UNITL INTRODUCTION WHAT IS SETTLEMENT? Settlements inhabited by man + Clustr of welling of any type or size where human beings live * Created through movement of man in space and definition of boundaries of territorial interest for physical and institutional purposes Settlements evolution In the long history from camp to village a {handful of innovations accelerated the art of settlement design. In the agricultural societies such an innovation may be symbolized by the plow, for it boosted food production enough to free some people from tilling the soil and enabled them to attend other pursuits. with the plow, man put his first lines on the earth's surface. On the flat riverside flood lands- civilization’ first tilled soil- the plow etched parallel furrows which added up to a number of plots, more or less rectangular shape, Agricultural societies needed a system of easy land division for crop planning and land ownership. They also needed a system of land plotting for re-division and reapportionment after the flood, an annual event on the Nile, the Tigris, and Euphrates rivers. Reetilinear plotting suited all these needs perfectly. It enabled men to plan the use of land As the logic of the plow led to rectilinear plotting in the field, the geometry of mud brick house construction, as well as the need for easy land division, led to rectilinear plotting in the town. Village dwellers too had to be able to measure and record land plots for ownerships, transferral, or rudimentary planning. They also had to divide their urban lots into squares, yards, or gardens, Mud brick, convenient lengths of roofing lumber, and house planning were all combined in the logic of rectilinear town plotting. Rectilinear layout is found in the entire history of town planning. It was used in the ancient and later Greek towns, in Roman colonial out posts, and in the Indian, Chinese, and pre Columbian cities. But rectilinear was not the only geometric system used in the history. ‘The grid iron layout was accompanied and probably preceded by an equally important system, that is the circular form of settlements. The grid had been the product of the farmer; the circle was originally the product of herdsman, the descendant of the hunter and the ancestor of the warrior. In the circle was found an ideal form for fencing in cattle, for its enclosed a maximum of land with minimum of fence. That, however , was not its only advantage, for a fence could, besides keeping cattle in, also keep an enemy out. The major role of the circular form of town layout was to be a defensive one. Early fortified towns, Human settlement and planning, semester 9 |usually built on hilltops or on islands, had protective walls which were more or less circular enclosures. ‘The immediate descendant of the circular form was the radio centric, the means by which circular settlement enlarge. The radio centric pattem develops from the circular by first growing outward along the radial routes; the wedge shaped areas between the radials filling in gradually. Fortress cities, for example, developed small settlements Tessa eak cee Saas eee te ete gates along the road ways ovine nodes smaifhutsformthevatercrae the Eventually these circular settlements grew {hie?s compound isin the center. cattle pens line the outer enough to require a second encircling wall, els of the huts and then a third and fourth. This process kept repeating itself, from ancient Athens or Rome to nineteenth century. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS ‘+ Nature of terrain: Dispersed type of settlements is found in remote jungles, ily ates, Compact stlement re found in highly productive alluvial plains, * Altitude:-Dispersed settlements are found in hills of Meghalaya and clustered ad sem clase sete re ound in Cj plain + Climate to frequent doug stement may become hamlet + Availability of water: Scarcity of water in Rajasthan has resulted in development of compact settlements, © Caste and tribal structure: due to ethnic factors settlement may become fragmented and Hamicted cg Cobtisgarh. ‘+ Religion: people of same religion prefer to live together making a settlement large or small + Defense from invasions and Wild animals: due to defense from dacoits, wild animals or fear settlements may cluster and form compact settlements, Human settlement and planning, semester 9 |SETTLEMENT FORMS Broadly classified into four types: 1, Shapeless cluster-without any regular street or with an irregular road which comes up according to the local requirements, it may be of the massive type and dispersed type. 2. Linear cluster-with a straight and specious street running network parallel rows of houses. 3. Square or rectangular cluster-with straight streets running parallel or at right angles to one another. 