Q-Fibonacci Series in C without Q-C Program to Multiply Two 3 X 3 Matrices Q-Static Function Q-following pattern :

recursion #include<stdio.h> In C, functions are global by default. The “static” 1

#include<stdio.h> int main(){ keyword before a function 12
int main(){ int A[10][10], B[10][10],C[10][10]; name makes it static. For example, below 123
int n1=0,n2=1,n3,i,number; int i, j, k; function fun() is static#include <stdio.h> 1234
printf("Enter the number of elements:"); printf("\n Enter the First Matrix elements : #include <conio.h> #include <stdio.h>
scanf("%d",&number); \n"); // Read 1st Matrix void ref(){ int main() {
printf("\n%d %d",n1,n2);//printing 0 and 1 for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++){ static int a=1, b=11; int i, j, rows;
for(i=2;i<number;++i) for (j = 1; j <= 3; j++){ printf("%d %d\n",a,b); printf("Enter the number of rows: ");
{ scanf("%d", &A[i][j]); a++; scanf("%d", &rows);
n3=n1+n2; }} b++; for (i = 1; i <= rows; ++i) {
printf(" %d",n3); printf("\n Enter the Second Matrix elements } for (j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
n1=n2; : \n"); // Read 2nd Matrix int main(){ printf("%d ", j);
n2=n3; for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++){ int i; }
} for (j = 1; j <= 3; j++){ for(i=1; i<3; i++){ printf("\n");
return 0; scanf("%d", &B[i][j]); ref(); }
} Output;- Enter the number of elements:15 }} }} return 0;
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 printf("\n The First Matrix : \n\n"); // Print 1st Q-What is Auto storage class? }
Q-Fibonacci Series using recursion in C Matrix Auto is a storage class/ keyword in C Programming Q- following pattern :
#include<stdio.h> for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++){ language which is used to declare a local variable. A
void printFibonacci(int n){ for (j = 1; j <= 3; j++){ A local variable is a variable which is accessed BB
static int n1=0,n2=1,n3; printf("\t %d ", A[i][j]); only within a function, memory is allocated to the CCC
if(n>0){ } variable automatically on entering the function and DDDD
n3 = n1 + n2; printf("\n"); is freed on leaving the function.#include <stdio.h> EEEEE
n1 = n2; } #include <conio.h> #include <stdio.h>
n2 = n3; printf("\n The Second Matrix : \n\n"); // Print void ref(){ int main() {
printf("%d ",n3); 2nd Matrix auto int a=1, b=11; int i, j;
printFibonacci(n-1); for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++){ printf("%d %d\n",a,b); char input, alphabet = 'A';
}} for (j = 1; j <= 3; j++){ a++; printf("Enter an uppercase character you want to
int main(){ printf("\t %d ", B[i][j]); b++; print in the last row: ");
int n; } } scanf("%c", &input);
printf("Enter the number of elements: "); printf("\n"); int main(){ for (i = 1; i <= (input - 'A' + 1); ++i) {
scanf("%d",&n); } int i; for (j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
printf("Fibonacci Series: "); // . . . The two matrices have been multipled here . for(i=1; i<3; i++){ printf("%c ", alphabet);
printf("%d %d ",0,1); .. ref(); }
printFibonacci(n-2);//n- for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++){ }} ++alphabet;
2 because 2 numbers are already printed for (j = 1; j <= 3; j++){ Q-What is register keyword? printf("\n");
return 0; C[i][j] = 0; The register keyword is a request to the compiler }
} for (k = 1; k <= 3; k++){ that the specified variable is to be stored in a return 0;
Output:- Enter the number of elements:15 C[i][j] = C[i][j]+ A[i][k] * B[k][j]; register of the processor instead of memory as a }
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 }}} way to gain speed, mostly because it will be Q-Using file handling concept, write a C
// . . . Product of the given two Matrices is heavily used. program to read a file and count the no. of lines
Q- function to find square root of a given displayed in Matrix form . . . #include <stdio.h> in
number. printf("\n\n The Resultant of Matrix #include <conio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h> Multiplication is \n\n"); int main(){ int main() {
#include <math.h> for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++){ register int a=3; FILE* file = fopen("file.txt", "r");
