ora ea WORLD se FhACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to extend a very special thank you to the Instituto Cultural Peruano Norteamericano (ICPNA) academic management staff in the central office, branches, and teachers, for the helpful insights and suggestions that contributed toward the development of this series. GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION SYMBOLS CO \vewee! Consonants Perper revere Co Jal hot hat Poh boy Toot! far ‘a! fal day Ie! sa) cat Tat ey) just Iapst! i] fine staan " face ess! faul house snavs! ly get dae! Ad bed ibed/ i hat heat! Jal name near Ik car at! it need Ini? Mu light at! AL sit Jest! In my Iman! Jou) 9 Joou! hn) nine Jnaund Jol book ook’ In) sing Jsuy/ ul boot Pout! ‘el pen Jen! bl dog Hdog/ Mw right raat four ex! sf see ail bal toy Jon! Nu tea ny WN cup ap! 7 cheap 6p! it bird Posrd/ wi vote Novt/ Jel error erat twh west west! bl about Jobavt/ wi yes es! ater estar! hl 200 Jel io they eet! Jo) think omk/ W shoe sul Wy vision gon Pst Oe 1 city Pst! used before a syllable to show primary (main) stress MW dictionary ank,neif Used before a syllable to show secondary stressLeto oma Soeur to olnta-Uuvauttectn ear arene te eerste ian Oe beat, see, machine bit him brit, made, they bet, e, head bat, as, apple but, mother sofa, until, combine ee eed Ce) owt boot, bie, hoe ol book, ful fou boat, home, iow pI bought, saw Jal box, car, father byl bite, sight fowl about, cow fos! boy, rose The Consonants of North American Englishland| Their, Phonemic Symbols Bes zrrzrer2tzeZ boy, cab Al le, lip Al og, bed bf te, cat Mt 90, beg iv ‘cat, Kit, back ist view, ove a ‘ill, phone, Iife if the, bathe mn ‘thin, bath: A ‘00, buz, goes N ong, fll see ty, bus, thinks i run, car leisure, beige ft win, swim, awey sty, ds special a yu aya Ns, ahead (rw) whlch wat) (Qhost speakers of ‘hy, slant, budge both American and British do not use watch, clo ‘rw asa separate = Phoneme. They use a Iw instead) ro, sun ‘sing, singer, thinkPens naa Bree iran ie WORLD ec zUNIT INDOORS AND OUTDOORS LESSON A LESSON B Vocabulary Speaking Strategy Vocabulary color Making informal suggestions disturb bright ~, dark ~, favorite ~, With base form er neutral -, primary ~ Why don't you fix it yourself? no one else's business combine Ithink you should fixit yourself, preserve get rid of "ko what you shold do. Gal privacy home improvement my fren have (no) privacy ion ith verb + -ing optior With verb eae overwhelming Have you thought about fing he se neral public rearrange ityourself? open to the public cl Try calling my friend. rt Respondi public / private recreate fesponding ~ conversation, ~ figure, redo Strong yes ~ life, ~ school, ~ space, in ~ repaint Good idea! co repair That's a great idea. Publicly / privately replace Sounds good to me. = owned business restart . Weak rights work well lone i guess it's worth a try. Maybe I'l do that. No I don't think so. No, I don’t like that idea, LANGUAGE SUMMARIES 186Ni MILESTONES LESSON A Vocabulary infant (baby) / infancy toddler child (kid) / childhood adolescent (teenager) / adolescence young adult adult (grown-up) / adulthood start a family Speaking Strategy Talking about plans planning + infinitive I'm planning to take a driving test. going to + base form 1'm going to visit my cousins. thinking about + gerund I'm thinking about taking a trip, Talking about needs need + infinitive I need (to rent) a car. LESSON B Vocabulary be born buy a house enroll (in college) fall in love get a job get divorced get married get pregnant go to school have children leave home raise a family retire LESSON A Vocabulary argue / argument {get into an argument converse / conversation strike up / start a conversation carry on a conversation chat / chat chat with your coworkers discuss / discussion a discussion of (the plan) gossip / gossip the latest gossip apiece of gossip juicy gossip share share your (feelings / ideas) talk / talk give a talk, listen to a talk argue / converse / chat / gossip / share / talk (with someone, about something) discuss (something with someone) hhave a(n) argument / conversation / chat / discussion / talk ‘Speaking Strategy Interrupting someone politely Introducing yourself Excuse me, May | interrupt for a moment? My name is... I'm sorry to interrupt. / beg your pardon. |just wanted to introduce myselt, My name is... Interrupting someone you know Excuse me. Sorry to bother you, (name), but | have a question Could | interrupt for a second? | just wanted to say / ask something, lis GETTING INFORMATION LESSON B Vocabulary media in the media news get (your) news in the news toll (someone) the news (news) source news story (local / national / international) news (entertainment / sports / tabloid) news (news) program / site bad, good, great, sad, ‘sensational (news) spread the, hear the news accurate <> inaccurate reliable © unreliable scandal word of mouth 187 LANGUAGE SUMMARIESINDOORS AND OUTDOORS LESSON A ‘Subject Verb ‘Object ‘Subject be Past participle Sentence @ describes an action or event: | broke the window. Sentence @ is in the stative passive. It describes a state of being, There is no action taking place: The window is broken (because | broke it, ‘The object in an active sentence becomes the subject in a passive sentence. ‘The past participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective after the verb be. Eien tate Base | Simple | Past Base | Simple | Past Base | Simple | Past past | participle past | participle past | participle bend bent bent close closed | closed | jam jammed —|jammed break | broke | broken | crack cracked | cracked | pack packed | packed burn burned | burned —_| flood flooded | flooded —_| ruin ruined — [ruined clog clogged _|clogged | freeze _| froze frozen__| stain stained _| stained Verbs that are regular in the simple past take the same -ed ending for the past participle: burn / burned / burned. Verbs that are irregular in the simple past have irregular past participle forms: freeze / froze | frozen. ‘A. Use the correct verb + be to describe each picture below. ¢ 2) or » Hes bod : a 1. The mirror 2. Thelight bulbs 3. The basement 4. Thelock 5. Thedrain 6. The keys B_ Use the words in parentheses to make an active sentence in the simple past. Then rewrite it in the stative passive voice. (V/ crack / the mirror) crackes Themitroris cracked, (she / break / the lock) (they / pack / their suitcases) (he / close / the door) (cold weather / freeze / the pipes) GRAMMAR NOTES 193© Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in parentheses. 1. This room needs a lot of work. The walls (crack), and the floor (stain) —__ 2, Itrained a lot, and now the house (flood) 3, Don't (jam) ___ the key into the lock, You don’t want to (break) it. 4, Someone (break) the window last week, and it___ stil (break) 5. The little boy (throw) _______ something into the sink. Now the drain (clog) 6. What's the best thing to do when your car door (freeze) ___? 7. This key doesn’t work because it (bend) LESSON B be allowed / permitted / supposed to Base form allowed to / permitted to You ae e park here. aren't supposed to Modal Base form can can't You must park here must not, Use (not) be allowed / permitted to or can / can’t to give or deny permission to do something, Use be supposed to to say that someone is expected to do something. (Not) be supposed to means that you are not allowed to do something. Use must / must not for formal rules and warnings. It is more common to use can / can't for prohibition in normal spoken English No Gerund be allowed / permitted Talking isto" allowed / permitted No talking during the test. You can use a gerund + (not) be allowed / permitted to give or deny permission No + gerund is often used on signs to say something is not allowed. ‘A. Unscramble the words to make sentences. 