 216 feet—about the height of a 20-story building.
What would our world look like with all that extra sea water?
This map shows that it would be very, very different. For one
thing, the Maldives would be gone forever. This map shows
what part of Asia might look like if all the ice melted. In
China, cities on the coast, home to 600 million people today,
would disappear.
These predictions may seem dramatic. All of our ice is
probably not going to melt, at least not soon. At its current
rate, scientists think that would take about 5,000 years.
However, we are already seeing the effects of higher sea
levels. These changes have real consequences for ordinary
people—like us.
VIDEO TRACK 1.6  10:11 min
Part 2, page 35, Exercise E, Watch for Main Ideas and
Exercise F, Watch for Details
LEWIS PUGH  [E]ver since I think I was just six years old, I
dreamed of going to the polar regions. I really, really
wanted to go to the Arctic. There was something about
that place which drew me to it. And, well, sometimes it
takes a long time for a dream to come true. But seven
years ago, I went to the Arctic for the first time. And it
was so beautiful that I’ve been back there ever since, for
the last seven years. I love the place.
But I have seen that place change beyond all description,
just in that short period of time. I have seen polar bears
walking across very, very thin ice in search of food. I have
swum in front of glaciers which have retreated so much.
55516_video.indd 65
And I have also, every year, seen less and less sea ice. And I
wanted the world to know what was happening up there.
In the two years before my swim, 23 percent of the arctic
sea ice cover just melted away. And I wanted to really shake
the lapels of world leaders to get them to understand what is
happening. So I decided to do this symbolic swim at the top
of the world, in a place which should be frozen over, but which
now is rapidly unfreezing. And the message was very clear:
Climate change is for real, and we need to do something
about it. And we need to do something about it right now.
Well, swimming across the North Pole, it’s not an ordinary
thing to do. I mean, just to put it in perspective, 27 degrees
is the temperature of a normal indoor swimming pool.
This morning, the temperature of the English Channel was
18 degrees. The passengers who fell off the Titanic fell into
water of just five degrees centigrade. Fresh water freezes at
zero. And the water at the North Pole is minus 1.7.
[A]fter a year of training, I felt ready. I felt confident that I
could actually do this swim. So myself and the five members
of the team, we hitched a ride on an icebreaker which was
going to the North Pole. And on day four, we decided to just
do a quick five minute test swim. I had never swum in water
of minus 1.7 degrees before, because it’s just impossible to
train in those types of conditions. So we stopped the ship,
as you do. We all got down onto the ice, and I then got into
my swimming costume and I dived into the sea.
I have never in my life felt anything like that moment. I could
barely breathe. I was gasping for air. I was hyperventilating
so much, and within seconds my hands were numb. And it
was—the paradox is that you’re in freezing cold water, but
actually you’re on fire. I swam as hard as I could for five
minutes. I remember just trying to get out of the water. I
climbed out of the ice. And I remember taking the goggles
off my face and looking down at my hands in sheer shock,
because my fingers had swollen so much that they were like
sausages. And they were swollen so much, I couldn’t even
close them.
What had happened is that we are made partially of water,
and when water freezes it expands. And so what had
actually happened is that the cells in my fingers had frozen
and expanded. And they had burst. And I was in so much
agony. I immediately got rushed onto the ship and into a hot
shower.
And I remember standing underneath the hot shower and
trying to defrost my fingers. And I thought, in two days’
time, I was going to do this swim across the North Pole. I
was going to try and do a 20-minute swim, for one kilometer
across the North Pole.
And so I now want to show you a short video of what
happened there on the ice.
LP (VIDEO)  We’re just sailing out of harbor now, and it’s at
this stage when one can have a bit of a wobble mentally.
Everything just looks so gray around here, and looks
so cold. We’ve just seen our first polar bears. It was
absolutely magical. A mother and a cub, such a beautiful
sight. And to think that in 30, 40 years they could become
extinct. It’s a very frightening, very, very frightening
thought. We’re finally at the North Pole. This is months
and months and months of dreaming to get here, years of
training and planning and preparation. Ooh. In a couple
of hours’ time I’m going to get in here and do my swim.
It’s all a little bit frightening, and emotional. Amundson,
you ready?
AMUNDSON (VIDEO)  Ready.
VIDEO SCRIPTS 65
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 LEWIS PUGH (VIDEO)  Ten seconds to swim. Ten seconds to
swim. Take the goggles off. Take the goggles off!
MAN (VIDEO)  Take the shoes. Take the shoes. Well done lad!
You did it! You did it Lewis! You did it! You did it man!
VIDEO TRACK 1.7  3:53 min
Page 36, Exercise G
Segment 1
LEWIS PUGH  [E]ver since I think I was just six years old, I
dreamed of going to the polar regions. I really, really
wanted to go to the Arctic. There was something about
that place which drew me to it. And, well, sometimes it
takes a long time for a dream to come true. But seven
years ago, I went to the Arctic for the first time. And it
was so beautiful that I’ve been back there ever since, for
the last seven years. I love the place.
But I have seen that place change beyond all description,
just in that short period of time. I have seen polar bears
walking across very, very thin ice in search of food. I have
swum in front of glaciers which have retreated so much.
And I have also, every year, seen less and less sea ice. And I
wanted the world to know what was happening up there.
In the two years before my swim, 23 percent of the arctic
sea ice cover just melted away. And I wanted to really shake
the lapels of world leaders to get them to understand what is
happening. So I decided to do this symbolic swim at the top
of the world, in a place which should be frozen over, but which
now is rapidly unfreezing. And the message was very clear:
Climate change is for real, and we need to do something
about it. And we need to do something about it right now.
Segment 2
[A]fter a year of training, I felt ready. I felt confident that I
could actually do this swim. So myself and the five members
of the team, we hitched a ride on an icebreaker which was
going to the North Pole. And on day four, we decided to just
do a quick five minute test swim. I had never swum in water
of minus 1.7 degrees before, because it’s just impossible to
train in those types of conditions. So we stopped the ship,
as you do. We all got down onto the ice, and I then got into
my swimming costume and I dived into the sea.
I have never in my life felt anything like that moment. I could
barely breathe. I was gasping for air. I was hyperventilating
so much, and within seconds my hands were numb. And it
was—the paradox is that you’re in freezing cold water, but
actually you’re on fire. I swam as hard as I could for five
minutes. I remember just trying to get out of the water. I
climbed out of the ice. And I remember taking the goggles
off my face and looking down at my hands in sheer shock,
because my fingers had swollen so much that they were like
sausages. And they were swollen so much, I couldn’t even
close them.
What had happened is that we are made partially of water,
and when water freezes it expands. And so what had actually
happened is that the cells in my fingers had frozen and
expanded. And they had burst. And I was in so much agony.
I immediately got rushed onto the ship and into a hot shower.
And I remember standing underneath the hot shower and
trying to defrost my fingers. And I thought, in two days’
time, I was going to do this swim across the North Pole. I
was going to try and do a 20-minute swim, for one kilometer
across the North Pole.
66 VIDEO SCRIPTS
55516_video.indd 66
VIDEO TRACK 1.8  2:44 min
Page 38, Exercise I, Expand Your Vocabulary
“And, well, sometimes it takes a long time for a dream to
come true. But seven years ago, I went to the Arctic for the
first time.”
1. What does come true mean?
a. become a wish
b. happen as you hoped
c. be correct
“But I have seen that place change beyond all description,
just in that short period of time.”
2. What does beyond all description mean?
a. very dramatically
b. in strange ways
c. in a new way
“I felt confident that I could actually do this swim. So myself
and the five members of the team, we hitched a ride on an
icebreaker which was going to the North Pole.”
3. What does hitched a ride mean?
a. hired
b. traveled behind
c. traveled for free
“And I remember taking the goggles off my face and looking
down at my hands in sheer shock, because my fingers had
swollen so much that they were like sausages.”
4. What does in shock mean?
a. in complete surprise
b. in terrible pain
c. without understanding
“And so what had actually happened is that the cells in my
fingers had frozen and expanded. And they had burst. And
I was in so much agony. I immediately got rushed onto the
ship and into a hot shower.”