int main(){ for (j = 1; j <= 3; j++){ printf("%u",&a); char line[256];
double num, root; printf("\t%d", C[i][j]); } int i = 0;
printf("Enter a number: "); } Q-what is Global variables? while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), file)) {
scanf("%lf", &num); printf("\n"); Global variables are defined outside a function, i++;
root = pow(num, 0.5); } usually on top of the program. Global variables if(i == 9 )
printf("The Square Root of %.2lf is %.2lf.", num, return (0); hold their values throughout the lifetime of your {
root); } program and they can be accessed inside any of printf("%s", line);
return 0; the functions defined for the program. } }
} #include <stdio.h> fclose(file);
Output:-Enter a number: 49 #include <conio.h> return 0;
The Square Root of 49.00 is 7.00. #define value 30 }
int main(){
printf("%d",value);
return 0; }
Q-Write a C program to calculate the income tax variables of the called function. Q12) structure and a union. Q- if...else Statement
for 5 employee With this method, using addresses we would have Struct #include <stdio.h>
#include <Stdio.h> an access to the actual variables and hence we The struct keyword is used to define a structure. int main() {
#include <conio.h> would be able to manipulate them. The variables are declared in a structure, the int number;
#define MIN_INCOME1 150001 Call By Value compiler allocates memory to each variables printf("Enter an integer: ");
#define MAX_INCOME1 300000 # include <stdio.h> member. The size of a structure is equal or greater scanf("%d", &number);
#define TAX_RATE1 0.10 void swapv ( int x, int y ) ; to the sum of the sizes of each data member. if (number%2 == 0) {
#define MIN_INCOME2 300001 int main( ){ Changing the value of a member will not affect printf("%d is an even integer.",number);
#define MAX_INCOME2 500000 int a = 10, b = 20 ; other variables members. }
#define TAX_RATE2 0.20 swapv ( a, b ) ; Each variable member will be assessed at a time. else {
#define MIN_INCOME3 500001 printf ( "a = %d b = %d\n", a, b ) ; We can initialize multiple variables of a structure at printf("%d is an odd integer.",number);
#define TAX_RATE3 0.30 return 0 ; a time. }
main() { } All variable members store some value at any point return 0;
double income, deparment, taxable_income,tax; void swapv ( int x, int y ) { in the program. }
clrscr (); int t ; The structure allows initializing multiple variable Output
printf("\n Enter the income: "); t=x; members at once. Enter an integer: 7
scanf ("%lf", &income) x=y; It is used to store different data type values. 7 is an odd integer.
printf("\n Enter the deparment: "); y=t; It allows accessing and retrieving any data member Q- if statement
scanf ("%lf", &deparment) ; printf ( "x = %d y = %d\n", x, y ) ; at a time. #include <stdio.h>
taxable_income = income - 150000; } Union int main() {
if(taxable_income <= 0) { The output of the above program would be: The union keyword is used to define union. int number;
printf ("\n NO TAX"); x = 20 y = 10 The variable is declared in the union, the compiler printf("Enter an integer: ");
} a = 10 b = 20 allocates memory to the largest size variable scanf("%d", &number);
else if(taxable_income >= MIN_INCOME1 && Call by reference member. The size of a union is equal to the size of // true if number is less than 0
taxable_income < MAX_INCOME1) { # include <stdio.h> its largest data member size. if (number < 0) {
tax = (taxable_income - MIN_INCOME1) void swapr ( int *, int * ) ; Variables members share the memory space of the printf("You entered %d.\n", number);
*TAX_RATE1; int main( ){ largest size variable. }
} int a = 10, b = 20 ; Changing the value of one member will also affect printf("The if statement is easy.");
else if(taxable_income >= MIN_INCOME2 && swapr ( &a, &b ) ; other variables members. return 0;
taxable_income < MAX_INCOME2) { printf ( "a = %d b = %d\n", a, b ) ; Only one variable member will be assessed at a }
tax = (taxable_income - MIN_INCOME2) * return 0 ; time. Output:- Enter an integer: -2
TAX_RATE2; } In union, only the first data member can be You entered -2.