1. allowed to / He / an hour of TV a week / watch / is 2. isn't/in class / Eating / permitted 3. permitted to / stay out / She's / until midnight with her friends 4, here /is not / Parking / allowed 5. supposed to / to school / aren't / wear shorts / We 194 GRAMMAR NOTESB Circle any mistakes in the dialogs and correct them. 1 a Excuse me, sir? Sorry, but no parking here today. Really? I'm always allowed park here on Saturdays. | know, but they're filming a commercial today. Try garage B. Parking is by permit there. What time does school start? During the test, talk is not allowed. Are we allowed to using a calculator? Yes, using a calculator is allow. © Are the things in A true for you? Write your answers, 4, Imallowed to watch more 2, 3 4 5 LESSON A Predictions with be going to and will nanbour of VY aweek MILESTONES Pre ‘Your children will go to a good school. Your children are going to go to a good school. Do you think your children will go to / are going to go to a good school? ‘She's going to have a baby. Sah 8: k & 8: We're suppose be at school by 8:45, but class doesn't start until 9:00. & 8: & Use either will or be going to for general predictions about the ‘uture. When the prediction is immediate and based on evidence you can see, use be going to (but not will. Quick decisions 2 Oh, no, The baby is crying! Use only will for quick decisions or with wil 2: Don't worry. i help offers made at the time of speaking Future plans | Te teenagers are going to work part-time jobs this | Use either be going to or the present RE summer. continuous to talk about future plans. going to and | The teenagers are working part-time jobs this summer." the present | someday 'm going to write a book about my childhood, | When the future plan is indefinite, use be continuous | someday im-wiiting ebockabeutmy-childhood _going to (but not the present continuous) ‘The kids are going to summer camp on August 2. You can use be going to, the present Esa) ‘The kids are going to go to summer camp on August 2, | continuous, or the simple present events with | he kids go to summer camp on August 2 for scheduled events. The simple three future present is usually used for events that forms ‘The kids’ summer camp starts on August 2 and ends on | happen regularly and cannot easily be August 10, changed “You often need a time expression (ike this summer) to make the future meaning clear. GRAMMAR NOTES 195A. Circle the best answer. In some cases, both answers are correct. Conversation 1 4: Ill fly / I'm flying to Thailand tomorrow, My plane leaves /is leaving at 4:00. 8: Which suitcase do you take / are you taking? & Let's see... | think Ill take / Im going to take the brown one, 8: You're so lucky, Someday I'm going to visit /'m visiting Thailand, too! Conversation 2 ky When is the game? 8: Kickoff is /is being at 7 PM. A: Our team will definitely win / is definitely going to win tonight. 8: | think so, too. But they may cancel the game, a Why? 8: Look at those dark clouds. It will rain / It’s going to rain. LESSON B Co Subject Modal Main Verb, I/He /We /They ay/might/ could go to college in tho fall may / might not You can use may, might, and could to say something is possible (but not certain) in the future Note: It's more common to use may or might than could in most affirmative statements. You can use may or might with not: He might / may not go to college in the fall. Don't use not with could to talk about possibilty: He-cotle-not go-to-cotlegerin-the tat Yes / No questions and short answers i Will you be home || may / might / could be. | don't know. See by midnight? Lmay / might not be. I'm not sure / certain With other | Are you going to go |! may / might / could Its hard to say. verbs to college? may / might not. We'll see. You can use may, might, or could to answer questions about the future, In spoken English, its common to reply to Yes / No questions with a short answer. It’s also common to use expressions lke I don't know. or We'll see in a reply and to give a litle more informatio A: Are you going to go to college? B: J might. I may work for a year first. We'l see. A Complete the dialogs with a modal or modal phrase from the chart 4, & Are Tim and Jill going to get married? 8: They ____., They've been dating a long time, 2. & What are you going to do after college? 8: |____ get a job, or | _____go to graduate school. 'm not sure yet. 196 GRAMMAR NOTESA Are you going to study at this school next term? 8: Im thinking about going to another school 4, fe. Is it going to be cold tonight? 8: & 8: I don't know; it______. Take a jacket to be safe. ‘Are you going to hang out with your friends this weekend? |_____, orl ____stay home and study. B Cover the answers in A. Answer the questions about yourself. Use modals of future possibility. “unt 3. GETTING INFORMATION LESSON A Vets oven veut gy chatting onthe phone onthe phone - wearing glasses tae. Ant ‘Who is Ms. Anh’ ‘She's the woman in front of the class. Which books are mine? They're the ones iniedrawer. inthe drawer Use participial and prepositional phrases to identify people and things. These statements answer ‘questions that ask who, what, and which ones). A present participle uses the form verb +--ing. It follows the noun itis modifying: She's the lady talking to the police officer. A prepositional phrase starts with in, on, by, ete. It also follows the noun itis modifying: He's the man with the mustache. ‘A. Look at the picture below. What are the people doing? Give each person a name and write a sentence about him or her. Then label the picture. Whois ____? He's the man. GRAMMAR NOTES 197B Write questions about the people in the picture. (Use the words in parentheses) Start your questions with Do you know...? 41. (talk / bus driver) Doyou know the wor king to the bus driver? (isten / music) (skateboard and backpack) {school uniforms) (talk / phone) (uit / briefcase) © [FZ] One apiece of paper, make up your own stories about each person. Use participial and prepositional phrases. LESSON B fiir Subject | have/has (not) | Past participle ol have(n't) seen ‘that news program. Ho | has(n't) el hhavo(n't) for six months. worked as anews reporter . @She | has(n't) since May. ‘© You can use the present per‘ect to talk about past actions or experiences when the time they happened is unknown or unimportant. Ihave seen that news program. I haven't been to France. © Use can also use the present perfect to tak about an action that started in the past and continues up to now. Use for +a length of tme. Use since + a point in time Ihave worked as a reporter for six months. 1"ve lived in Paris since May. Notice the difference: present perfect: Ive worked as a news reporter for six months. love my job. (action continues) simple past | worked as a news reporter for six months after college. (action is finished) Questions and short answers have!) «i, Past Wh- word |"hag. | Sublect) srticipte Answers. Yes, Ihave. | heard it this morning” Have |you | heard —_| the news? x No, Ihaven't. What happened? have [you (ve been a reporter) for six month: How long been a reporter? has [she (She's been a reporter) since May. When you answer a present perfect question with a specific time expression, use the simple past: Have you heard the news? Yes, | heard it this morning. 198 GRAMMAR NOTESA FE] Complete the conversation. Use the present perfect form of the verb in parentheses, a short answer, or for or since & hea)!" you the latest news about Leo? 8: No,1(@)_______. What’s up? 1; He's going to be on that reality show Pop Idol 8: Really? How long (3. be)________Leo______a singer? ® 4) ——_____hiigh school, 8: Ihad no idea. (6. see) you ever _____ him perform? Yeah, 1(6) —_____.| saw him at a talent show in high school. He was amazing. GRAMMAR NOTES 199NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC LEARNING WORLD ect zUNIT MEN AND WOMEN LESSON A LESSON B Vocabulary Speaking Strategy Vocabulary brush your (hair / teeth) isagreeing politely Separable phrasal verbs color / dye your hair | agree up to a point. ask (someone) out get a (haircut / manicure / tattoo) _Yes, but... know, but. give (something) up get your ears pierced I'm not sure, / | don’t know. ‘turn (someone) down hhave (your nails done / your hair But what about (the cost)? ‘turn (something) on curled / your teeth straightened) I'm not surei’s /that's Such) 2 Ingeparable phrasal verbs eaten up. good idea. Are you sure? break up (with someone) shave your (face / head / legs) | see what you're saying / you cheat on (someone) stand out moan, but. get along (with someone) straighten your hair I see where you're coming from, Bt over (someone) strike a pose but go out (with someone) grow up make up (with someone) run into (someone) UNIT ACROSS CULTURES wear (cologne / perfume / deodorant / makeup / bright colors) LESSON A LESSON B Vocabulary Speaking Strategy Vocabulary appropriate inappropriate Asking about culturally body language considerate ¢ inconsiderate appropriate behavior discouraged