5. What does in agony mean?
a. very confused
b. in terrible pain
c. in terrible danger
Unit 3
VIDEO TRACK 1.9  5:47 min
Part 2, page 56, Exercise D, Watch for Main Ideas
A few years ago, after finishing my Ph.D. in London, I moved
to Boston. I lived in Boston and worked in Cambridge. I
bought a racing bicycle that summer, and I bicycled every day
to work. To find my way, I used my phone. It sent me over
Mass. Ave., Massachusetts Avenue, the shortest route from
Boston to Cambridge. But after a month that I was cycling
every day on the car-packed Mass. Ave., I took a different
route one day. I’m not entirely sure why I took a different route
that day, a detour.
I just remember a feeling of surprise; surprise at finding a
street with no cars, as opposed to the nearby Mass. Ave.
full of cars; surprise at finding a street draped by leaves
and surrounded by trees. But after the feeling of surprise, I
felt shame. How could I have been so blind? For an entire
month, I was so trapped in my mobile app that a journey
to work became one thing only: the shortest path. In this
single journey, there was no thought of enjoying the road,
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 no pleasure in connecting with nature, no possibility of
looking people in the eyes. And why? Because I was saving
a minute out of my commute.
Now let me ask you: Am I alone here? How many of you
have never used a mapping app for finding directions? Most
of you, if not all, have. And don’t get me wrong—mapping
apps are the greatest game-changer for encouraging people
to explore the city. You take your phone out and you know
immediately where to go. However, the app also assumes
there are only a handful of directions to the destination.
It has the power to make those handful of directions the
definitive direction to that destination.
After that experience, I changed. I changed my research
from traditional data-mining to understanding how people
experience the city.
Einstein once said, “Logic will get you from A to B.
Imagination will take you everywhere.” So with a bit of
imagination, we needed to understand which parts of the
city people find beautiful. At the University of Cambridge,
with colleagues, we thought about this simple experiment.
If I were to show you these two urban scenes, and I were
to ask you which one is more beautiful, which one would
you say? Don’t be shy. Who says A? Who says B? Brilliant.
Based on that idea, we built a crowdsourcing platform, a
web game. Players are shown pairs of urban scenes, and
they’re asked to choose which one is more beautiful, quiet
and happy. Based on thousands of user votes, then we are
able to see where consensus emerges. We are able to see
which are the urban scenes that make people happy.
After that work, I joined Yahoo Labs, and I teamed up with
Luca and Rossano, and together, we aggregated those
winning locations in London to build a new map of the
city, a cartography weighted for human emotions. On this
cartography, you’re not only able to see and connect from
point A to point B the shortest segments, but you’re also able
to see the happy segment, the beautiful path, the quiet path.
In tests, participants found the happy, the beautiful, the quiet
path far more enjoyable than the shortest one, and just by
adding a few minutes to travel time. Participants also love to
attach memories to places. Shared memories—that’s where
the old BBC building was; and personal memories—that’s
where I gave my first kiss. They also recalled how some paths
smelled and sounded. So what if we had a mapping tool that
would return the most enjoyable routes based not only on
aesthetics but also based on smell, sound, and memories?
That’s where our research is going right now. More generally,
my research, what it tries to do is avoid the danger of the
single path, to avoid robbing people of fully experiencing the
city in which they live. Walk the path through the park, not
through the car park, and you have an entirely different path.
Walk the path full of people you love and not full of cars, and
you have an entirely different path. It’s that simple.
VIDEO TRACK 1.10  2:55 min
Page 57, Exercise E, Watch for Details
Segment 1
A few years ago, after finishing my Ph.D. in London, I moved
to Boston. I lived in Boston and worked in Cambridge. I
bought a racing bicycle that summer, and I bicycled every day
to work. To find my way, I used my phone. It sent me over
Mass. Ave., Massachusetts Avenue, the shortest route from
Boston to Cambridge. But after a month that I was cycling
every day on the car-packed Mass. Ave., I took a different
route one day. I’m not entirely sure why I took a different route
that day, a detour.
55516_video.indd 67
I just remember a feeling of surprise; surprise at finding a
street with no cars, as opposed to the nearby Mass. Ave.
full of cars; surprise at finding a street draped by leaves
and surrounded by trees. But after the feeling of surprise, I
felt shame. How could I have been so blind? For an entire
month, I was so trapped in my mobile app that a journey
to work became one thing only: the shortest path. In this
single journey, there was no thought of enjoying the road,
no pleasure in connecting with nature, no possibility of
looking people in the eyes. And why? Because I was saving
a minute out of my commute.
Now let me ask you: Am I alone here? How many of you
have never used a mapping app for finding directions? Most
of you, if not all, have. And don’t get me wrong—mapping
apps are the greatest game-changer for encouraging people
to explore the city. You take your phone out and you know
immediately where to go. However, the app also assumes
there are only a handful of directions to the destination.
It has the power to make those handful of directions the
definitive direction to that destination.
After that experience, I changed. I changed my research
from traditional data-mining to understanding how people
experience the city.
VIDEO TRACK 1.11  2:19 min
Page 58, Exercise F, Watch for Details
Segment 2
Einstein once said, “Logic will get you from A to B.
Imagination will take you everywhere.” So with a bit of
imagination, we needed to understand which parts of the
city people find beautiful. At the University of Cambridge,
with colleagues, we thought about this simple experiment.
If I were to show you these two urban scenes, and I were
to ask you which one is more beautiful, which one would
you say? Don’t be shy. Who says A? Who says B? Brilliant.
Based on that idea, we built a crowdsourcing platform,
a web game. Players are shown pairs of urban scenes,
and they’re asked to choose which one is more beautiful,
quiet and happy. Based on thousands of user votes, then
we are able to see where consensus emerges. We are
able to see which are the urban scenes that make people
happy.
After that work, I joined Yahoo Labs, and I teamed up with
Luca and Rossano, and together, we aggregated those
winning locations in London to build a new map of the
city, a cartography weighted for human emotions. On this
cartography, you’re not only able to see and connect from
point A to point B the shortest segments, but you’re also able
to see the happy segment, the beautiful path, the quiet path.
In tests, participants found the happy, the beautiful, the quiet
path far more enjoyable than the shortest one, and just by
adding a few minutes to travel time.
VIDEO TRACK 1.12  2:15 min
Page 58, Exercise G, Expand Your Vocabulary
“I just remember a feeling of surprise; surprise at finding a
street with no cars, as opposed to the nearby Mass. Ave.
full of cars; surprise at finding a street draped by leaves and
surrounded by trees.”
1. What does as opposed to mean?
a. against
b. very much like
c. different from
VIDEO SCRIPTS 67
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 “In this single journey, there was no thought of enjoying the
road, no pleasure in connecting with nature, no possibility of
looking people in the eyes.”
2. What does looking people in the eyes mean?
a. being honest and direct with them
b. seeing them clearly
c. understanding them
“And don’t get me wrong—mapping apps are the greatest
game-changer for encouraging people to explore the city.”
3. What does don’t get me wrong mean?
a. don’t disagree with me
b. don’t misunderstand me
c. don’t wait too long
“After that work, I joined Yahoo Labs, and I teamed up with
Luca and Rossano, and together, we aggregated those
winning locations in London to build a new map of the city.”
4. What does team up with mean?
a. join to work with
b. play on the same side as
c. compete with
VIDEO TRACK 1.13  0:22 min
Page 60, Presentation Skill: Pause
Imagination will take you everywhere. So with a bit of
imagination, we needed to understand which parts of the
city people find beautiful.
VIDEO TRACK 1.14  0:38 min
Page 60, Exercise B
In tests, participants found the happy, the beautiful, the
quiet path far more enjoyable than the shortest one, and
just by adding a few minutes to travel time. Participants also
love to attach memories to places. Shared memories—that’s
where the old BBC building was; and personal memories—
that’s where I gave my first kiss.
Unit 4
VIDEO TRACK 1.15  3:56 min
Part 1, page 67, Exercise F, Listen for Main Ideas
DEL  Ok, guys, we really ought to get started on our
presentation. I’ve started our first slide. I’ll bet a lot of
people don’t realize that sneakers are a 42-billion-dollar
a year business. That’s bigger than the economy of some
countries!
HIRO  Yeah, you’re right. Ok, so, I think we should present
the sneaker market as a great example of supply and
demand.
DEL  Yes, exactly. It is also a classic example of market
control by a single company. Nike controls more than 60
percent of the U.S. sneaker market. They are completely
dominant. But the interesting part of the market is at the
high end—the most expensive shoes. I think that should
be our focus. Nike releases just a small number of these
high-end shoe styles every week or so. Sneakerheads—
yeah that’s what they call serious sneaker collectors—are
willing to stand in line for hours, even days, to buy them.