} void swapr ( int *x, int *y ){ initialized. Q- Else if ladder
else { int t ; Exactly only one data member stores a value at any // C program to illustrate nested-if statement
tax = (taxable_income - MIN_INCOME3) * t = *x ; particular instance in the program. #include <stdio.h>
TAX_RATE3; *x = *y ; Union allows initializing only one variable member int main(){
printf("\n TAX= %lf", tax); *y = t ; at once. int i = 20;
} } It is used for storing one at a time from different if (i == 10)
getch(); The output of the above program would be: data type values. printf("i is 10");
return 0; } a = 20 b = 10 It allows accessing and retrieving any one data else if (i == 15)
Q-Difference between Call by Value and Call by Q- Highest marks obtained by student(s) in "C member at a time. printf("i is 15");
Reference programming" in a batch of 10 students. #include <stdio.h> else if (i == 20)
Call By Value #include<stdio.h> union unionJob { printf("i is 20");
While calling a function, we pass values of struct student{ //defining a union Else
variables to it. Such functions are known as “Call int sub1; char name[32]; printf("i is not present");
By Values”. int sub2; float salary; return 0;
In this method, the value of each variable in calling int sub3; int workerNo; }
function is copied into corresponding dummy }; } uJob;
variables of the called function. void main(){ struct structJob {
With this method, the changes made to the struct student s[10]; char name[32];
dummy variables in the called function have no int i,total=0; float salary;
effect on the values of actual variables in the clrscr(); int workerNo;
calling function. for(i=0;i<=2;i++){ } sJob;
Call By Reference printf("\nEnter Marks in Three Subjects = "); int main() {
While calling a function, instead of passing the scanf("%d%d%d",& printf("size of union = %d bytes", sizeof(uJob));
values of variables, we pass address of s[i].sub1,&s[i].sub2,&s[i].sub3); printf("\nsize of structure = %d bytes",
variables(location of variables) to the function total=s[i].sub1+s[i].sub2+s[i].sub3; sizeof(sJob));
known as “Call By References. printf("\nTotal marks of s[%d] Student= %d",i,total); return 0;
In this method, the address of actual variables in } }
the calling function are copied into the dummy getch(); }
Q- Difference between break and continue Q- switch statement to perform the Q- Array of pointers to strings to read Q- rewind()
statement following arithmetic operations on two name of your five friends and display them. The rewind() function sets the file pointer at
Break Statement variables : (i) Add (ii) Subtract (iii) #include <String.h> the beginning of the stream. It is useful if you
The Break statement is used to exit from Multiplication (iv) Division #include <stdio.h> have to use stream many times.
the loop constructs. #include <stdio.h> int main() { #include<stdio.h>
The break statement is usually used with int main() { char *names[] = {"tree", "bowl", "hat", #include<conio.h>
the switch statement, and it can also use it char op; "mice", "toon"}; void main(){
double first, second; char *temp; // temporary variable for swaping FILE *fp;
within the while loop, do-while loop, or the
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): "); the values char c;
for-loop.