crucial Isit OK/ appropriate touse my eating habits customary fingers? (make) eye contact honest «> dishonest Isit OK il use my fingers? facial expression kind © unkind Please, go right ahead homesick mature «© immature Absolutely. (have, avoid) jet lag normal Actually, i's probably better to (overcome a) language barrier polite <> impolite, rude use a fork personal space pleasant © unpleasant Normally, people use a fork (rake) small talk respectful « disrespectful Is ital right to wear shoes inside? responsible <> irresponsible {sit allright it! wear shoos inside? sincere <> insincere Sure, no problem. Yeah, it’s fine Actually, i's best to remove your shoes, No, you realy should take off your shoes, LANGUAGE SUMMARIES 188Ns BUSINESS AND MARKETING LESSON A LESSON B Vocabulary Speaking Strategy Vocabulary advertise — advertisement» Asking about companies catchy advertiser What does your company clever consume» consumption -» do exactly? a dramatic increase / increase consumer Whats the main focus of your dramatically develop — development — company? get better <> get worse developer How do you... 7 increase <> decrease Yeeros Emphasizing important points _insPiing employer Va like to emphasize that... persuasive invest — investment investor Never forset ret profits manage management-> hi ieaitny pink recover manager The bottom line is... a sharp fall /fall sharply produce ~> production > shocking producer a slight rise /rise slightly promote» promotion -» (ina) slump Promoter a steady decline / decline purchase ‘steadily ship > shipment — shipper (be) up < (be) down 189 LANGUAGE SUMMARIES“un 4 MEN AND WOMEN LESSON A With questions With affirmative verbs: With negative verbs yet Have you taken a shower yet? | haven't taken a shower yet. sry en gy [naan sey Ever means “at any time.” Note: / haven't ever = 've never Never means “not at any time.” It is used with an affirmative verb and makes the meaning of the sentence negative. You can add the word before for emphasis. Yet means “up to or until the present time” or “th us far” ‘Still has a similar meaning to yet. Its used for situations that have continued for longer than expected. Already means something happened and no longer needs to be done. Notice the differer sentences, Just means “very recently lacement of already In ‘A. Victor is traveling in Vietnam, Read his email back home, Correct the six errors. Greetings from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam! There is a lot to see and do here. We've been already here for two days, but there is so much we yet haven't seen. For example, I've already been to the Ben Thanh Market, but I haven't stil visited the famous Jade Emperor Pagoda. By the way, I've come just back from my first ride on a scooter. It was really fun. | haven't never seen so many scooters on the street before! ‘When are you going to join us? Have already you packed? | can't wait to see you and explore Vietnam with you! GRAMMAR NOTES 199B Circle the sentence that best follows the first sentence. 1. He's never worn bright colors, 3. I've already gotten a tattoo, 5, | haven't brushed my teeth yet, a. He's adventurous, b. He's not a risk-taker. 2. I've just met Paula, a. She's nice. b. She's an old friend, LESSON B a. Should I do it? a. | can't find my toothbrush b. I really lke it b. My teeth feel so clean! 4, haven't washed my hair yet. 6. I haven't seen the doctor yet. a. I'd better hurry. a. | saw him yesterday. b. It looks much better, b. I hope he comes soon. Please turn on the TV. Erin ran into Alex yesterday. Please turn on the TV. Please turn the TV / it on. Please-turrronit: English has many two-word (phrasal) verbs. These verbs have a verb (lie turn ‘or run) and a smaller word (lke at, along, back, down, in, on, out, over, up, with). ‘Some phrasal verbs are separable. This means the object (a noun or pronoun) can separate the phrasal verb. Note: With separable phrasal verbs, the pronoun cannot follow the phrasal verb. Erin ran into Alex// him yesterday. “Many phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means the obiat fa noun or pronour) can only follow the phrasal verb ‘She grew up in Mexico City. Do you get along with Max? Did Sean ask her out? When did they break up? Have you ever gone out with him? ‘Some phrasal verbs do not take an object. Form questions with phrasal verbs the same way you do with other verbs. ‘Separable phrasal verbs Inseparable phrasal verbs ‘ask (someone) out give (something) up = “stop doing something turn (someone) down turn (something) on / off break up (with someone) cheat on (someone) get along (with someone) get over (someone) go out (with someone) grow up make up (with someone) = “forgive ‘someone and become friends again” run into (someone) A Unscramble the questions. 1. up/ where / you / did / grow 2. you/ get / do / along / with your family 2 3, out/ you / how often / do / with friends /,go 2 4, asked / have you ever / out / someone / on a date 2 5, The music is loud, it/ you / can / off / tum 2 6, on the way / you / who / into / did / run / to class 200 GRAMMAR NOTES:B Now answer the questions in A in complete sentences. Use the phrasal verbs. “unt Ss. ACROSS CULTURES LESSON A It + be + Adjective + Infinitive; Gerund + be + Adjective It be Adjective | (for) _| (pronoun) | Infinitive te [wasin')_|hara (Cor (re) topass | the test Is not normal (for) (ws) toeat__| with chopsticks. Itisn't normal (for) (us) toeat | with chopsticks. Gerund be | Adjective | (for) (pronoun) Passing the test wasis')_| hard (for (me). Eating with chopsticks [isin [normal | (for) (us). It+ be + adjective + infinitive and gerund + be + adjective are two different ways of expressing the same thing. ‘Some adjectives that are commonly used in these patterns are easy, difficult / hard, important, impossible, necessary, and wrong. For + pronoun is optional because the pronoun is often understood. You can also use other linking verbs in the place of be: it seems impossible for us to win the game. | At this point, winning the game seems impossible. ‘A. Read the information about cultural rules in Norway, For each undettined sentence, rewrite it on page 202. 1. People greet each other by shaking hands. At business meetings, it's customary to shake hands when you arrive and when you leave. 2. Business meetings start right on time, Being late is inappropriate. Close friends and family members may hug each other. Hugging people you've just met isn’t typical ‘When you visit someone's home, it's considerate to bring a small gift Norwegians don't like to waste food, It's polite to finish everything on your plate. Norwegians don't like to say bad things about each other. Being kind to others is very important for them. 7. Ifyou mention “getting together later” to a Norwegian, not following up with a sincere invitation is rude. 8, Norwegians are proud of their distinctive culture. It's disrespectful to treat Norway and Sweden as the same cultur GRAMMAR NOTES 2014, Shaking hande when you arrive and when you leave fs customary, BF] Now rewrite the sentences in A to make similar cultural rules about your country. Examples: Bowing when you meet someone is customary. It’s inappropriate to talk to a professor using casual speech, LESSON B ere Cu eee eed Main clause Time clause In Spain, people often kiss each other ‘when they meet © Please remove your shoes, before you enter the temple. © We're going to go to the park after we eat lunch. Mlicall you as soon as / once we amie Time clause Main clause Before you enter the temple, please remove your shoes.” ‘Atime clause shows the order of two or more events: In sentence @: When shows that two events happen at almost the same time: At the time you meet ‘someone, you kiss them. In sentence @: You remove your shoes first, and then you enter the temple. In sentence ©: We plan to eat lunch first, and then we're going to go to the park In sentence ©: As soon as / Once means “right after.” We arrive, and then | will call you. ‘When we use time clauses to talk about facts or other information in the present (as in @ and @), the verbs in the main and time clauses ate in the present tense. @ uses the imperative form with time clauses. When we use time clauses to talk about the future (as in @ and ©}: the verb in the main clause uses a future form, the verb in the time clause is in the simple present. “In writing, when the time clause comes first, put a comma before the main clause. 