Logical Database

A Logical Database is a special type of ABAP (Advance Business Application and

Programming) that is used to retrieve data from various tables and the data is interrelated
to each other. Also, a logical database provides a read-only view of Data.
Structure Of Logical Database: A Logical database uses only a hierarchical structure of
tables. Data is organized in a Tree-like Structure and the data is stored as records that are
connected through edges (Links). Logical Database contains Open SQL statements which
are used to read data from the database. The logical database reads the program, stores
them in the program if required, and passes them line by line to the application program. 
We can select only that type of Data that we need. Data Authentication is done to
maintain security. Logical Database uses hierarchical Structure due to this data integrity is
maintained.

Goal Of Logical Database: The goal of Logical Database is to create well-structured tables
that reflect the need of the user. The tables of the Logical database store data in a non-
redundant manner and foreign keys will be used in tables so that relationships among
tables and entities will be supported.

Tasks Of Logical Database:

 With the help of the Logical database, we will read the same data from multiple
programs.
 A logical database defines the same user interface for multiple programs.
 Logical Database ensures the Authorization checks for the centralized sensitive
database.
 With the help of a Logical Database, Performance is improved

 Tables must have Foreign Key Relationship.

 A logical Database consists of logically related tables that are arranged in a
hierarchical manner used for reading or retrieving Data.
 Logical Database consists of three main elements:
 Structure of Database
 Selections of Data from Database
 Database Program
Example: 
Suppose in a University or College, a HOD wants to get information about a specific
student. So for that, he firstly retrieves the data about its batch and Branch from a large
amount of Data, and he will easily get information about the required Student but didn’t
alter the information about it.

Advantages Of Logical Database:

 In a Logical database, we can select meaningful data from a large amount of
data.
 Logical Database consists of Central Authorization which checks for Database
Accesses is Authenticated or not.
 In this Coding, the part is less required to retrieve data from the database as
compared to Other Databases.
 Access performance of reading data from the hierarchical structure of the
Database is good.
 Easy to understand user interfaces.
 Logical Database firstly check functions that further check that user input is
complete, correct, and plausible.

Disadvantages Of Logical Database:

 Logical Database takes more time when the required data is at the last because
if that table which is required at the lowest level then firstly all upper-level
tables should be read which takes more time and this slows down the
performance.
  In Logical Database ENDGET command doesn’t exist due to this the code block
associated with an event ends with the next event statement.

Web database
A web database is essentially a database that can be accessed from a local network or the
internet instead of one that has its data stored on a desktop or its attached storage. Used
for both professional and personal use, they are hosted on websites and are software as
service (SaaS) products, which means that access is provided via a web browser.
One of the types of web databases that you may be more familiar with is a relational
database. Relational databases allow you to store data in groups (known as tables), through
their ability to link records together. It uses indexes and keys, which are added to data, to
locate information fields stored in the database, enabling you to retrieve information
quickly.

Some advantages of using a web database include:

1. Web database applications can be free or require payment, usually through monthly
subscriptions. Because of this, you pay for the amount you use. So whether your
business shrinks or expands, your needs can be accommodated by the amount of
server space
2. The information is accessible from almost any device. Having things stored in a cloud
means that it is not stuck to one computer. As long as you are granted access, you
can technically get a hold of the data from just about any compatible device.
3. Web database programs usually come with their technical support team so your IT
department can focus on other pressing company matters.
4. It’s convenient: web databases allow users to update the information so all you have
to do is to create simple web forms.

Web Database Software

Web database software programs are found within desktop publishing programs, such as
Microsoft Office Access and OpenOffice Base. Other programs include the Webex
WebOffice database and FormLogix Web database. The most advanced software
applications can set up data collection forms, polls, feedback forms, and present data
analysis in real-time.
Applicable Uses
Businesses both large and small can use Web databases to create website polls, feedback
forms, client or customer and inventory lists. Personal Web database use can range from
storing personal email accounts to a home inventory to personal website analytics. The
Web database is entirely customizable to an individual's or business's needs.

MySQL
Often in the world of Web databases, MySQL (structured query language) will be
mentioned. This is a relational database management system that manages different Web
databases. It operates as a server and is an open-source project. MySQL is often included
with Web hosting for managing either personal or business website databases. It is a
programming language, so is more difficult to work with than a straight Web database
software program.

Distributed databases
A distributed database represents multiple interconnected databases spread out across
several sites connected by a network. Since the databases are all connected, they appear as
a single database to the users. Distributed databases utilize multiple nodes. They scale
horizontally and develop a distributed system. More nodes in the system provide more
computing power, offer greater availability, and resolve the single point of failure issue.
Different parts of the distributed database are stored in several physical locations, and the
processing requirements are distributed among processors on multiple database nodes. A
centralized distributed database management system (DDBMS) manages the distributed
data as if it were stored in one physical location. DDBMS synchronizes all data operations
among databases and ensures that the updates in one database automatically reflect on
databases in other sites. A distributed database system is located on various sites that don’t
share physical components.