scanf("%c", &op); int i, j, a; clrscr();
When a break statement is encountered fp=fopen("file.txt","r");
printf("Enter two operands: "); printf("The names are:\n");
then the control is exited from the loop for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) while((c=fgetc(fp))!=EOF){
scanf("%lf %lf", &first, &second);
construct immediately. printf("%s\n", names[i]); printf("%c",c);
switch (op) {
// break statement case '+': for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { }
#include <stdio.h> printf("%.1lf + %.1lf = %.1lf", first, second, first for (j = i + 1; j < 5; j++) { rewind(fp);//moves the file pointer at
int main() + second); a = strcmp(names[i], names[j]); beginning of the file
{ break; if (a > 0) { while((c=fgetc(fp))!=EOF){
int i = 0, j = 0; case '-': temp = names[i]; printf("%c",c);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) printf("%.1lf - %.1lf = %.1lf", first, second, first names[i] = names[j]; }
{ - second); names[j] = temp; fclose(fp);
printf("i = %d, j = ", i); break; } } } getch();
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) case '*': printf("The arranged names are:\n"); }
{ printf("%.1lf * %.1lf = %.1lf", first, second, first for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) Q- ftell()
if (j == 2) * second); printf("%s\n", names[i]); The ftell() function returns the current file
break; return 0; position of the specified stream. We can use
break;
case '/': } ftell() function to get the total size of a file
printf("%d ", j);
printf("%.1lf / %.1lf = %.1lf", first, second, first Q- C program to calculate simple interest after moving file pointer at the end of file. We
} can use SEEK_END constant to move the file
/ second); (SI).
printf("\n"); pointer at the end of file.
break; #include <stdio.h>
} default: int main() #include <stdio.h>
return 0; printf("Error! operator is not correct"); { #include <conio.h>
} } float principle, time, rate, SI; void main (){
Continue Statement return 0; printf("Enter principle (amount): "); FILE *fp;
The continue statement is not used to exit } scanf("%f", &principle); int length;
from the loop constructs. Q- whether a given string is a palindrone or printf("Enter time: "); clrscr();
The continue statement is not used with the not. scanf("%f", &time); fp = fopen("file.txt", "r");
switch statement, but it can be used within the #include <stdio.h> printf("Enter rate: "); fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
while loop, do-while loop, or for-loop. #include <string.h> scanf("%f", &rate); length = ftell(fp);
When the continue statement is encountered void isPalindrome(char str[]){ SI = (principle * time * rate) / 100; fclose(fp);
then the control automatically passed from int l = 0; printf("Simple Interest = %f", SI); printf("Size of file: %d bytes", length);
the beginning of the loop statement. int h = strlen(str) - 1; return 0; getch();
// continue statement while (h > l) } }
#include <stdio.h> { Output:-Enter principle (amount): 1200 Q- fwrite( )
int main() if (str[l++] != str[h--]) Enter time: 2 The C library function size_t fwrite(const void
{ { Enter rate: 5.4 *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE
int i = 0, j = 0; printf("%s is not a palindrome\n", Simple Interest = 129.600006 *stream) writes data from the array pointed to,
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) str); Q- fseek() by ptr to the given stream.
{ return; The fseek() function is used to set the file #include<stdio.h>
printf("i = %d, j = ", i); } } pointer to the specified offset. It is used to int main () {
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) printf("%s is a palindrome\n", write data into file at desired location. FILE *fp;
{ str); #include <stdio.h> char str[] = "This is tutorialspoint.com";
if (j == 2) } void main(){ fp = fopen( "file.txt" , "w" );
continue; int main(){ FILE *fp; fwrite(str , 1 , sizeof(str) , fp );
printf("%d ", j); isPalindrome("abba"); fp = fopen("myfile.txt","w+"); fclose(fp);
} isPalindrome("abbccbba"); fputs("This is javatpoint", fp); return(0);
printf("\n"); isPalindrome("geeks"); fseek( fp, 7, SEEK_SET ); }
} return 0; fputs("sonoo jaiswal", fp);
return 0; } fclose(fp);
} }
Q- Dynamic Memory Allocation in C using
malloc(), calloc(), free() and realloc()
C is a structured language, it has some fixed
rules for programming. One of them includes
changing the size of an array. An array is a
collection of items stored at contiguous
memory locations.