Since the company limits supply, demand is really strong.
RACHEL  It would be a good idea to point out that this is only
part of the picture. There are really two separate markets
68 VIDEO SCRIPTS
55516_video.indd 68
for sneakers. This is the primary market, that is, the
first time the shoes are sold—from the company to an
individual.
DEL  Let’s talk about the secondary market, too. Nike is even
more dominant there—more like 95 percent of these
high-end shoes on the secondary market are Nikes.
RACHEL  Right, but I suggest we first explain what the
secondary market is. We could say something like: The
primary market is when a customer buys a pair of shoes
in a store, but some sneakerheads don’t like standing in
line; so they buy their shoes in the secondary market—
mainly from the hundreds of internet sneaker sites. The
secondary market is mostly sneakerheads selling to other
sneakerheads. But they have to pay more, sometimes
three to four times more than the store price. People
can make a lot of money on the secondary market. It’s a
1.2-billion-dollar business and average profit margins are
about 30 percent.
HIRO  I saw a pair of Air Jordans for sale online for almost
$1,100. Most of the really expensive ones are connected
to celebrities, like hip hop artists or athletes.
RACHEL  That’s nothing. Some others cost a lot more. Let’s
show a picture of an expensive pair. And what about a
profile of a famous sneakerhead? One guy has more than
3,000 pairs and his collection is worth $750,000!
HIRO  Wow. I read that some sneakerheads have portfolios of
their shoes. We should mention that.
DEL  They have what?
HIRO  You know, if you buy stocks, or even have a bank
account, you get a statement that tells you the value of
what you own—the value of your portfolio. It’s the same
thing—just sneakers instead of stocks.
RACHEL  That’s a great detail. This information demonstrates
that sneakers are a serious business, even if not many
people know about it.
DEL  But let’s not forget this isn’t just about buying and
selling sneakers. I found this quote from a movie called
Sneakerheadz: “There are a handful of things that can
define who you are without saying a word. And your
shoes are one of them.”
RACHEL  Excellent. That movie also shows that knowledge of
sneakerheads is becoming more widespread. OK I think
we have a good plan. We should put the quote at the
end. How about meeting around 9:15 or 9:30 at my place
to finish up?
DEL HIRO  Sounds good.
VIDEO TRACK 1.16  1:03 min
Part 2, page 76, Exercise F, Watch for Details
Segment 1
In the past few months, I’ve been traveling for weeks
at a time with only one suitcase of clothes. One day, I
was invited to an important event, and I wanted to wear
something special and new for it. So I looked through my
suitcase and I couldn’t find anything to wear. I was lucky
to be at the technology conference on that day, and I had
access to 3D printers. So I quickly designed a skirt on my
computer, and I loaded the file on the printer. It just printed
the pieces overnight. The next morning, I just took all the
pieces, assembled them together in my hotel room, and this
is actually the skirt that I’m wearing right now.
(Applause)
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 VIDEO TRACK 1.17  4:11 min
Page 77, Exercise G, Watch for Details
Segment 2
So it wasn’t the first time that I printed clothes. For my
senior collection at fashion design school, I decided to try
and 3D print an entire fashion collection from my home. The
problem was that I barely knew anything about 3D printing,
and I had only nine months to figure out how to print five
fashionable looks.
I always felt most creative when I worked from home. I loved
experimenting with new materials, and I always tried to
develop new techniques to make the most unique textiles
for my fashion projects. I loved going to old factories and
weird stores in search of leftovers of strange powders and
weird materials, and then bring them home to experiment
on. As you can probably imagine, my roommates didn’t like
that at all.
(Laughter)
So I decided to move on to working with big machines,
ones that didn’t fit in my living room. I love the exact and the
custom work I can do with all kinds of fashion technologies,
like knitting machines and laser cutting and silk printing.
One summer break, I came here to New York for an
internship at a fashion house in Chinatown. We worked on
two incredible dresses that were 3D printed. They were
amazing—like you can see here.
The breakthrough came when I was introduced to Filaflex,
which is a new kind of filament. It’s strong, yet very flexible.
And with it, I was able to print the first garment, the red
jacket that had the word “Liberté”—”freedom” in French—
embedded into it. I chose this word because I felt so
empowered and free when I could just design a garment
from my home and then print it by myself. And actually, you
can easily download this jacket, and easily change the word
to something else.
So the printer plates are small, so I had to piece the garment
together, just like a puzzle.
And I wanted to solve another challenge. I wanted to print
textiles that I would use just like regular fabrics. That’s when
I found an open-source file from an architect who designed
a pattern that I love. And with it, I was able to print a
beautiful textile that I would use just like a regular fabric. And
it actually even looks a little bit like lace.
So I took his file and I modified it, and changed it, played
with it—many kinds of versions out of it. And I needed to
print another 1,500 more hours to complete printing my
collection. So I brought six printers to my home and just
printed 24-7. And this is actually a really slow process, but
let’s remember the Internet was significantly slower 20 years
ago, so 3D printing will also accelerate and in no time you’ll
be able to print a T-Shirt in your home in just a couple of
hours, or even minutes.
Rebecca is wearing one of my five outfits. Almost everything
here she’s wearing, I printed from my home. Even her shoes
are printed.
So I think in the future, materials will evolve, and they will
look and feel like fabrics we know today, like cotton or
silk. Imagine personalized clothes that fit exactly to your
measurements.
Music was once a very physical thing. You would have to
go to the record shop and buy CDs, but now you can just
download the music—digital music—directly to your phone.
55516_video.indd 69
Fashion is also a very physical thing. And I wonder what our
world will look like when our clothes will be digital, just like
this skirt is.
Thank you so much.
VIDEO TRACK 1.18  2:09 min
Page 78, Exercise J, Expand Your Vocabulary
“I decided to move on to working with big machines, ones
that didn’t fit in my living room.”
1. What does move on mean?
a. change places
b. start a new activity
c. continue
“And actually, you can easily download this jacket, and
easily change the word to something else.”
2. What does actually mean?
a. certainly
b. now
c. in reality
“So I brought six printers to my home and just printed 24-7.”
3. What does 24-7 mean?
a. continuously
b. on time
c. on schedule
“And this is actually a really slow process, but let’s remember
the Internet was significantly slower 20 years ago, so 3D
printing will also accelerate and in no time you’ll be able to
print a T-Shirt in your home in just a couple of hours, or even
minutes.”
4. What does in no time mean?
a. quickly
b. never
c. always
Unit 5
VIDEO TRACK 1.19  3:50 min
Part 1, page 86, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas
Sharks! Most people are scared of sharks because of their
large, sharp teeth. However, it is their skin that may be the
most interesting to scientists. Scientists and engineers can
learn a lot from nature. They can use designs and structures
from nature to create something new. This week on Science
Today, we are going to look at biomimicry: how scientists
and engineers are adapting the surfaces of plants and
animals for new purposes.
Right, so what do I mean by surfaces? Well, your skin is a
natural surface—a layer that covers your whole body. Each
plant and animal has a unique surface that performs some
function that is important for the organism. Scientists and
engineers have studied these functions and have been able
to adapt some of them for human use.
So, let’s start with the shark. The shark’s skin has a unique
structure. It is covered with a layer of tiny scales in the shape
of a diamond. This layer has a very important purpose.
Scientists noticed that nothing seemed to grow on sharks’
skin. In contrast, all sorts of organisms grow on the skin
of other fish and of whales, including harmful bacteria.
However, the unique arrangement of scales on the sharks’
VIDEO SCRIPTS 69
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 skin prevents the growth of any organisms. Scientists
quickly realized this could have very useful applications, for
example, in hospitals. Because there are many sick people
in hospitals, dangerous bacteria can spread and begin to
grow on walls, doors, and other surfaces. Engineers adapted
the structure of shark skin and created a thin film that can
be used on walls, floors and other surfaces. The film helps
prevent the growth of bacteria.
Now, let’s move to the world of plants. Most plants use air,
water and sunlight to make their own food. But some plants,
like the pitcher plant, eat insects. How can a plant catch an
insect? The pitcher plant has a secret weapon—the surface
at the top of its “pitcher”. When it is dry, the surface is a little
bit rough so insects can walk on it safely. However, when it
is wet, it becomes very slippery so the insects slip down the
sides and fall into the pitcher. The liquid at the bottom quickly
kills them. This activity caught the attention of scientists.