202 GRAMMAR NOTESA. Alejandro is starting college in Los Angeles soon. Look at his timeline. Then use the words in parentheses to connect the phrases and make sentences about the future. say leave arrive in start classes final start winter goodbye for LA, La school end ms break AUG 18 AUG 19 AUG 20 AUG 24 Dec1o = DEC T1158 DEC 16 1. leave for L.A. / say goodbye to his friends (before) 2. arrive in L.A. / start school (four days after) 3, take his final exams / his classes end (once) 4. start winter break / finish his last exam (as soon as) B Complete the sentences below about yourself. Pay attention to the verb forms you use. 1, Before I go home today, 2, After | eat breakfast in the morning, | 1 when 4, I'm going to as soon as, 5. twill once “uN 6 BUSINESS AND MARKETING LESSON A orate’ Subject Verb Object Active voice In an active sentence, the subject is the agent Sound Smart | makes audiobooks. {the one performing the action} Past ‘Subject be participle | (PY + Oblect) Passive voice @ Audiobooks [are [made _| by Sound Smart. _| In a passive sentence, the object becomes the © The products [were _| shipped subject, and the subject becomes the object. The subject is not the agent because it doesn't perform ©The company |was _|founded | by Beverly Smith. | an action, (Continued) GRAMMAR NOTES 203ikea uae ‘© In a passive sentence, the focus is on the action that happens to the subject, not on who / what performed the action (the agent), Use by + object to indicate the agent: The Fallingwater house was built by Frank Liovd Wright © We don't use by + object when the agent is understood, unknown, or unimportant, or when an action is done by people in goneral Pm paid twice a month. (| know who pays my salary, The agent is understood) All ofthe money was stolen. (We don't know who did it. The agent is unknown) Once a week, her house fs cleaned. (We don't care who does it. The agent is unimportant) Portuguese is spoken in Brazil. (Everyone speaks it. I's done by people in general, © We include by + object in sentences where it sounds incomplete without it. Tho company was founded. (By whem? When? This sentence sounds incomplete) We can also add a time or place phrase. The company was founded (by Pablo Ruiz) (in Seattle) (in 2004). The form of be depends on the verb tense, For the simple present, use am / is / are (see sentence 0), For the simple past, use was / were (see sentences @ and ©) A Read this profile of Unilever, one of the world’s largest companies. Find and circle six examples of the passive. + Unilever was created in 1930 by a British soap maker and Dutch margarine producer. + Today 400 brands of home, personal care, and food products are sold by the company. * Some of the more popular products are Knorr® (soups), Lipton® (tea), and Dove® (soap). + Lux® soap, which was introduced in 1924, became the first mass-marketed soap in the world. * Today Knorr® is Unilever’s most popular brand, It is sold in over 80 countries. * The multinational company operates companies and factories on every continent except Antarctica, * 174,000 people are employed by the company worldwide. * 160 million times a day, a Unilever product is purchased by someone—somewhere in the world, B__Now rewrite the passive sentences in A as active sentences. |. In 1930, _2 British soap maker and Dutch margarine producer created Unlove 1 2. Today the company. 3, In 1924, aman 4, Today Unilever in over 80 countries. 5. 174,000 people. 6 160 million times a day, someone in the world LESSON B ee ee ee She uses that product because it’s the cheapest. Because i’s the cheapest, she uses that product © This snack is “100% natural,” 80 a lot of moms buy it for their kids. Many people buy that car ‘even though / although it's exoensive Even though / Although it's expensive, __| many people buy that car. 204 GRAMMAR NOTESBecause, 50, although, and even though join two clauses together. A clause has a subject, and a verb. © Because answers the question why. It gives a reason: Why does she buy that product? (She buys it) Because it's the cheapest. In conversation, people often give the reason only (because it's the cheapest). Don't do this in formal writing, When the clause with because comes first, put a comma at the end of the clause, © So gives a result: The snack is "100% natural." The result: A fot of moms buy it In.writing, use a comma before so unless the two clauses are very short. © Although and Even though mean the same thing, and they introduce surprising or opposite information: Many people buy that car even though it’s expensive, In writing, when the clause with although / even though comes first, put a comma at the end of the clause. ‘A. Complete the sentences with although / even though, because, or so. 1. The phone was on sale, new phone. many people bought it _____ they did’tneed a Alot of people buy those shoes ____a famous basketball player wears them, their product is affordable, it doesn’t work as well as ours. The new toy was very popular, it sold very quickly. smoking can kill you, many smoking ads show people smiling, B Use the connecting words to join the sentences together. Which items can you write in more than one way? 1, That ad is really popular. It has a catchy slogan. (because) 2. Ihate TV commercials. | don't watch much television. (so) 3. Advertising on TV is very expensive. Companies still do it. (although) | still bought it. That TV is expensive. (even though) 5. I decided to try it. My sister liked that shampoo. (so) GRAMMAR NOTES 205NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC LEARNING WORLD ect zLESSON A Vocabulary can't stop + ing vert: can't stop (coughing / scratching / shivering / sneezing) foo! + adjective: | feel (dizzy / nauseous / drowsy / exhausted / faint / weak / sick) have + noun: |ave (a stomachache / an earache / a backache / a toothache / a cut /a sore throat /a fever /a temperature / a cold / the fly). possessive adjective + noun + hurt: My (arm / finger / back / stomach) hurts. / My legs hurt. blink breathe chew make sense swallow symptom Speaking Strategy Giving serious advice In my opinion, you should... always advise people to. | think the best idea (for you) isto, It were you, I’. Accepting advice You're tight. Thanks for the advice. That makes (alot of sense. I give ita try. Iiltry it and get back to you Refusing advice Tim not sure that would work for me. That doesn’t (relly) make sense tome. | could never do that. LESSON B Vocabulary care: take - of, ~ about sick: make someone ~, call in -, - day, ~ of (something / someone), worried ~ homesick, carsick, lovesick, seasick well: do -, ~ behaved, ~ paid, might (may) as ~ boss around chaos cut class fatigue gentle ground (= punish) someone massage meditation paralyze straightforward tidy treat (someone) like (a kid) yoga LANGUAGE SUMMARIES 190Ns THE ACTIVE LIFE LESSON A LESSON B Vocabulary Speaking Strategy Vocabulary activity: Explaining the set-up and rules ask for be into /be involved in / of a game believe in participate in /take partin an ~ t's played with... dominate spare / leisure time ~ You don't need any special go to your head physical, mental, outdoor, equipment head out ‘extracurricular, classroom - ‘There are 71 players on each learn about a team. / You compete against pay for owen each other, prepare for (ee One team starts by.../The game spend on fairly, increasingly ~ pegins when. ; es mentally, physically ~ The team with the most points. warn about wins. / The object is to score the athlete: most runs. amateur, professional, serious - t's played on a field. / It's played all over the world, UNIT SOCIAL ISSUES LESSON A LESSON B Vocabulary Speaking Strategy Vocabulary as usual Language for presentations _—_a change of scene campaign depression Stating the purpose candidate Today, I'd like to talk to you destroy — destruction citizen bay te develop ~ development clear (el) Iibegin by (talking about the —sisabled comoration! issue). /I'l provide an overview *neourage -> encouragement ee vr tthe issue) force - force expan ; Seton roe Then Fil lst the (two / three / oe eee ive ity ‘on protect protection launch (\) provide make progress Stating important points put down roote never in my wildest dreams Lot's talk frst about... /Let’s start ely (on) reliance raise taxes by talking about. aan ee ‘One of the main causes of (raf) Spread reeles is... suburban