As it can be seen that the length (size) of the
array above made is 9. But what if there is a
requirement to change this length (size). For
Example,
If there is a situation where only 5 elements
are needed to be entered in this array. In this
case, the remaining 4 indices are just
wasting memory in this array. So there is a
requirement to lessen the length (size) of the
array from 9 to 5.
Take another situation. In this, there is an
array of 9 elements with all 9 indices filled.
But there is a need to enter 3 more elements
in this array. In this case, 3 indices more are
required. So the length (size) of the array
needs to be changed from 9 to 12.
This procedure is referred to as Dynamic
Memory Allocation in C.
Therefore, C Dynamic Memory Allocation can
be defined as a procedure in which the size
of a data structure (like Array) is changed
during the runtime.
C provides some functions to achieve these
tasks. There are 4 library functions provided
by C defined under <stdlib.h> header file to
facilitate dynamic memory allocation in C
programming. They are:
(1)malloc(), (2)calloc(), (3)realloc()
Let’s look at each of them in greater detail.
C malloc() method
The “malloc” or “memory allocation” method
in C is used to dynamically allocate a single
large block of memory with the specified
size. It returns a pointer of type void which
can be cast into a pointer of any form. It
doesn’t Initialize memory at execution time
so that it has initialized each block with the
default garbage value initially.
Syntax: ptr = (cast-type*) malloc(byte-size)
C calloc() method
“calloc” or “contiguous allocation” method
in C is used to dynamically
allocate the specified number of blocks of
memory of the specified type. it is very much
similar to malloc() but has two different
points and these are:
It initializes each block with a default value
‘0’.
It has two parameters or arguments as
compare to malloc().
Syntax: ptr = (cast-type*)calloc(n, element-
size);
C realloc() method
“realloc” or “re-allocation” method in C is
used to dynamically change the memory
allocation of a previously allocated memory.
In other words, if the memory previously
allocated with the help of malloc or calloc is
insufficient, realloc can be used
to dynamically re-allocate memory. re-
allocation of memory maintains the already
present value and new blocks will be
initialized with the default garbage value.
Syntax: ptr = realloc(ptr, newSize);
Q-Difference between operators and
operands
Operators are the foundation of any
programming language. We can define
operators as symbols that help us to perform
specific mathematical and logical
computations on operands.
An arithmetic operator is a mathematical
function that takes two operands and
performs a calculation on them. They are used
in common arithmetic and most computer
languages contain a set of such operators
that can be used within equations to perform
a number of types of sequential calculation.
Basic arithmetic operators include:
Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (×)
Division (÷)
Relational Operators are the operators used to
create a relationship and compare the values
of two operands.
For example, there are two numbers, 5 and 15,
and we can get the greatest number using the
greater than operator (>) that returns 15 as the
greatest or larger number to the 5.
Types of Relational Operators
Following are the various types of relational
operators in C.
Equal To Operator (==)
It is used to compare both operands and
returns 1 if both are equal or the same, and 0
represents the operands that are not equal.
Logical operators
There are four logical operators in JavaScript:
|| (OR), && (AND), ! (NOT), ?? (Nullish
Coalescing). Here we cover the first three.
Although they are called “logical”, they can be
applied to values of any type, not only
boolean. Their result can also be of any type.
|| (OR)
The “OR” operator is represented with two
vertical line symbols:
result = a || b;
In classical programming, the logical OR is
meant to manipulate boolean values only. If
any of its arguments are true, it returns true,
otherwise it returns false.
Q-goto statement
The goto statement is known as jump
statement in C. As the name suggests, goto is
used to transfer the program control to a
predefined label. The goto statment can be
used to repeat some part of the code for a
particular condition. It can also be used to
break the multiple loops which can't be done
by using a single break statement. However,
using goto is avoided these days since it
makes the program less readable and
complecated.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ numbers of recursive calls. However, it is
int num,i=1;
printf("Enter the number whose table you
want to print?");
scanf("%d",&num);
table:
printf("%d x %d = %d\n",num,i,num*i);
i++;
if(i<=10)
goto table;
} problems.