They studied the pitcher plant’s surface and discovered that,
like the shark’s skin, it was unique. They adapted its structure
for a product with a similar purpose. They created a thin film
that can make any surface very slippery. Nothing will stick
to this film. Water, ice, oil, paint—everything—slips right off.
Just think of all the uses this could have!
So, these are just two examples of biomimicry and how
scientists and engineers can adapt designs from nature to
improve our lives. We will be back after a short break to talk
about some more examples of applications like these.
VIDEO TRACK 1.20  4:09 min
Part 2, page 95, Exercise E, Watch for Main Ideas
My students and I work on very tiny robots. Now, you can
think of these as robotic versions of something that you’re
all very familiar with: an ant. We all know that ants and other
insects at this size scale can do some pretty incredible
things. We’ve all seen a group of ants, or some version of
that, carting off your potato chip at a picnic, for example.
But what are the real challenges of engineering these ants?
Well, first of all, how do we get the capabilities of an ant in
a robot at the same size scale? Well, first we need to figure
out how to make them move when they’re so small. We
need mechanisms like legs and efficient motors in order to
support that locomotion, and we need the sensors, power
and control in order to pull everything together in a semi-
intelligent ant robot. And finally, to make these things really
functional, we want a lot of them working together in order
to do bigger things.
So I’ll start with mobility. Insects move around amazingly
well. This video is from UC Berkeley. It shows a cockroach
moving over incredibly rough terrain without tipping over,
and it’s able to do this because its legs are a combination
of rigid materials, which is what we traditionally use to
make robots, and soft materials. Jumping is another really
interesting way to get around when you’re very small. So
these insects store energy in a spring and release that really
quickly to get the high power they need to jump out of
water, for example.
So one of the big contributions from my lab has been
to combine rigid and soft materials in very, very small
mechanisms. So this jumping mechanism is about four
millimeters on a side, so really tiny. The hard material here
is silicon, and the soft material is silicone rubber. And the
basic idea is that we’re going to compress this, store energy
in the springs, and then release it to jump. So there’s no
motors on board this right now, no power. This is actuated
70 VIDEO SCRIPTS
55516_video.indd 70
with a method that we call in my lab “graduate student with
tweezers.” (Laughter) So what you’ll see in the next video
is this guy doing amazingly well for its jumps. So this is
Aaron, the graduate student in question, with the tweezers,
and what you see is this four-millimeter-sized mechanism
jumping almost 40 centimeters high. That’s almost 100
times its own length. And it survives, bounces on the table,
it’s incredibly robust, and of course survives quite well until
we lose it because it’s very tiny.
So the next video is one of my favorites. So you have this
300-milligram robot jumping about eight centimeters in the
air. It’s only four by four by seven millimeters in size. And
you’ll see a big flash at the beginning when the energetic is
set off, and the robot tumbling through the air. So there was
that big flash, and you can see the robot jumping up through
the air. So there’s no tethers on this, no wires connecting to
this. Everything is onboard, and it jumped in response to the
student just flicking on a desk lamp next to it.
So I think you can imagine all the cool things that we could
do with robots that can run and crawl and jump and roll at
this size scale. Imagine the rubble that you get after a natural
disaster like an earthquake. Imagine these small robots
running through that rubble to look for survivors. Or imagine
a lot of small robots running around a bridge in order to
inspect it and make sure it’s safe so you don’t get collapses
like this, which happened outside of Minneapolis in 2007. Or
just imagine what you could do if you had robots that could
swim through your blood. Right? “Fantastic Voyage,” Isaac
Asimov. Or they could operate without having to cut you
open in the first place.
So I think I’ve given you some of the possibilities of what we
can do with these small robots. And hopefully we’ve made
some advances so far, but there’s still a long way to go, and
hopefully some of you can contribute to that destination.
VIDEO TRACK 1.21  2:48 min
Page 96, Exercise F, Recognize Key Terms
Segment 1
My students and I work on very tiny robots. Now, you can think
of these as robotic versions of something that you’re all very
familiar with: an ant. We all know that ants and other insects at
this size scale can do some pretty incredible things. We’ve all
seen a group of ants, or some version of that, carting off your
potato chip at a picnic, for example.
But what are the real challenges of engineering these ants?
Well, first of all, how do we get the capabilities of an ant in
a robot at the same size scale? Well, first we need to figure
out how to make them move when they’re so small. We
need mechanisms like legs and efficient motors in order to
support that locomotion, and we need the sensors, power
and control in order to pull everything together in a semi-
intelligent ant robot. And finally, to make these things really
functional, we want a lot of them working together in order
to do bigger things.
So I’ll start with mobility. Insects move around amazingly
well. This video is from UC Berkeley. It shows a cockroach
moving over incredibly rough terrain without tipping over,
and it’s able to do this because its legs are a combination
of rigid materials, which is what we traditionally use to
make robots, and soft materials. Jumping is another really
interesting way to get around when you’re very small. So
these insects store energy in a spring and release that really
quickly to get the high power they need to jump out of
water, for example.
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 Segment 2
So the next video is one of my favorites. So you have this
300-milligram robot jumping about eight centimeters in the
air. It’s only four by four by seven millimeters in size. And
you’ll see a big flash at the beginning when the energetic is
set off, and the robot tumbling through the air. So there was
that big flash, and you can see the robot jumping up through
the air. So there’s no tethers on this, no wires connecting to
this. Everything is onboard, and it jumped in response to the
student just flicking on a desk lamp next to it.
So I think you can imagine all the cool things that we could
do with robots that can run and crawl and jump and roll at
this size scale.
VIDEO TRACK 1.22  2:48 min
page 97, Exercise H, Watch for Details
Segment 3
My students and I work on very tiny robots. Now, you can think
of these as robotic versions of something that you’re all very
familiar with: an ant. We all know that ants and other insects at
this size scale can do some pretty incredible things. We’ve all
seen a group of ants, or some version of that, carting off your
potato chip at a picnic, for example.
But what are the real challenges of engineering these ants?
Well, first of all, how do we get the capabilities of an ant in
a robot at the same size scale? Well, first we need to figure
out how to make them move when they’re so small. We need
mechanisms like legs and efficient motors in order to support
that locomotion, and we need the sensors, power and control in
order to pull everything together in a semi-intelligent ant robot.
And finally, to make these things really functional, we want a lot
of them working together in order to do bigger things.
Segment 4
So one of the big contributions from my lab has been
to combine rigid and soft materials in very, very small
mechanisms. So this jumping mechanism is about four
millimeters on a side, so really tiny. The hard material here is
silicon, and the soft material is silicone rubber. And the basic
idea is that we’re going to compress this, store energy in the
springs, and then release it to jump. So there’s no motors on
board this right now, no power. This is actuated with a method
that we call in my lab “graduate student with tweezers.”
So I think you can imagine all the cool things that we could
do with robots that can run and crawl and jump and roll at
this size scale. Imagine the rubble that you get after a natural
disaster like an earthquake. Imagine these small robots
running through that rubble to look for survivors. Or imagine
a lot of small robots running around a bridge in order to
inspect it and make sure it’s safe so you don’t get collapses
like this, which happened outside of Minneapolis in 2007. Or
just imagine what you could do if you had robots that could
swim through your blood. Right? “Fantastic Voyage,” Isaac
Asimov. Or they could operate without having to cut you
open in the first place.
VIDEO TRACK 1.23  2:25 min
Page 98, Exercise I, Expand Your Vocabulary
“Well, first we need to figure out how to make them move
when they’re so small.”
1. What does figure out mean?
a. design
b. calculate
c. understand
55516_video.indd 71
“We need mechanisms like legs and efficient motors in order
to support that locomotion, and we need the sensors, power
and control in order to pull everything together in a semi-
intelligent ant robot.”
2. What does semi-intelligent mean?
a. not smart
b. partly intelligent
c. not very intelligent
“It shows a cockroach moving over incredibly rough terrain
without tipping over.”
3. What is rough terrain?
a. bumpy land
b. narrow spaces
c. high areas
“And you’ll see a big flash at the beginning when the energetic
is set off, and the robot tumbling through the air.”
4. What does set off mean?
a. started
b. separated
c. burned
“And hopefully we’ve made some advances so far, but
there’s still a long way to go, and hopefully some of you can
contribute to that destination.”