Distributed Database Features

 Location independency - Data is physically stored at multiple sites and managed by

an independent DDBMS.
 Distributed query processing - Distributed databases answer queries in a distributed
environment that manages data at multiple sites. High-level queries are transformed
into a query execution plan for simpler management.
 Distributed transaction management - Provides a consistent distributed database
through commit protocols, distributed concurrency control techniques, and
distributed recovery methods in case of many transactions and failures.
  Seamless integration - Databases in a collection usually represent a single logical
database, and they are interconnected.
 Network linking - All databases in a collection are linked by a network and
communicate with each other.
 Transaction processing – Distributed databases incorporate transaction processing,
which is a program including a collection of one or more database operations.
Transaction processing is an atomic process that is either entirely executed or not at
all.

TYPES OF DDBMS

1. Homogeneous Database: 

A homogenous distributed database is a network of identical databases stored on multiple

sites. The sites have the same operating system, DDBMS, and data structure, making them
easily manageable. Homogenous databases allow users to access data from each of the
databases seamlessly. Hence, they’re easy to manage. 

2. Heterogeneous Database:’

A heterogeneous distributed database uses different schemas, operating systems, DDBMS,

and different data models. In the case of a heterogeneous distributed database, a particular
site can be completely unaware of other sites causing limited cooperation in processing
user requests. The limitation is why translations are required to establish communication
between sites.
 Distributed Data Storage : There are 2 ways in which data can be stored on different sites.
These are: 
1. Replication In database replication, the systems store copies of data on different
sites. If the entire database is available at all sites, it is a fully redundant database.
Hence, in replication, systems maintain copies of data. This is advantageous as it
increases the availability of data at different sites. Also, now query requests can be
processed in parallel. 
However, it has certain disadvantages as well. Data needs to be constantly updated.
Any change made at one site needs to be recorded at every site that relation is
stored or else it may lead to inconsistency. This is a lot of overhead. Also,
concurrency control becomes way more complex as concurrent access now needs to
be checked over several sites. 
2. Fragmentation – In this approach, the relations are fragmented (i.e., they’re divided
into smaller parts) and each of the fragments is stored in different sites where
they’re required. It must be made sure that the fragments are such that they can be
used to reconstruct the original relation (i.e, there isn’t any loss of data). 
Fragmentation is advantageous as it doesn’t create copies of data, consistency is not
a problem. Fragmentation of relations can be done in two ways:
 Horizontal fragmentation – Splitting by rows – 
The relation is fragmented into groups of tuples so that each tuple is assigned to
at least one fragment.
 Vertical fragmentation – Splitting by columns – 
The schema of the relation is divided into smaller schemas. Each fragment must
contain a common candidate key to ensure a lossless join.
In some cases, an approach that is a hybrid of fragmentation and replication is used.  
Applications of Distributed Database:
 It is used in Corporate Management Information System.
  It is used in multimedia applications.
 Used in Military control systems, Hotel chains, etc.
 It is also used in manufacturing control systems.

Advantages

 Modular Development. Modular development of a distributed database implies that

a system can be expanded to new locations or units by adding new servers and data
to the existing setup and connecting them to the distributed system without
interruption. This type of expansion causes no interruptions in the functioning of
distributed databases.

 Reliability. Distributed databases offer greater reliability in contrast to centralized

databases. In case of a database failure in a centralized database, the system comes
to a complete stop. In a distributed database, the system functions even when
failures occur, only delivering reduced performance until the issue is resolved.

 Lower Communication Cost. Locally storing data reduces communication costs for
data manipulation in distributed databases. Local data storage is not possible in
centralized databases.

 Better Response. Efficient data distribution in a distributed database system provides

a faster response when user requests are met locally. In centralized databases, user
requests pass through the central machine, which processes all requests. The result is
an increase in response time, especially with a lot of queries.

Disadvantages

 Costly Software. Ensuring data transparency and coordination across multiple sites
often requires using expensive software in a distributed database system.

 Large Overhead. Many operations on multiple sites require numerous calculations

and constant synchronization when database replication is used, causing a lot of
processing overhead.

 Data Integrity. A possible issue when using database replication is data integrity,
which is compromised by updating data at multiple sites.

 Improper Data Distribution. Responsiveness to user requests largely depends on

proper data distribution. That means responsiveness can be reduced if data is not
correctly distributed across multiple sites.

Data Mining Vs Data Warehousing

  “A Data Warehouse is a Subject-oriented, Integrated, Time-variant, and Nonvolatile
collection of data in support of Management’s Decision-making Process. - W. H.
Inmon.