running neck and neck Another / A second cause eaceoreneurrert poe of (traffic) is. Ripenl up for reelection ‘And finally. wait and see vote (for « against) ae Wweee) voting age vow (v) 191 LANGUAGE SUMMARIES“uNT 7 WELLBEING LESSON A ESO races saoae i feel / be Adjective can't stop -ing verb Use have + noun, possessive adjective + noun + hurt, and fee! / be + adjective to talk about states and conditions. Use can't stop + ing verb to talk about repeated actions that you have no control over. Other common vocabulary have + noun: | have (a stomachache / an earache / @ backache /@ toothache / a cut /a sore throat /a fever / a temperature / cold / the fy). possessive adjective + noun + hurt: My farm / finger / back / leg / stomach) hurts. My (legs) hurt. feel /be + adjective: I feel / am (dizzy / nauseous / drowsy / exhausted / faint / weak / sick can't stop + -ing verb: | can't stop (coughing / scratching / sneezing). Questions How do you feel? What hurts? Does your head hurt? Where does it hurt? ‘A. Read the two conversations and complete the sentences. Use the correct form of be, have, feel, can’t stop, or hurt. Conversation 1 Conversation 2 i: What's wrong? ks Mom, my stomach (7) 8: 1(1) ____ exhausted. | didn't sleep wel 8: Do you (8)___a fever? last night 4 No, Idon’t think so. & Q) you sick? Maybe you 8: Do you @) nauseous? (@) —__acold. No, not at all. But you know, | did have 8: No, I'm fine. It's my husband, Fred—he potato chips and peanut butter for (4) —— the flu, dinner. 1 I'm sorry to hear that. 8: Yeah, it's pretty bad. He (5.) coughing. it keeps me awake at night. ‘And now my head (6.) —___. B Write two sentences about each of the pictures on a separate piece of paper: Use the different grammar patterns for describing symptoms. Se GRAMMAR NOTES 206LESSON B (meee eke Quoted speech Reported speech The doctor said, "Get some rest.” The doctor told me to get some rest Command | The doctor said, “Don't smoke. ‘The doctor told him not te smoke. Jane’s mom said, ‘Be home at midnight.” _| Her mom told her to be home at midnight. ‘Jon said, “Please turn off your phone.” Jon asked me to turn off my phone. Request | Maria asked, “Can you help me?’ Maria asked us to help her. Chen said, “Please text me late Chen asked me to text him later. Quoted speech uses a person's exact words: “Get some rest,” said the doctor. Reported speech explains what someone else has said: The doctor told me to get some rest. A.command is an order: someone tells you what to do. To report a command, use tell + noun / pronoun + (not) infinitive (to + vert), lt someone makes a request, the person is asking you to do something To report a request, use ask + noun / pronoun + (not infinitive (to + verb). Notice how some underlined words change in reported speech. ‘A. Read each quoted command or request. Then complete the sentences in reported speech. 1. “Clean your room!” my mom says every day. My mom is always telling me 2, “No texting in class!” Our teacher often tells us 3. “Can you loan me some money?” Sometimes my friend asks me 4. “Dad, can you drive me to school?” Yesterday, | asked my dad B_ Read the sentences with quoted speech. Then rewrite each one in reported speech, 1. Coach Jon said to the team, “Don't give up!” 2. My friends asked me, “Will you help us’ 3. Anna said to her older sister, “Don't boss me around! 4, The librarian said to Mrs. Green, “Please be quiet.” 5, Professor Lewis asked our class, “Please turn in your papers tomorrow.” 6, The parents said to their children, “Don't talk to strangers.’ 207 GRAMMAR NOTES“uN 8 THE ACTIVE LIFE LESSON A iia have / has + (not) | been verb + -ing 1 | have(n't) been | doing ‘much in my spare time, Use the present perfect continuous She been hras(n't) participating in the school play. for an action that started in the past and continues in the present, Incorrect: #ve-beerrtaking-thistestthree times ahead, Correct: ve taken this test three times already. To talk about a repeated action in the past, use the present perfect, not the present perfect continuous. I've been playing cricket since 1was a child. I've played cricket since Lwas a child. When you use for or since to indicate a specific period of time in the past, you can use the present perfect continuous or the present perfect. They have the same meaning. I've been reading a book on long-distance running. Im ‘enjoying it (The action is ongoing) + I've read a book on long-distance running. It was excellent. (The action is completed) ‘Some sentences don’t indicate a specific time in the past. Use the present perfect continuous for an action that is stil happening. Use the prasant per‘act for a ‘completed action. These two sentences have different meanings. I"ve been going to the gym a lot lately, Recently I've been working out more. ‘To emphasize that an action has been happening in the recent past up to now, use words like lately and recently with the present perfect continuous. Incorrect: He-beerrowning thateartorter-years, Correct: I've owned that car for ten years. ‘As with other continuous tenses, don't use stative verbs (such as hear, like, and own) with the present perfect continuous. Use the present perfect instead. Incorrect: He been taking this test three times sheady. Correct: I've taken this test three times already, ‘To talk about a repeated action in the past, use the present perfect, not the present perfect continuous. A Tom has started a lot of activities, but hasn't finished them. Write five affirmative sentences in the present perfect continuous using the verbs in the box. What is one activity that he hasn't started yet? Write one negative sentence. (Note: The verb do is used twice) do eat study talk watch GRAMMAR NOTES 208B Circle the correct answer(s) to complete each sentence. I've gotten /I've been getting increasingly active since | joined the judo club. I've belonged / I've been belonging to the club for three months. ‘This is the third time I've taken part / I've been taking part in an extracurricular activity. We've practiced / We've been practicing after school every day since April My sister has joined / has been joining the photography club. She's taken / She's been taking pictures every day. LESSON B Completed past action Actions started in the past continuing up to now ‘Simple past @ | visited South Africa in 2010. Present parte Tye vised South ica once |@ Fabia Ras sated yeas Present perfect continuous @ Fabiola has been skating for years. © Use the ine pas ak about completed (ished) actors. © You can soto punsart art oak aout past ations te tne tay happened is ot tated In sentence @, the speaker says when he was in South Africa: in 2010. For this reason, the simple past is used. Inseionce ©, he penser hasbeen o South eal he pat but he des sy when The present perc sed ©80 You can use the present perfect or the present perfect continuous with or or since to talk about an action that started inthe past and continues up to now. Notice that sentences @ and @ have the same meaning, Do NOT use the present perfect continuous in the situations below. Use the present perfect instead With stative verbs (verbs not used in the continuous lke be, have, like, hate, know, need) Hrebeerrknowinghertortiveyeers: I've known her for five years. To talk about actions that happened a specific number of times: Sherhas been-winning the gokdmedalintheevent-sietimes: She has won the gold medal in the event six tes. A Read about mountain climber Erik Weihenmayer. Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use the present perfect or the present perfect continuous. Erik Welhenmayer (1. be) blind” since he was 13. He (2. climb) since he was 16, and he’s still doing it. Erik (8. climb) Mount Everest. Also, he (4. reach) the top of the ‘Seven Summits—the seven tallest mountains on the seven continents. Erik (6. develop) ________ his own climbing system. His partners wear bells on their vests. He follows the sounds of the bells. Erik (6. think)_______ about his next trip for a long time, but he (7, not choose) a place to go yet. “blind = unable to see B Circle the correct verb form to complete each sentence. Sometimes, both answers are possible. | learned / I've learned how to play dominoes from my grandfather many years ago. He taught / He's been teaching me the game during my summer break from school, My cousin is 20 years old, He played / He's been playing dominoes since he was seven years old. He's been / He’s been being in many dominoes competitions. Last year he got / he's gotten second 209 GRAMMAR NOTES:place in a really big contest. He's always done / He's always been doing well under pressure. | think he'll win first prize this year, My grandfather has played / has been playing the game for 50 years, He says he’s played / he's been playing about 20,000 games, and he doesn't plan to stop. “uN 9 SOCIAL ISSUES LESSON A Too + Adjective / Adverb; too much / too many + Noun too Adjective / Advert | (Infinitive) You're 17, Youre too young to vote. ‘That candidate speaks too quickly too much / toomany {Noun (lnfinitive) Too much _| pollution is bad for your lungs. Our city has ‘too many __| problems tosove | inone day. Too means “to a greater degree than is acceptable” It often has a negative meaning. It comes before adjectives and adverbs. Use too much before noncount nouns. Use too many before plural count nouns. meee eae Adjective / Adverb | enough AInfinitive) Vm 21. Im old ‘enough to vote, ‘These are good seats. lean hear _| well ‘enough. ‘enough Noun (infinitive) We have enough water to get by for now. They have ‘enough police officers ‘on the street. ‘Enough means “as much as you need” or “as much as is necessary, It comes after adjectives and adverbs. Itcomes before nouns (count and noncount) ‘A Complete the reasons on the right with too, too much, too many, or enough. Then match the questions with the answers, 1. Why are you so hungry now? a. Because I'm young to drive, 2. Why does your stomach hurt? b. Because |ate candy. 3, Why did you fail the driving test? , Because there were _____ people on it. 4, Why didn't you take the driving test? d. Because it's ____ hot outside 5, Why did you lose the race?_ 8, Because | didn’t study hard 6, Why are you running indoors? 1. Because | didn’t eat____ breakfast 7. Why did they close the bridge? __ 9. Because | wasn't brave 8, Why didn't you jump off the diving board? ___h, Because lran____ slowly. GRAMMAR NOTES 210Bi] Correct the errors with too or enough below. Check your answers with a partner 4. | can't button this shirt. It isn’t too big 2, It's not dangerous here, I's enough safe to go out at night by yourselt 3, It's crowded. There are too much people in this litle room, 4, These condos are expensive enough to buy. We need more affordable housing, 5, He's only 12 years old, He's old enough to get a driver's license. LESSON B Wfclause Result clause |: What will happen if a woman works? 8: Ifa woman works, (ther) a family have more money. ‘&: What will happen if we don't protect our open spaces? 8; Itwe don't protect our open spaces, {ther) future generations won't have places to relax. Result clause ifclause ‘A family will have more money if'a woman works. Future real conditionals are used to talk about possibilities or to make predictions. The if clause states a possible situation. The result clause says what will or might happen. The verb in the if clause uses the simple present, Don't say: #He-woman-wittwerti= The verb in the result clause uses a future form. You can also say, for example: If we don’t protect our open spaces, future generations aren't going to have places to relax. It you aren't certain about the result, you can use might (not) or may (not) in a result clause: Ia woman works, a family may | might have more money. ‘At the start of the result clause, you can use or omit the word then. Don’t use then ifthe result clause comes first The result clause can come first in a sentence with no change in meaning, Inweiting, when the if clause comes first, put a comma before the result clause. A. Use the simple present or future of the verbs in the box to complete the sentences, be get make not pass not say not study educate have leave miss save see 4. You____=8¥*_ money if you get a roommate. 2. If all weekend, | the test on Monday. 3. |_ hello if_____ him on the street. 4 aly, you _____all the fun, 5. It better for the Earth if couples smaller families. 6. Itwe_________ people, they ______ better decisions. B_ Find and correct the mistake in each sentence, 1. If more people will carpool, there will be less traffic on the roads. 2. The school is going to cancel the picnic if it raining tomorrow. 211 GRAMMAR NOTES3. If the team won't win tomorrow's game, then they'll be out of the World Cup. 4, You'll make more money in the future if you will go to college. 5. If we destroy the forests, then many animals die. 6. I might visit Italy this summer if | will have enough money. For each sentence in B, think of one more result and write a conditional sentence. The conditional should be one that follows the sentence in B. 4, there is less traffic on the roads, people will b 2, [Fthe school cancels the picnic GRAMMAR NOTES 212NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC LEARNING Developing English FluencyUNIT MONEY LESSON A Vocabulary afford broke (make a / have a) budget borrow « lend (money) get by go into debt owe pay back save © spend (money) short on cash stick to it Speaking Strategy Apologizing ‘Small accident or mistake I'm sorry, It was an accident Sorry, My mistake. | can’t believe | did that, Serious accident or mistake I'm really sorry that | forgot to. I'm so sorry about damaging, I want to apologize for what happened, Accepting an apology Don't worry about it, Oh, that’s OK. No problem. It happens. Apology accepted. LESSON B Vocabulary affordable donate (money) earn / make (money) earnings invest (money) millionaire set aside / save <> spend (money) squander / waste (money) strike it rich valuable wealthy LESSON A Vocabulary against the law an honest person «> a liar (depend on the) circumstances exception hurt (someone's f obvious reward someone < punish someone (for their behavior) tell the truth «> tell a lie ings) elie HONESTY Speaking Strategy ing strong advice It you don't leave a bigger tip, the waiter is going to be upset. | don't think you should spend so much time playing games on your computer, You have to do your homework by yoursett. LESSON B Vocabulary actually catch someone counting on but in fact have confidence in in reality keep my word make excuses trick people the truth is trust trustworthy ‘truthful tum to white lie LANGUAGE SUMMARIES 191Ns OUR WORLD LESSON A Vocabulary dense endangered environment extinct habitat illegal increase <> decline protected raise awareness rare / rarely remain suffer {in the) wild wildemess: Speaking Strategy Offering another opinion That's true, but, Yes, but on the other hand... Even s0,... But then again,. LESSON B Vocabulary accommodate considered construction dam dike efficient erode force (someone to do something) get around goods low-lying obstacle project proposed snapshot sustainable tear down (a building) tenant transport withstand 192 LANGUAGE SUMMARIES(RAY woney LESSON A oe Currently live in the suburbs. | hI lived in the city, Use the past tense with wish to talk about situations that are not true now. Twish (thal) | could lend you some money. Use could + base form of the verb with wish. That is optional in these sentences. | wish (that) | were richer. Use were for all forms of be (not was). | can't stick to a budget. | wish | could. | don’t lve in the city. I wish | di We often shorten wish statements in this way. ‘A. Read this joke about Dumb Dave. Complete the sentences with wish... could and the verb in parentheses. Why is the character called Dumb Dave? (One day, a genie appeared to Dumb Dave and his three friends, The genie said, “! will give each of you one wish. Don't waste it!” The first friend said, “(1. fly) second friend said, "2. live) The third friend said, “(. be) too, disappeared. ” Her wish was granted, and she flew away. The in a big mansion.” He suddenly disappeared, too. a famous actor starring in my own movie.” She, Dumb Dave looked around and saw that he was alone, Then he said, “I'm lonely. Where have my three friends gone? (4. have) them back here with me now. B Imagine that a genie has given you three wishes. What will you wish for? Write three wish statements. 