5. What does destination mean?
a. city
b. tourist attraction
c. goal
VIDEO TRACK 1.24  0:25 min
Page 100, Presentation Skill: Have a Strong Ending
So I think I’ve given you some of the possibilities of what we
can do with these small robots. And hopefully we’ve made
some advances so far, but there’s still a long way to go, and
hopefully some of you can contribute to that destination.
Unit 6
VIDEO TRACK 1.25  5:10 min
Part 1, page 106, Exercise D, Listen for Main Ideas
Segment 1
PROFESSOR  Today I want to introduce you to some people
who live in Gulu in Uganda. Uganda is in East Africa.
We’ll learn how they have worked their way out of
poverty.
So, this girl’s family was able to buy this goat. The goat’s
milk helps feed her family. Any extra milk brings in money for
the family.
And this woman owns a farm. She was able to expand her
farm and grow vegetables to sell at the local market. With
that money, she can send her children to school.
Both of these families got help from an organization called
the Community Action Fund for Women in Africa (CAFWA),
which helps women work toward a better future.
CAFWA is based in the Gulu district in Northern Uganda.
Gulu is one of the poorest regions in the world. More
than 50 percent of the population of Gulu lives below the
international poverty line. More than half of them depend
on farming.
VIDEO SCRIPTS 71
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 So what kind of help did these families get? They got
microloans from CAFWA.
A microloan is different from a regular bank loan. First of
all, the amounts are very low—usually between 50 and
100 dollars.
Second, the borrowers don’t need any collateral. What’s
collateral? Well when you borrow money to buy a house, for
example, if you don’t pay back the loan, the bank will take
your house. The house is your collateral. The people in Gulu
are unable to provide collateral.
Finally, the interest on a microloan is low enough that most
borrowers can pay back the loan—usually between 10 and
30 percent. Before they got the loans, the women in Gulu
barely made enough to feed their families. They were in a
cycle of poverty. After the microloans, they were able to
invest in their farms, and sell their products for a profit. With
part of the profit, they paid back the loan.
Segment 2
Do any of you know anything about microloans? Elena?
ELENA  Yes. I have given money to organizations that make
microloans. I think they are the most effective way to help
poor people.
PROFESSOR  OK, but what is the evidence? Do microloans
really work? That depends on what your measure is.
There is some evidence of success. First, records show
that borrowers almost always pay back the loans—
about 95 percent. In addition, studies by researchers at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology show that
microloans help one group the most: people who already
own a small business.
What do you think? Would you donate to a microloan?
Fuad?
FUAD  No I wouldn’t, because I don’t believe such small
amounts of money can make much of a difference for
most people.
PROFESSOR  Well, you are right. These studies showed that
the loans resulted in no change in the usual measures
of poverty, such as income, health, and education level.
There is another way to look at the situation, though.
Although economic experts do say that people in poverty
often remain poor after they take out a microloan, the
same experts also argue that loans allow these families to
become more financially stable. This is also a measure of
success. So, you can see that the record is not so clear.
However, the women of Gulu have been successful, so
what can explain this success?
The answer is that a loan may not be enough. These women
got more than just a microloan from CAFWA. The organization
taught them about good farming practices. It offered classes
in math and reading. And it taught them how to keep good
business records and save money for the future.
Research on aid suggests that this kind of support increases
the chance that microloans will help people break the cycle
of poverty. Not just the borrower, but the borrower’s family,
and perhaps a whole community.
VIDEO TRACK 1.26  5:50 min
Part 2, page 115, Exercise D, Watch for Main Ideas
I suspect that every aid worker in Africa comes to a time
in her career when she wants to take all the money for her
project—maybe it’s a school or a training program—pack it
in a suitcase, get on a plane flying over the poorest villages
72 VIDEO SCRIPTS
55516_video.indd 72
in the country, and start throwing that money out the
window. Because to a veteran aid worker, the idea of putting
cold, hard cash into the hands of the poorest people on
Earth doesn’t sound crazy, it sounds really satisfying.
I had that moment right about the 10-year mark, and luckily,
that’s also when I learned that this idea actually exists, and it
might be just what the aid system needs. Economists call it
an unconditional cash transfer, and it’s exactly that: It’s cash
given with no strings attached. Governments in developing
countries have been doing this for decades, and it’s only
now, with more evidence and new technology that it’s
possible to make this a model for delivering aid. It’s a pretty
simple idea, right?
Well, why did I spend a decade doing other stuff for the
poor? Honestly, I believed that I could do more good with
money for the poor than the poor could do for themselves.
I held two assumptions: One, that poor people are poor
in part because they’re uneducated and don’t make good
choices; two is that we then need people like me to figure
out what they need and get it to them. It turns out, the
evidence says otherwise. In recent years, researchers have
been studying what happens when we give poor people
cash. Dozens of studies show across the board that people
use cash transfers to improve their own lives. Pregnant
women in Uruguay buy better food and give birth to
healthier babies. Sri Lankan men invest in their businesses.
Researchers who studied our work in Kenya found that
people invested in a range of assets, from livestock to
equipment to home improvements, and they saw increases
in income from business and farming one year after the cash
was sent. None of these studies found that people spend
more on drinking or smoking or that people work less. In
fact, they work more.
We can look at empirical evidence on what happens when
we give people stuff of our choosing. One very telling study
looked at a program in India that gives livestock to the so-
called ultra-poor, and they found that 30 percent of recipients
had turned around and sold the livestock they had been
given for cash. The real irony is, for every 100 dollars worth
of assets this program gave someone, they spent another
99 dollars to do it. What if, instead, we use technology
to put cash, whether from aid agencies or from any one
of us directly into a poor person’s hands. Today, three in
four Kenyans use mobile money, which is basically a bank
account that can run on any cell phone. A sender can pay
a 1.6 percent fee and with the click of a button send money
directly to a recipient’s account with no intermediaries.
That’s what we’ve started to do at GiveDirectly. We’re the
first organization dedicated to providing cash transfers to
the poor. We’ve sent cash to 35,000 people across rural
Kenya and Uganda in one-time payments of 1,000 dollars
per family. So far, we’ve looked for the poorest people in
the poorest villages, and in this part of the world, they’re the
ones living in homes made of mud and thatch, not cement
and iron. So let’s say that’s your family. We show up at
your door with an Android phone. We’ll get your name,
take your photo and a photo of your hut and grab the GPS
coordinates. That night, we send all the data to the cloud,
and each piece gets checked by an independent team
using, for one example, satellite images. Then, we’ll come
back, we’ll sell you a basic cell phone if you don’t have one
already, and a few weeks later, we send money to it.
The more cash we give to the poor, and the more evidence
we have that it works, the more we have to reconsider
everything else we give. Today, the logic behind aid is too
often, well, we do at least some good. I believe in aid. I believe
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 most aid is better than just throwing money out of a plane. I
am also absolutely certain that a lot of aid today isn’t better
than giving directly to the poor. I hope that one day, it will be.
VIDEO TRACK 1.27  6:00 min
Page 116, Exercise E, Watch for Details
Segment 1
I suspect that every aid worker in Africa comes to a time
in her career when she wants to take all the money for her
project—maybe it’s a school or a training program—pack it
in a suitcase, get on a plane flying over the poorest villages
in the country, and start throwing that money out the
window. Because to a veteran aid worker, the idea of putting
cold, hard cash into the hands of the poorest people on
Earth doesn’t sound crazy, it sounds really satisfying.
I had that moment right about the 10-year mark, and luckily,
that’s also when I learned that this idea actually exists, and it
might be just what the aid system needs. Economists call it
an unconditional cash transfer, and it’s exactly that: It’s cash
given with no strings attached. Governments in developing
countries have been doing this for decades, and it’s only
now, with more evidence and new technology that it’s
possible to make this a model for delivering aid. It’s a pretty
simple idea, right?
Well, why did I spend a decade doing other stuff for the
poor? Honestly, I believed that I could do more good with
money for the poor than the poor could do for themselves.
I held two assumptions: One, that poor people are poor
in part because they’re uneducated and don’t make good
choices; two is that we then need people like me to figure
out what they need and get it to them. It turns out, the
evidence says otherwise. In recent years, researchers have
been studying what happens when we give poor people
cash. Dozens of studies show across the board that people
use cash transfers to improve their own lives. Pregnant
women in Uruguay buy better food and give birth to
healthier babies. Sri Lankan men invest in their businesses.