 Collection of data that is used primarily in organizational decision making

 A decision support database that is maintained separately from the organization’s

operational database

Important Features of Data Warehouse:- The Important features of Data Warehouse are
given below:

1. Subject Oriented: - A data warehouse is subject-oriented. It provides useful data about a

subject instead of the company's ongoing operations, and these subjects can be customers,
suppliers, marketing, product, promotion, etc. A data warehouse usually focuses on
modeling and analysis of data that helps the business organization to make data-driven
decisions.

2. Time-Variant:- The different data present in the data warehouse provides information
for a specific period.

3. Integrated:- A data warehouse is built by joining data from heterogeneous sources, such
as social databases, level documents, etc.

4. Non-Volatile:- It means once data is entered into the warehouse cannot be changed.
Data warehouse refers to the process of compiling and organizing data into one common
database, whereas data mining refers to the process of extracting useful data from the
databases. The data mining process depends on the data compiled in the data warehousing
phase to recognize meaningful patterns. Data warehousing is created to support
management systems.

Data Warehouse: A Data Warehouse refers to a place where data can be stored for useful
mining. It is like a quick computer system with an exceptionally huge data storage capacity.
Data from the various organization's systems are copied to the Warehouse, where it can be
fetched and conformed to delete errors. Here, advanced requests can be made against the
warehouse storage of data.

Data warehouse combines data from numerous sources which ensure the data quality,
accuracy, and consistency. Data warehouse boosts system execution by separating analytics
processing from transnational databases. Data flows into a data warehouse from different
databases. A data warehouse works by sorting out data into a pattern that depicts the
format and types of data. Query tools examine the data tables using patterns.

Data warehouses and databases both are relative data systems, but both are made to
serve different purposes. A data warehouse is built to store a huge amount of historical
data and empowers fast requests over all the data, typically using Online Analytical
Processing (OLAP). A database is made to store current transactions and allow quick access
to specific transactions for ongoing business processes, commonly known as Online
Transaction Processing (OLTP).

Advantages of Data Warehouse:

o More accurate data access
o Improved productivity and performance
o Cost-efficient
o Consistent and quality data
Data Mining: Data mining refers to the analysis of data. It is the computer-supported
process of analyzing huge sets of data that have either been compiled by computer systems
or have been downloaded into the computer. In the data mining process, the computer
analyzes the data and extracts useful information from it. It looks for hidden patterns within
the data set and tries to predict future behavior. Data mining is primarily used to discover
and indicate relationships among the data sets.

Data mining aims to enable business organizations to view business behaviors, trends
relationships that allow the business to make data-driven decisions. It is also known as
knowledge Discover in Database (KDD). Data mining tools utilize AI, statistics, databases,
and machine learning systems to discover the relationship between the data. Data mining
tools can support business-related questions that are traditionally time-consuming to
resolve any issue.

Important features of Data Mining: The important features of Data Mining are given
below:
o It utilizes the Automated discovery of patterns.
o It predicts the expected results.
o It focuses on large data sets and databases
o It creates actionable information.

Advantages of Data Mining:

i. Market Analysis: Data Mining can predict the market that helps the business to make the
decision. For example, it predicts who is keen to purchase what type of products.

ii. Fraud detection: Data Mining methods can help to find which cellular phone calls,
insurance claims, credit, or debit card purchases are going to be fraudulent.
iii. Financial Market Analysis: Data Mining techniques are widely used to help Model
Financial Market

iv. Trend Analysis: Analyzing the current existing trend in the marketplace is a strategic
benefit because it helps in cost reduction and manufacturing process as per market
demand.

Differences between Data Mining and Data Warehousing:

Data Mining Data Warehousing

Data mining is the process of A data warehouse is a database system

determining data patterns. designed for analytics.

Data mining is generally considered as Data warehousing is the process of combining

the process of extracting useful data all the relevant data.
from a large set of data.

Business entrepreneurs carry out data Data warehousing is entirely carried out by the
mining with the help of engineers. engineers.

In data mining, data is analyzed In data warehousing, data is stored periodically.

repeatedly.

Data mining uses pattern recognition Data warehousing is the process of extracting
techniques to identify patterns. and storing data that allow easier reporting.

One of the most amazing data mining One of the advantages of the data warehouse is
techniques is the detection and its ability to update frequently. That is the
identification of the unwanted errors reason why it is ideal for business entrepreneurs
that occur in the system. who want up-to-date with the latest stuff.

The data mining techniques are cost- The responsibility of the data warehouse is to
efficient as compared to other simplify every type of business data.
statistical data applications.

The data mining techniques are not In the data warehouse, there is a high possibility
100 percent accurate. It may lead to that the data required for analysis by the
serious consequences in a certain company may not be integrated into the
condition. warehouse. It can simply lead to loss of data.

Companies can benefit from this Data warehouse stores a huge amount of
analytical tool by equipping suitable historical data that helps users to analyze
and accessible knowledge-based data. different periods and trends to make future
predictions.