Q-C gets() function
The gets() function enables the user to enter
some characters followed by the enter key. All
the characters entered by the user get stored
in a character array. The null character is
added to the array to make it a string. The
gets() allows the user to enter the space-
separated strings. It returns the string entered
by the user.
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
char str[50];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str);
printf("You entered: %s", str);
return(0);
} The name of a variable can be composed of
Q-C puts() function
The puts() function is very much similar to
printf() function. The puts() function is used to
print the string on the console which is
previously read by using gets() or scanf()
function. The puts() function returns an
integer value representing the number of
characters being printed on the console.
Since, it prints an additional newline character
with the string, which moves the cursor to the
new line on the console, the integer value
returned by puts() will always be equal to the
number of characters present in the string
plus 1.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main () {
char str1[15];
char str2[15];
strcpy(str1, "tutorialspoint");
strcpy(str2, "compileonline");
puts(str1);
puts(str2);
return(0);
}
Q-Recursion in C
Recursion is the process which comes into
existence when a function calls a copy of
itself to work on a smaller problem. Any
function which calls itself is called recursive
function, and such function calls are called
recursive calls. Recursion involves several
important to impose a termination condition
of recursion. Recursion code is shorter than
iterative code however it is difficult to
understand.
Recursion cannot be applied to all the
problem, but it is more useful for the tasks
that can be defined in terms of similar
subtasks. For Example, recursion may be
applied to sorting, searching, and traversal
Generally, iterative solutions are more
efficient than recursion since function call is
always overhead. Any problem that can be
solved recursively, can also be solved
iteratively. However, some problems are best
suited to be solved by the recursion, for
example, tower of Hanoi, Fibonacci series,
factorial finding, etc.
Q-A variable is nothing but a name given to a
storage area that our programs can
manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific
type, which determines the size and layout of
the variable's memory; the range of values
that can be stored within that memory; and
the set of operations that can be applied to
the variable.
letters, digits, and the underscore character. It
must begin with either a letter or an
underscore. Upper and lowercase letters are
distinct because C is case-sensitive. Based on
the basic types explained in the previous
chapter, there will be the following basic
variable types − Constants refer to fixed
values that the program may not alter during
its execution. These fixed values are also
called literals.
Constants can be of any of the basic data
types like an integer constant, a floating
constant, a character constant, or a string
literal. There are enumeration constants as
well.
Constants are treated just like regular
variables except that their values cannot be
modified after their definition.
Q-Arrays a kind of data structure that can
store a fixed-size sequential collection of
elements of the same type. An array is used to
store a collection of data, but it is often more
useful to think of an array as a collection of
variables of the same type.
Instead of declaring individual variables, such
as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you
declare one array variable such as numbers
and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ...,
numbers[99] to represent individual variables.
A specific element in an array is accessed by
an index.
All arrays consist of contiguous memory
locations. The lowest address corresponds to
the first element and the highest address to
the last element.
Q-A pointer to a pointer is a form of multiple
indirection, or a chain of pointers. Normally, a
pointer contains the address of a variable.
When we define a pointer to a pointer, the first
pointer contains the address of the second
pointer, which points to the location that
contains the actual value as shown below.
A variable that is a pointer to a pointer must
be declared as such. This is done by placing
an additional asterisk in front of its name. For
example, the following declaration declares a
pointer to a pointer of type int −int
**var;include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int var;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
var = 3000;
/* take the address of var */
ptr = &var;
/* take the address of ptr using address of
operator & */
pptr = &ptr;
/* take the value using pptr */
printf("Value of var = %d\n", var );
printf("Value available at *ptr = %d\n", *ptr );
printf("Value available at **pptr = %d\n",
**pptr);
return 0;
} int* p = &n; // Variable p of type pointer is
Q-In c, we can divide a large program into the
basic building blocks known as function. The
function contains the set of programming
statements enclosed by {}. A function can be
called multiple times to provide reusability
and modularity to the C program. In other
words, we can say that the collection of
functions creates a program. The function is
also known as procedure or subroutine in
other programming languages.