1 GRAMMAR NOTES 212LESSON B femies ning ‘You can’t have the winning lottery | Use can't to say that something is impossible. It shows Impossibility | ticket. | have it! surprise or disbeliet ‘Abinty ‘Sorry, but ean't lend you any | You can also use can’t to say you don't have the ability to do money. I'm broke, something. Necessity | Yo" don’t have to /don’t need to | Don’t have to and don’t need to mean something isnt lecess be rich to travel necessary, You have a choice. an You shouldn't waste money on | Use shouldn't to give advice. It means it's not a good idea to expensive cars. do something. You'd better not lose this ring. I's | Had better not gives strong advice. it means “I'm warning Strong advice | very valuable. you not to do something. Ifyou do, there will be a problem” ‘A Choose the best modal for each sentence. 1. A Is that John over there driving a Porsche? B: It shouldn't / can't be. He doesn't have a driver's license, You'd better not / don’t have to lend money to Jack. He won't pay you back. We can’t / don’t have to study for the test. The teacher canceled it. You shouldin’t/ can't play the lottery. I's a waste of money. Ityou've finished your exam, you'd better not / don't need to stay. You can leave, Maria and Kim car’ / shouldin't go to the concert, It costs $20, and they only have $10. B_ Use the negative form of the modal and the word(s) given to answer speaker A. 1 I'm going to spend all my money on a new car. (had better / squander) ___________. Save some! My friend Mary wants to borrow some money. (should / lend) ____. She never pays it back. Jane really wants the job, but she doesn’t speak Japanese. (need to / speak) __ Japanese to get the job. We're late for our business class. (can / be) Class doesn’t start until 9:30. 213 GRAMMAR NOTESEE ones LESSON A ifclause Result clause Ifyou told the truth, (then) you would feel relieved. If didn't have a lot of homework, (then) I'd go to the movies. If found a wallet, (then) I'd return it. Il were alliar, (then) | wouldn't have any friends. Result clause ifelause You'd feel relieved if you told the truth Present unreal concitionals are used to talk about imagined or unreal events, ‘The if clause presents an imagined condition. tis not true right now. ‘The verb in theif clause is in the simole past With the verb be, use were forall subjects: I were rich 'é buy a big house. In wrting, when the if clause comes first, put a comma before the result clause. ‘The resuit clause presents an imagined result. it can come frst or second in the sentence, ‘The verb in the result clause takes would + the base form of the verb. You can also use might (ot) (probabilty) or could (nt) ably) in the result clause: it you told them the truth, you miaht not get into trouble. if did something against the law, | could 90 to jal. ‘A Match each situation in A to a conditional sentence in B and ©, Use the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. 1, My bicycle is really old If1 (be) sick, | (prove / could) them. 2. W's faster to go by subway. It ever (lose) it, | (oe / might) late 3. [eel fine right now. It (have) anew one, —_ I {take / would) some medicine. 4, love my cell phone. IF1 (tudy) harder, | (fide / would) it everywhere. 5. My grades aren't very good. _| If (go) by car, | fouy / would) a new one right away. 4, Mubioycleis really old If had a new one ldride it everywhere. 2. 3, 4, 5. B_ Read the sentences, Circle the answers that are true for you. 4. Em/T'm not rich, 5, live / don't live with my parents. 2. 'm/l'm not a teacher. 6. I take / don't take a bus to school 3. Ihave / don't have to study English 7. Ihave / don't have a lot of free time. 4, I speak / don't speak English fluently. GRAMMAR NOTES 214© Now rewrite the sentences in B as present unreal conditionals. 4, flere ich 2. : ; : 6. t LESSON B Quoted speech Reported speech 'm leaving.” ‘You lied tome.” “rl call you tomorrow.” ‘We've never met.” Imay be late, “You must work harder’ ‘You shouldn't talk to strangers He said (that) He told me (that) he was leaving. had lied to him. he would call me tomorrow. we had never met. hhe might be late. had to work harder, I shouldn't talk to strangers. ‘Quoted speech uses a person's exact words: "Y trust you,” said Phil. ‘You can report what another person has said using say or tel. In reported speech: ‘The verb tense typically shifts to a past form. Note: should usually does not change, Pronouns change: “[ trust you.” —> Phil said (that) he trusted me. ‘The word that is optional in the reported sentence. A. Find and correct the error in each sentence. 1. Linda said she will call today, but she didn't keep her word. Leo said me he spoke French, but he doesn't. Denis told to me that he was rich, but that was a lie. ‘Aya says that she had a degree in computer science. Last night, Tim told me he can meet today. B_ Gina read Harold's profile on a dating site, She contacted him, and they went on a date, Look at the “real” Harold. Complete what Gina said about him using say or tel. 215 GRAMMAR NOTESa ING AND HANDSOME GUY LOOKING FOR BEAUTIFUL GIRL ‘My interests: | work out a: the aym every day. | | trate _ My talents: car. I don't smote. | only eat healthy foods. I'm very clean. | drive a sports | can speak five languages fluently, and |'ve traveled all over the world, | Let's have dinner and get to know each other; I'll pay for the meal! actually middle-aged and unattractive. te rides a bicycle, (say) —___________, his house was very messy. (te) he eats a lot of junk food. (say) he doesn’t even have a passport. (te 7 (say) 8 (te ONZY oun worto LESSON A but in fact he . but the truth is but he's but actually but actually, . but in reality he smokes a lot. but in fact he only speaks English, but | had to pay for dinner! Ged ‘To embed means to put (something) inside something else. Embedded questions are questions that are included within another question or statement What is a tapir? Do you know what a tapi Id like to know what a tapir is. ‘Although we call them embedded questions, they take statement word order. How many snow leopards are there? Where do mountain gorilas live? What is the answer? I wonder how many snow leopards there are. Do you remember where mountain gorillas live? I'm not sure what the answer is. “These phrases are used to start embedded questions: Asking for information Saying you don't know something Can / Could you tell me, I don't know / I'd like to know. Do you know. I'm not sure. Do you remember. | can't remember. Do you have any idea... wonder. ‘An embeded question can sound softer and less Excuse me, what time is it? direct than a regular question, Excuse me, do you know what time itis? GRAMMAR NOTES 216A Unscramble the embedded questions. 1. what / wonder / time /1/ opens / it 2, are / 200 / animals / in /1/ what / don't / the / know 3. I/ remember / there / get / how / to / can't / exactly 4. any / animals / z00 / are / what / the / have / in / you / idea / do 5. time /it/ sure /I'm / opens / what / not 6. to/do/z00/ you / get/ know / to / the / how B Now use the sentences in A to complete the conversation, A: Excuse me, 8 but I think you take the #2 train. & 8: , but it's probably open by now. k 2 8: I'm sorry, but LESSON B ‘The Passive with Various Tenses Active Passive Simple present | Engineers build skyscrapers with a steel _| Most skyscrapers are built with a steel frame frame structure. structure ‘Simple past The Woolworth Company built a skyscraper | One of the first styscrapers was builtin in 1913, 1913. Presentperfect | Engineers have built the world’s tallest building | The world’s tallest building has been built in Dubai in Dubai Present Engineers are building a lot of tall buildings in | A lot of tall buildings are being built in continuous Shanghai. Shanghai. ‘Simple future ‘Someday they will build a skyscraper without | Someday a skyscraper without concrete will concrete, be built, 217 GRAMMAR NOTESA Here are some facts about three important structures. Complete the sentences with the verb and ‘tense in parentheses. Use the passive form of the tense provided. taipu Dam 1, The dam (complete / simple past) _________ in 1991. 2. It (visit / present perfect) _______ by more than nine milion people. Akashi Kaikyo Bridge 3, The record for the longest suspension bridge (hold / simple present) _________by the ‘Akashi Kaikyo Bridge. 4, The bridge (design / simple past) __________to be 12,825 feet, but it (make / simple past) even longer after a big earthquake. Chunnel 5. The first passengers on a Chunnel train were surprised when they (transport / simple past) to the other side in only 20 minutes 6. In the future, experts predict that even more passengers (carry / simple future) ‘through the Chunnel. 