Researchers who studied our work in Kenya found that
people invested in a range of assets, from livestock to
equipment to home improvements, and they saw increases
in income from business and farming one year after the cash
was sent. None of these studies found that people spend
more on drinking or smoking or that people work less. In
fact, they work more.
Segment 2
We can look at empirical evidence on what happens when
we give people stuff of our choosing. One very telling
study looked at a program in India that gives livestock to
the so-called ultra-poor, and they found that 30 percent
of recipients had turned around and sold the livestock
they had been given for cash. The real irony is, for every
100 dollars worth of assets this program gave someone,
they spent another 99 dollars to do it. What if, instead, we
use technology to put cash, whether from aid agencies
or from any one of us directly into a poor person’s hands.
Today, three in four Kenyans use mobile money, which is
basically a bank account that can run on any cell phone.
A sender can pay a 1.6 percent fee and with the click of a
button send money directly to a recipient’s account with no
intermediaries.
That’s what we’ve started to do at GiveDirectly. We’re the
first organization dedicated to providing cash transfers to
the poor. We’ve sent cash to 35,000 people across rural
Kenya and Uganda in one-time payments of 1,000 dollars
55516_video.indd 73
per family. So far, we’ve looked for the poorest people in
the poorest villages, and in this part of the world, they’re the
ones living in homes made of mud and thatch, not cement
and iron. So let’s say that’s your family. We show up at
your door with an Android phone. We’ll get your name,
take your photo and a photo of your hut and grab the GPS
coordinates. That night, we send all the data to the cloud,
and each piece gets checked by an independent team
using, for one example, satellite images. Then, we’ll come
back, we’ll sell you a basic cell phone if you don’t have one
already, and a few weeks later, we send money to it.
The more cash we give to the poor, and the more evidence
we have that it works, the more we have to reconsider
everything else we give. Today, the logic behind aid is too
often, well, we do at least some good. I believe in aid. I
believe most aid is better than just throwing money out of a
plane. I am also absolutely certain that a lot of aid today isn’t
better than giving directly to the poor. I hope that one day, it
will be.
VIDEO TRACK 1.28  2:24 min
Page 117, Exercise F, Expand Your Vocabulary
“It’s cash given with no strings attached.”
1. What does no strings attached mean?
a. no profit
b. no extras
c. no special conditions
“It turns out the evidence says otherwise.”
2. What does it turns out mean?
a. it is true that
b. it is the opposite of
c. it means that
“Dozens of studies show across the board that people use
cash transfers to improve their own lives.”
3. What does across the board mean?
a. often
b. in every case
c. seriously
“One very telling study looked at a program in India that
gives livestock to the so-called ultra-poor.”
4. What does so-called mean?
a. usually known as
b. truly
c. wrongly named
“We show up at your door with an Android phone. We’ll
get your name, take your photo and a photo of your hut and
grab the GPS coordinates.”
5. What does show up mean?
a. knock
b. deliver something
c. appear
VIDEO TRACK 1.29  0:34 min
Page 119, Presentation Skill: Be Personable
Because to a veteran aid worker, the idea of putting cold,
hard cash into the hands of the poorest people on Earth
doesn’t sound crazy, it sounds really satisfying. I had that
moment right about the 10-year mark, and luckily, that’s also
when I learned that this idea actually exists. . .
VIDEO SCRIPTS 73
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 Unit 7
VIDEO TRACK 1.30  4:06 min
Part 1, page 126, Exercise E, Listen For Main Ideas
PROFESSOR  Today we’re going to discuss the idea that the
number of choices people have—for example, when
shopping in a store or online—impacts their happiness.
Are people happier with more choices? Are they happier
with fewer choices?
PROFESSOR  Luz, do you have a question?
LUZ  Yes. Aren’t more choices always better? Everyone likes
options.
PROFESSOR  Do they? Would you prefer this menu or this one?
Yuichi, do you think more choices are better?
YUICHI  Not really, I was going to buy an electric toothbrush
online last night, and there were hundreds of different
options to choose from. . .
PROFESSOR  Wow! So did you buy one?
YUICHI  No, all those choices were too overwhelming!
PROFESSOR  Well, that is a great example related to the
research we’re going to look at today. In 2004, a
psychologist named Barry Schwartz wrote a book called
The Paradox of Choice about these ideas.
Schwartz provides evidence that in many societies that have
a lot of money and freedom to choose where to live, how to
live, what to buy, people say they are less happy and less
satisfied with their lives.
LUZ  So are you saying that people are less happy overall
because they have more choices?
PROFESSOR  Yes, that’s the paradox! More choices mean less
happiness.
We’re going to look at how choice impacts individuals. We’ll
look at two types of personalities that Schwartz talks about
in his book. Maximizers and Satisficers.
These terms are probably unfamiliar to you. So, what do they
mean? Well, let’s start with maximizers.
Does anyone here have trouble making a decision when,
say, you are at a restaurant or in a store? I’ll bet some of
you do! Some people worry a lot about which meal to order
or which shoes to wear with an outfit. They want to be
absolutely sure to have the best. They are perfectionists or
what Schwartz calls “maximizers.”
The second personality we could call Mr. or Ms. “Good
Enough.” People like this don’t need perfection. They are
satisfied with things that are pretty good. Sure, they want
to look nice or have a good meal, but they feel that the
difference among many of their choices is not that great.
They usually make decisions more quickly than maximizers.
Schwartz calls these people “satisficers.” They appreciate
good quality, but they are not too worried about every detail.
They are not perfectionists. Sound familiar? Maybe some of
you are satisficers.
So, do you think that “maximizers” or “satisficers” might
have more difficulty when faced with lots of choices?
CARLO  Well, the perfectionist, right? The “maximizer?”
PROFESSOR  Yes, that’s right. Schwartz believes that
maximizers are likely to have trouble getting things done,
have increased levels of stress, and, therefore, are likely
to be less happy. They have a greater risk for becoming
depressed. Satisficers, in contrast, are more likely to
be—well—satisfied with their lives.
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So, what can you do if you are a maximizer? First, just be
aware of it. Sometimes, just being aware of your personality
type can make life easier. Perhaps you can think differently
in certain situations.
Second, understand that this quality can also be very useful.
There are many professions that require perfection. Do
you want your doctor or surgeon to be “Mr. or Ms. Good
Enough?” Or how about designers of space shuttles or
airplanes?
Last, do something to reduce your stress level: exercise,
meditate or just do something you enjoy.
Any questions?
VIDEO TRACK 1.31  4:18 min
Part 2, page 135, Exercise E, Watch for Main Ideas
What’s in the box? Whatever it is must be pretty important,
because I’ve traveled with it, moved it, from apartment to
apartment to apartment.
(Laughter)
(Applause)
Sound familiar? Did you know that we Americans have
about three times the amount of space we did 50 years ago?
Three times. So you’d think, with all this extra space, we’d
have plenty of room for all our stuff. Right? Nope. There’s
a new industry in town, a 22 billion-dollar, 2.2 billion sq. ft.
industry: that of personal storage. So we’ve got triple the
space, but we’ve become such good shoppers that we need
even more space. So where does this lead? Lots of credit
card debt, huge environmental footprints, and perhaps not
coincidentally, our happiness levels flat-lined over the same
50 years.
Well I’m here to suggest there’s a better way, that less might
actually equal more. I bet most of us have experienced at
some point the joys of less: college—in your dorm, traveling—
in a hotel room, camping—where you got basically nothing,
maybe a boat. Whatever it was for you, I bet that, among other
things, this gave you a little more freedom, a little more time.
So I’m going to suggest that less stuff and less space are
going to equal a smaller footprint. It’s actually a great way to
save you some money. And it’s going to give you a little more
ease in your life.
So how can you live little? Three main approaches. First of
all, you have to edit ruthlessly. We’ve got to clear the arteries
of our lives. And that shirt that I hadn’t worn in years? It’s
time for me to let it go. We’ve got to cut the extraneous out
of our lives, and we’ve got to learn to stem the inflow. We
need to think before we buy. Ask ourselves, “Is that really
going to make me happier? Truly?” By all means, we should
buy and own some great stuff. But we want stuff that we’re
going to love for years, not just stuff.