4, Settlement formed of isolated or dispersed homestead Settlements can further be classified according to size and spacing into: clustered or compact and dispersed or scattered. SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY i, Isolated dwellings Such settlement consists of individual units. It can be termed as the initial stage of development of a settlement. An isolated dwelling would only have | or 2 buildings or families in it. ii, Hamlets When many individual units are cluster together they form hamlets. The grouping may be due to similar occupational pattems, religion, cultural factors ete. A hamlet has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services iii, Villages When many hamlets combine they form a village. The reason for such grouping may be due to interdependencies of one hamlet on another, thus to form a self sufficient unit, iv. Towns A town is a larger entity which is more self-sufficient, has a stronger economic base, v. Cities Where large concentration of people exists, multiple economic activities vi. Metropolis, A metropolis is a large city, with a population of at least one million living in its, urban agglomeration. vii, Megalopolis An extensive, metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan are TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS Human settlement and planning, semester 9 |There is a great variation in the settlement types due to geographical, cultural and economical factors, settlements can be broadly classified into * Urban settlements, + Rural settlements ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 1. The Content: Man, Society and Networks 2, The Container: Physical Settlement (Nature and Shell) + Natural Elements + Man-made (artificial) Elements = Nature — earth and the natural site on which settlements are built = Man (Anthropos) ~ creates and inhabits the settlements 1 Society —formed in a given settlement 1» Nerworfes ~fimetions that allow sertlements to survive and grow Shells — built to transform the first and to house the other elements FOUR BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS = The Homogeneous Parts — the fields The Central Parts — built-up village The Circulatory Parts— roads and paths within the fields The Special Parts —ie., a monastery contained within the homogenous part Human settlement and planning, semester 9 —CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS mBy Ekistic Units mBy Ekistic Elements mBy Ekistic Functions By Evolutionary Phases mBy Factors and Disciplines EKISTICS UNITS = Minor shells or elementary units (man, 100m, house) = Micro-settlements -the units smaller than, or as smal as, the traditional town where people used do and still do achieve interconnection By = Meso-scttlements — between the traditional town and the conurbation within which one can commute daily = Macro-settlements — whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopoliss EKISTICS ELEMENTS Nature ® Geologic resources © Topographic resources Soil resources @ Water resources Plant life © Animal life Climate Human settlement and planning, ester 9]HUMAN SETTLEMENTS- DIFFERENT ELEMENTS (Doxiadis 1969) NATURE: (Openspaces) + Topographiat Rescues > Waa Plant Life > Animal Lite Evolution of Human Settlements ‘Phase 1: Primitive non-organized human settlements (Gtarted with the evolution of man) Phase 2: Primitive, (Che Period of ‘Uinges tse 10000 yest Phase 3: Static urban settlements or cities - Polis sted about 5,000-6,000 years) Pointed 20000 yea nota Phase 5: Universal City - Ecumenopolis which is ‘now beginning Man steeper r permanent inet {ocation «> Began with fire and went on to animal husbandry ‘ground, hollow trees or shallow caves & Settlements have no link, communication lines and. ‘transportation ‘Human settlement and planning, semester 9 |Phase 2; Organized Hui aT circular form then expansion of dwelling by placing ‘many round forms side by side, then elongated to clliptical ones and rectilinear forms = Due to loss of space between ther, more regular shapes of settlements were formed to a segular sxidiron pattern ‘= Micro scale: Man must divide the land, construct ‘one or more shells (rooms and houses), and citeulate ‘within a built-up area (neighbourhood) ‘Macro scale: Man mst own and use space but not build it, and circulate within it, although toa much lesser degree than before (usually not more than one ‘movement to and from every day), man continues to follow the course of nature towards hexagonal patterns © Population is still small ‘Villages are found in plains, near the rivers ‘and near the sea © When population density increased, new patterns were developed with the villages ‘covering the entire plain based on small hexagonal pattern and the hills and ‘mountains on a larger hexagonal pattern. Cece ‘= First urban settlement appeared as small cities in a plain or as fortresses on hills and ‘mountains (5,000-6,000 years ago) = Expansion of nucleus in one or more directions (single nucleus principle/nodal point not valid anymore) ere pets dns © Started in the 17* century = Characterized by continuous growth or Emerged due to industrial technological revolution = All part of the land it covers is not sterilised. ‘© Microorganisms inthe sol no longer eis. © Original animal inhabitants have largely been banished ‘Human settlement and planning, semester 9 |