7. While repairs (do / present continuous) _________ to the tunnels, they remain open, B Think of a famous building, structure, or monument in your city. Answer the questions about it using the passive. 1, Where is it located? 2. When was it built? 3. How many people have visited it? 4. Are any repairs (fixes) being done to it now? 5. What repairs will need to be done in the future? Answers Communication page 175, A 1. Singapore 2. Greenland 3. Angel Falls 4. Etna 5. the Andes 6. Mammoth Cave 7. 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More than one answer may be possible, contents possessions item stuft belongings property juni 1. Only one piece of hand lugzage is permitted on board the plane. 2 When you leave the plane, don't forget to take all your personal ehings with you. 3. Every year try to clear out all the eles things trom my house: Inwhat context would you hear sentences 1-37 Organization 2 a Complete the text with words related to organization, The firs letter of each word is given. ‘sot exactly my strong paint, everbody saps that Fn realy ry apartments a disaster, | have to admit. But that’ only realy related fo objects. m much mone sehen t came a my wort. Al the fies on my computer are aly Wo {for example, and my desktp it eclly Fe and Change any parts of the monologue so that the Information is true for you. GRAMMAR Quantifiers 1 a Lookat these sentences describing the place in the mage. Which type of place do you think itis? Why? 1 There are too many tourists in winter 2 There aren't many jobs for people |S There area few places to visit 4 There are plenty of places to ski. 5 YoU need a lot of money i you want to come here. b Change the sentences so that they are true for you and your town. There are not many tourists herein winter, but there area ft in Using one & ones 2 a iw Listen to two short conversations. What do you think one and ones refer to in each case? Where do you thinkthe speakers are? 'b Listen again and fil inthe blanks. Which ane/ones do the people like in each case? 1A Which would you like to try on? © Fm not sure, | think those would suit me better. 2. A lealready had __, thanks, 8 You can have ‘one, you know... Articles 3. Insert a/the where appropriate in the following text. There are two examples each of a and the. ‘Most valuable possession | own is sixteenth century paloting that inherited om my great aunt. But ayy avorite belonging is simple silver watch. Idan't ‘normally like valuable things, but its special tome because it was my father's and when Took at time, 1 always think of bien, 4, @rkto your partner about either a valuable object ar one that has sentimental value for you. FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE Using vague language 1 Q@ Work in pairs. make the sentences vague using, words in the box, something something a litle more somewhere stuf that kind of thing things like that 1 {'mlooking for a present for my nephew, he lces mode! trains, 2. | want to go on vacation to a place where {can relax and have a good time. 3 Before ! start the job, | need to know my schedule and other conditions. 2. ijestisten and compare i LooKING BACK ‘Think of your famity’s most treasured possessions Expiain why they are so important. '* Think of five things that you use every day, and different ‘ways that you cam describe them and what they do, |= What was the most memorable part of the unit? wy? caneado con CamscanneOO VOCABULARY Storytelling 8 @ workin pairs. ink of 1 avieh noun eth 2 acommon ancdot 3 the lp pews stay ofthe moment ‘ 5 an interesting magazine article an unlikely tale someone has told you recently. 'b Compare with the class. Did you have any in common? Travel activities a Look at the four images. What activities are they showing? 'b When was the last time you did these things? Did you enjoy it? Why/Why not? I went window: shopping yesterday. owed it The media ‘a Match the news media expressions in the box to the categories in the chart. breaking news citizen journalists footage news coverage Twitter b Add words of your own to each category, eyewnmesses video clips a GRAMMAR, Reported speech ‘1a. Write down three things people have said to you today. “1s you late (a frend) tb @ work in pairs. Report the three things you wrote in tatoa partner ‘ay fiend ad sed ee meats Reporting requests & instructions 2 & Look at the requests, questions and instructions from the police to a citizen journalist. Report what was said, 1 “Giveus your name and address, please.” ‘he. csted me co give hem myname and ares, 2 ‘Can you show us the photos you took?" 3 "Did anybody sce you take them?” 4 "How many people did you see looting the store?™ 5 "Please don't leave the police station” 'b What type of event cid the person witness? FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE Phone m tad port the information by filling in the blanks. 1 ‘De Baron called and said that ho the appointment. Can you to make anew ane? He sorry. 2 Somebody else caled and to phone this ‘number: 0489 230388. Tey © urgent Can you a san as possible? No, they din leave a 'b Listen and check. 2 @ Work in pairs. Think of a conversation that you have had recently in which you had to report a message to somebody. Tell your partner what it was. LOOKING Back * Think of five ditferent staries you have heard recently. How many diferent ways could you tell them? ‘= Can you describe a tavorite story to your parner? Why sit your favorite? ‘= Describe to your partner the breaking news of the moment.a VOCABULARY Permission & prohibition 1 a @ Work in pairs or small groups. Think of five ‘actions that are prohibited in or around the area where ‘you live, Bo you think these prohibitions are fair? 2 'b Can you think of any other prohibitions you would {ike to impose? 2 a Complete the sentences with at, on or in. You can find signs 1 __ the entrance to garage. 2 the front door of a cassroom, 3 the bottom of an escalator. 4 amuseum, 5 the gates of a construction site. 6 the beach 'b What signs could you find in these places? Internet 3 a ijn Listen to three people talking about the Internet. Complete the chart. Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 bb © workin pars Which ofthe speakers do you ident with? Wy? Ask your partner about hisher online habits. Verbs with law 4 fill in the blanks with verbs in the box in an appropriate tense. One does not apply. A break defend introduce respect ‘= GRAMMAR Permission, prohibition & obligation (1): Present 1 Choose the correct options to complete the sentences, 1 You're not allowed to chew gum in here, You mustn't dot have to chew gum here 2 The boss or teacher forces us to do our work every day, The boss or teacher lets /makes us do our homework. 3 We-can drink water here, but not other beverages, We are / aren allowed to drink water. 4 You can come in with a dg, but only on a least ‘Dogs are / arn allowed, but they ca /have tobe on a ash, bb Which sentences are true In your cass? Permission, prohibition & obligation (2): Past ‘@ Work in pairs. Think of a place where you used to go regularly in the past (ean od school or werkplace). ‘Write down fve rules and regulations for that place. Talking about ability (past & present) 2 Flin the blanks in the conversations ‘8 was very bad at fist, but somehow 1 _to (26s the test, and now | can cope fine, it's all practice 1 | know what you mean, 1? park at frst, It was awful € | was terrible at this subject at school, |") _in passing a single exam. | was convinced | o it, but now t love i. 1 its strange, ist i? You even write your own songs now, bye: —— @ work in pairs ut Your experiences, FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE 1 The government a very controversial new law 2 Peopte who download music legally don't always 1 realize they are the law. 3 Sometimes you have to a law even though ‘you think its stupid, ice those in airports bb Think of other verbs or phrases to replace the verbs in the blanks in 43. 5 @ Work in pairs. Which of the statements in 4a do {you think are true? Explain why/why not Spe request more minree different ‘ways. Then listen and check, Give me a hand with this bag. 1 twas 2 Doyou __ 2 Would you (@ workin pairs. ink about requests you have made in your language. Make polite requests in English. i LOOKING Back ‘Which laws do you consicer farfuntair where you live? # Think of five dtferent ways of describing your ables. = caneado con camscanne