Secondly, our new mantra: small is sexy. We want space
efficiency. We want things that are designed for how they’re
used the vast majority of the time, not that rare event. Why
have a six burner stove when you rarely use three? So we
want things that nest, we want things that stack, and we
want it digitized. You can take paperwork, books, movies,
and you can make it disappear—it’s magic.
Finally, we want multifunctional spaces and housewares—a
sink combined with a toilet, a dining table becomes a bed—
same space, a little side table stretches out to seat 10.
Most of us, maybe all of us, are here pretty happily for a
bunch of days with a couple of bags, maybe a small space,
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 a hotel room. So when you go home and you walk through
your front door, take a second and ask yourselves, “Could I
do with a little life editing? Would that give me a little more
freedom? Maybe a little more time?”
What’s in the box? It doesn’t really matter. I know I don’t
need it. What’s in yours? Maybe, just maybe, less might
equal more. So let’s make room for the good stuff.
Thank you.
bunch of days with a couple of bags, maybe a small space,
a hotel room. So when you go home and you walk through
your front door, take a second and ask yourselves, “Could I
do with a little life editing? Would that give me a little more
freedom? Maybe a little more time?”
What’s in the box? It doesn’t really matter. I know I don’t
need it. What’s in yours? Maybe, just maybe, less might
equal more. So let’s make room for the good stuff.

(Applause) Thank you.

(Applause)
VIDEO TRACK 1.32  4:31 min
Page 136, Exercise G, Watch for Details VIDEO TRACK 1.33  3:11 min
Page 137, Exercise H, Expand Your Vocabulary
Segment 1
“And that shirt that I hadn’t worn in years? It’s time for me to
What’s in the box? Whatever it is must be pretty important, let it go.”
because I’ve traveled with it, moved it, from apartment to
apartment to apartment. 1. What does let it go mean?
a. relax
(Laughter)
b. allow to happen
(Applause) c. stop holding on to
Sound familiar? Did you know that we Americans have about “I bet (that) most of us have experienced at some point the
three times the amount of space we did 50 years ago? Three joys of less: college—in your dorm, traveling—in a hotel
times. So you’d think, with all this extra space, we’d have room, camping—rig up basically nothing, maybe a boat.
plenty of room for all our stuff. Right? Nope. There’s a new Whatever it was for you, I bet that, among other things, this
industry in town, a 22 billion-dollar, 2.2 billion sq. ft. industry: gave you a little more freedom, a little more time.”
that of personal storage. So we’ve got triple the space, but
2. What does I bet (that) mean?
we’ve become such good shoppers that we need even more
a. I believe strongly
space. So where does this lead? Lots of credit card debt,
huge environmental footprints, and perhaps not coincidentally, b. It’s a possibility
our happiness levels flat-lined over the same 50 years. c. I’ll give you money
“We want things that are designed for how they’re used the
Segment 2 vast majority of the time, not that rare event.”
Well I’m here to suggest there’s a better way, that less might 3. What does vast majority mean?
actually equal more. I bet most of us have experienced a. all of
at some point the joys of less: college—in your dorm,
b. most of
traveling—in a hotel room, camping—where you got
basically nothing, maybe a boat. Whatever it was for you, c. some of
I bet that, among other things, this gave you a little more “So when you go home and you walk through your front
freedom, a little more time. So I’m going to suggest that less door, take a second and ask yourselves, “Could I do with a
stuff and less space are going to equal a smaller footprint. little life editing? Would that give me a little more freedom?
It’s actually a great way to save you some money. And it’s Maybe a little more time?”
going to give you a little more ease in your life. 4. What does take a second mean?
a. think twice
Segment 3
b. stop for a short time
So how can you live little? Three main approaches. First of
c. wait until later
all, you have to edit ruthlessly. We’ve got to clear the arteries
of our lives. And that shirt that I hadn’t worn in years? It’s “By all means, we should buy and own some great stuff.”
time for me to let it go. We’ve got to cut the extraneous out 5. What does by all means mean?
of our lives, and we’ve got to learn to stem the inflow. We a. in any way possible
need to think before we buy. Ask ourselves, “Is that really b. definitely
going to make me happier? Truly?” By all means, we should c. in the end
buy and own some great stuff. But we want stuff that we’re
“Maybe, just maybe, less might equal more. So let’s make
going to love for years, not just stuff.
room for the good stuff.”
Secondly, our new mantra: small is sexy. We want space
6. What does make room for mean?
efficiency. We want things that are designed for how they’re
used the vast majority of the time, not that rare event. Why a. buy
have a six burner stove when you rarely use three? So we b. build a structure for
want things that nest, we want things that stack, and we c. create space for
want it digitized. You can take paperwork, books, movies,
and you can make it disappear—it’s magic. VIDEO TRACK 1.34  0:23 min
Page 139, Presentation Skill: Connect the Ending to the
Finally, we want multifunctional spaces and housewares—a
Beginning
sink combined with a toilet, a dining table becomes a bed—
same space, a little side table stretches out to seat 10 What’s in the box? It doesn’t really matter. I know I don’t
need it. What’s in yours?
Most of us, maybe all of us, are here pretty happily for a

VIDEO SCRIPTS 75

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 Unit 8
VIDEO TRACK 1.35  4:10 min
Part 1, page 147, Exercise F, Listen for Main Ideas
Conservation biologist Juliana Machado Ferreira is on the
front lines in the fight against wildlife trafficking in her home
country of Brazil. The South American country has seen a
rise in the illegal sale of various species of wildlife.
National Geographic Learning talked with Ferreira about her
work protecting Brazil’s wild animals.
What is wildlife trafficking?
JULIANA MACHADO FERREIRA  There are several different kinds
of trafficking: There is trade in animal parts and products.
These are used for souvenirs or fashion accessories,
cosmetics, and drugs. There is also the trade in animals
for zoos and private collectors and finally there is
trafficking of live, wild animals for pets.
Can you describe the market for wild animals as pets in
Brazil? How big is it? Which animals are the most popular?
JMF  The government does not have a figure for the entire
illegal wildlife trade. But just to give you an idea, the
government seized more than 30,000 live animals just
in the state of São Paulo in 2006. Birds are by far the
most popular wild animals for pets in Brazil. Hundreds
of thousands of wild birds are sold annually in street
markets in Brazil.
What are the consequences of this type of wildlife
trafficking?
JMF  If the current level of wildlife trafficking continues,
some of these species may soon become extinct. The
disappearance of these species has consequences not
only for entire ecosystems, but also to human quality of
life. It’s important to protect and maintain biodiversity.
What happens to the animals when the police find them?
JMF  Many people think that when police find these animals
that the problem’s solved. But that’s just the beginning.
Then the real problems begin. If the police see the
animals being collected, then the animals can be released
immediately. But if the animals are already far away from
their original habitat, they cannot be released so easily.
Why not? Why is it important to release animals in their
original habitat?
JMF  Brazil is a huge country. One species may exist in many
different areas with a wide range of climate conditions,
such as temperature and rainfall. Each population has
adapted to these specific conditions. There are also
genetic differences across the populations. If animals from
one region are released in a different environment, they
may not be able to cope with these different conditions.
This process is very complicated—and expensive.
How do you hope your work will help with this problem?
JMF  My work is aimed at developing scientific techniques
to combat traffickers more effectively. Using genetic
markers, we have the potential to identify the origins of
the birds seized by police, but the research is still in an
early stage. We need to collect enough data to detect
differences among the bird populations. If we can do
that, we may be able to use these techniques to return
healthy birds to a spot in the wild where they have the
best chance of survival.
What message do you want to get out to the public about
this issue?
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55516_video.indd 76
JMF  Most people have no idea that buying a parrot can
have a devastating impact on nature, and support a
whole system of illegal activities. That’s why educating
consumers is crucial. Often, just giving them facts
changes minds and behavior. The message is that these
wild species are not pets for your amusement. They
belong in the wild.
VIDEO TRACK 1.36  2:25 min
Part 2, page 155, Exercise D, Listen for Signals
Segment 1
When we think of Nepal, we tend to think of the snow-
capped mountains of the Himalayas, the crystal-clear
still waters of its alpine lakes, or the huge expanse of its
grasslands. What some of us may not realize is that in the
Himalayan foothills, where the climate is much warmer and
the landscape much greener, there lives a great diversity
of wildlife, including the one-horned rhinoceros, the Asian
elephant and the Bengal tiger. But unfortunately, these
animals are under constant threat from poachers who hunt
and kill them for their body parts.