Advantage of functions in C
There are the following advantages of C
functions.
By using functions, we can avoid rewriting
same logic/code again and again in a
program.
We can call C functions any number of times
in a program and from any place in a program.
We can track a large C program easily when it
is divided into multiple functions.
Reusability is the main achievement of C
functions.
However, Function calling is always a
overhead in a C program.
Function Aspects
There are three aspects of a C function.
Function declaration A function must be
declared globally in a c program to tell the
compiler about the function name, function
parameters, and return type.
Function call Function can be called from
anywhere in the program. The parameter list
must not differ in function calling and function
declaration. We must pass the same number
of functions as it is declared in the function
declaration.
Function definition It contains the actual
statements which are to be executed. It is the
most important aspect to which the control
comes when the function is called. Here, we
must notice that only one value can be
returned from the function.
SN C function aspects Syntax
1 Function declaration return_type
function_name (argument list);
2 Function call function_name
(argument_list)
3 Function definition return_type
function_name (argument list) {function
body;}
Q-pointer --The pointer in C language is a
variable which stores the address of another
variable. This variable can be of type int, char,
array, function, or any other pointer. The size
of the pointer depends on the architecture.
However, in 32-bit architecture the size of a
pointer is 2 byte. int n = 10;
pointing to the address of the variable n of
type integer.
Declaring a pointer
The pointer in c language can be declared
using * (asterisk symbol). It is also known as
indirection pointer used to dereference a
pointer.
int *a;//pointer to int
char *c;//pointer to char
Q-type casting ---Converting one datatype into
another is known as type casting or, type-
conversion. For example, if you want to store
a 'long' value into a simple integer then you
can type cast 'long' to 'int'. You can convert
the values from one type to another explicitly
using the cast operator as follows −
(type_name) expression
#include <stdio.h>
main() {
int sum = 17, count = 5;
double mean;
mean = (double) sum / count;
printf("Value of mean : %f\n", mean );
}
Q-run time --Programming is basically solving
a particular problem by giving coded
instructions to the computer. Furthermore, the
whole scenario of the programming cycle
involves writing, testing, troubleshooting,
debugging, and maintaining a computer
program. Moreover, a good program should
have clarity and simplicity of expressions,
should make use of the proper name of
identifiers, contain comments, and have a
proper indentation. Besides, it should be free
from all types of errors such as syntax errors,
runtime errors, and logical errors.
Q-logical error-Programming is basically
solving a particular problem by giving coded
instructions to the computer. Furthermore, the
whole scenario of the programming cycle
involves writing, testing, troubleshooting,
debugging, and maintaining a computer
program. Moreover, a good program should
have clarity and simplicity of expressions,
should make use of the proper name of
identifiers, contain comments, and have a
proper indentation. Besides, it should be free
from all types of errors such as syntax errors,
runtime errors, and logical errors.
Q-C Strings-The string can be defined as the
one-dimensional array of characters
terminated by a null ('\0'). The character array
or the string is used to manipulate text such
as word or sentences. Each character in the
array occupies one byte of memory, and the
last character must always be 0. The
termination character ('\0') is important in a
string since it is the only way to identify where
the string ends. When we define a string as
char s[10], the character s[10] is implicitly
initialized with the null in the memory.
There are two ways to declare a string in c
language.
By char array By string literal
Let's see the example of declaring string by
char array in C language.
char ch[10]={'j', 'a', 'v', 'a', 't', 'p', 'o', 'i', 'n', 't',
'\0'};