To stop the killing of these animals, battalions of soldiers and
rangers are sent to protect Nepal’s national parks, but that
is not an easy task, because these soldiers have to patrol
thousands of hectares of forests on foot or elephant backs.
It is also risky for these soldiers when they get into gunfights
with poachers, and therefore Nepal is always looking for new
ways to help with protecting the forests and wildlife.
Well recently, Nepal acquired a new tool in the fight against
wildlife crime, and these are drones, or more specifically,
conservation drones. For about a year now, my colleagues
and I have been building drones for Nepal and training
the park protection personnel on the use of these drones.
Not only does a drone give you a bird’s-eye view of the
landscape, but it also allows you to capture detailed,
high-resolution images of objects on the ground. This,
for example, is a pair of rhinoceros taking a cooling bath
on a hot summer day in the lowlands of Nepal. Now we
believe that drones have tremendous potential, not only for
combating wildlife crime, but also for monitoring the health
of these wildlife populations.
VIDEO TRACK 1.37  5:55 min
Page 156, Exercise E, Watch for Main Ideas
When we think of Nepal, we tend to think of the snow-
capped mountains of the Himalayas, the crystal-clear
still waters of its alpine lakes, or the huge expanse of its
grasslands. What some of us may not realize is that in the
Himalayan foothills, where the climate is much warmer and
the landscape much greener, there lives a great diversity
of wildlife, including the one-horned rhinoceros, the Asian
elephant and the Bengal tiger. But unfortunately, these
animals are under constant threat from poachers who hunt
and kill them for their body parts.
To stop the killing of these animals, battalions of soldiers and
rangers are sent to protect Nepal’s national parks, but that
is not an easy task, because these soldiers have to patrol
thousands of hectares of forests on foot or elephant backs.
It is also risky for these soldiers when they get into gunfights
with poachers, and therefore Nepal is always looking for new
ways to help with protecting the forests and wildlife.
Well recently, Nepal acquired a new tool in the fight against
wildlife crime, and these are drones, or more specifically,
conservation drones. For about a year now, my colleagues
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 and I have been building drones for Nepal and training
the park protection personnel on the use of these drones.
Not only does a drone give you a bird’s-eye view of the
landscape, but it also allows you to capture detailed,
high-resolution images of objects on the ground. This,
for example, is a pair of rhinoceros taking a cooling bath
on a hot summer day in the lowlands of Nepal. Now we
believe that drones have tremendous potential, not only for
combating wildlife crime, but also for monitoring the health
of these wildlife populations.
So what can we do with a conservation drone? Well, when
we built our first prototype drone, our main objective was to
fly it over a remote rainforest in North Sumatra, Indonesia,
to look for the nest of a species of great ape known as the
orangutan. The reason we wanted to do that was because
we needed to know how many individuals of this species
are still left in that forest. Now the traditional method of
surveying for orangutans is to walk the forest on foot
carrying heavy equipment and to use a pair of binoculars to
look up in the treetops where you might find an orangutan
or its nest. Now as you can imagine, that is a very time-
consuming, labor-intensive, and costly process, so we
were hoping that drones could significantly reduce the cost
of surveying for orangutan populations in Indonesia and
elsewhere in Southeast Asia. So we were very excited when
we captured our first pair of orangutan nests on camera.
And this is it; this is the first ever picture of orangutan nests
taken with a drone. Since then we have taken pictures
of dozens of these nests from around various parts of
Southeast Asia, and we’re now working with computer
scientists to develop algorithms that can automatically
count the number of nests from the thousands of photos
we’ve collected so far.
But nests are not the only objects these drones can detect.
This is a wild orangutan happily feeding on top of a palm
tree, seemingly oblivious to our drone that was flying
overhead, not once but several times. We’ve also taken
pictures of other animals including forest buffalos in Gabon,
elephants, and even turtle nests.
But besides taking pictures of just the animals themselves,
we also take pictures of the habitats these animals live
in, because we want to keep track of the health of these
habitats. Sometimes, we zoom out a little and look at other
things that might be happening in the landscape. This is an
oil palm plantation in Sumatra. Now oil palm is a major driver
of deforestation in that part of the world, so we wanted to
use this new drone technology to keep track of the spread of
these plantations in Southeast Asia. But drones could also
be used to keep track of illegal logging activities. This is a
recently logged forest, again in Sumatra. You could even still
see the processed wooden planks left on the ground.
But perhaps the most exciting part about taking pictures from
the air is we could later stitch these pictures together using
special software to create a map of the entire landscape, and
this map gives us crucial information for monitoring land use
change, to let us know where and when plantations might be
expanding, where forests might be contracting, or where fires
might be breaking out. Aerial images could also be processed
to produce three-dimensional computer models of forests.
Now these models are not just visually appealing, but they
are also geometrically accurate, which means researchers
can now measure the distance between trees, calculate
surface area, the volume of vegetation, and so on, all of which
are important information for monitoring the health of these
forests
55516_video.indd 77
VIDEO TRACK 1.38  3:12 min
Page 157, Exercise F, Watch for Details
Segment 2
So what can we do with a conservation drone? Well, when
we built our first prototype drone, our main objective was to
fly it over a remote rainforest in North Sumatra, Indonesia,
to look for the nest of a species of great ape known as the
orangutan. The reason we wanted to do that was because
we needed to know how many individuals of this species
are still left in that forest. Now the traditional method of
surveying for orangutans is to walk the forest on foot
carrying heavy equipment and to use a pair of binoculars to
look up in the treetops where you might find an orangutan
or its nest. Now as you can imagine, that is a very time-
consuming, labor-intensive, and costly process, so we
were hoping that drones could significantly reduce the cost
of surveying for orangutan populations in Indonesia and
elsewhere in Southeast Asia. So we were very excited when
we captured our first pair of orangutan nests on camera. And
this is it; this is the first ever picture of orangutan nests taken
with a drone. Since then we have taken pictures of dozens
of these nests from around various parts of Southeast Asia,
and we’re now working with computer scientists to develop
algorithms that can automatically count the number of nests
from the thousands of photos we’ve collected so far.
But besides taking pictures of just the animals themselves,
we also take pictures of the habitats these animals live
in, because we want to keep track of the health of these
habitats. Sometimes, we zoom out a little and look at other
things that might be happening in the landscape. This is an
oil palm plantation in Sumatra. Now oil palm is a major driver
of deforestation in that part of the world, so we wanted to
use this new drone technology to keep track of the spread of
these plantations in Southeast Asia. But drones could also
be used to keep track of illegal logging activities. This is a
recently logged forest, again in Sumatra. You could even still
see the processed wooden planks left on the ground.
But perhaps the most exciting part about taking pictures
from the air is we could later stitch these pictures together
using special software to create a map of the entire
landscape, and this map gives us crucial information for
monitoring land use change, to let us know where and when
plantations might be expanding, where forests might be
contracting, or where fires might be breaking out.
VIDEO TRACK 1.39  2:54 min
Page 158, Exercise H, Expand Your Vocabulary
“But unfortunately, these animals are under constant threat
from poachers who hunt and kill them for their body parts.”
1. What does under threat mean?
a. in the way
b. in danger
c. decreasing
“Not only does a drone give you a bird’s-eye view of the
landscape, but it also allows you to capture detailed, high-
resolution images of objects on the ground.”
2. What does a bird’s-eye view mean?
a. a detailed picture
b. how something looks from a high place
c. a smaller picture
“But drones could also be used to keep track of illegal
logging activities.”
VIDEO SCRIPTS 77
05/10/16 5:00 pm
 3. What does keep track of mean?
a. record
b. fight against
c. monitor
“Now as you can imagine, that is a very time-consuming,
labor-intensive, and costly process, so we were hoping
that drones could significantly reduce the cost of surveying
for orangutan populations in Indonesia and elsewhere in
Southeast Asia.”
4. What does labor-intensive mean?
a. requiring a lot of work
b. requiring a lot of time
c. requiring careful attention
“But perhaps the most exciting part about taking pictures
from the air is we could later stitch these pictures together
using special software to create a map of the entire
landscape, and this map gives us crucial information for
monitoring land use change, to let us know where and when
plantations might be expanding, where forests might be
contracting, or where fires might be breaking out.”
5. What does breaking out mean?
a. falling apart
b. starting
c. escaping

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