Q1 List the main components of the balance sheet and give examples for each type.

Which is the most important component on the asset side and which one on the liability
side? Explain why.

Assets
- All assets should be divided into current and noncurrent assets. An asset is considered
current if it can reasonably be converted into cash within one year. Cash, inventories,
and net receivables are all important current assets because they offer flexibility and
solvency.
- Cash is the headliner. Companies that generate a lot of cash are often doing a good job
satisfying customers and getting paid. While too much cash can be worrisome, too little
can raise a lot of red flags. However, some companies require little to no cash to
operate, choosing instead to invest that cash back into the business to enhance their
future profit potential.
Liabilities
- Like assets, liabilities are either current or noncurrent. Current liabilities are obligations
due within a year. Fundamental investors look for companies with fewer liabilities than
assets, particularly when compared against cash flow. Companies that owe more money
than they bring in are usually in trouble.
- Items on the balance sheet are used to calculate important financial ratios, such as the
quick ratio, the working capital ratio, and the debt-to-equity ratio.
- Common liabilities include accounts payable, deferred income, long-term debt, and
customer deposits if the business is large enough. Although assets are usually tangible
and immediate, liabilities are usually considered equally as important, as debts and other
types of liabilities must be settled before booking a profit.
Equity
 - Equity is equal to assets minus liabilities, and it represents how much the company's
shareholders actually have a claim to. Investors should pay particular attention to
retained earnings and paid-in capital under the equity section.
- Paid-in capital represents the initial investment amount paid by shareholders for their
ownership interest. Compare this to additional paid-in capital to show the equity premium
investors paid above par value. Equity considerations, for these reasons, are among the
top concerns when institutional investors and private funding groups consider a business
purchase or merger.
- Retained earnings show the amount of profit the firm reinvested or used to pay down
debt, rather than distributed to shareholders as dividends.
Q2 It is said that ALM in Banking is a liability driven process. Discuss the reasons

Assessment of possible funding sources

Main characteristics :
- Concentrations level between funding sources
- Sensitivity to interest-rate and credit risk volatility
- Ability and speed to renew or replace the funding source at favorable terms (evaluation
of the possibility to lengthening its maturity for liability source)
- For borrowed funds, documentation of a plan defining repayment of the funds and terms
including call features, prepayment penalties, debt covenants...
- Possible early redemption option of the source
- Diversification of sources, tenors, investors base and types, currencies and to
collateralization requirements (with limits by counterparty, secured versus unsecured
 level of the market funding, instrument types, securitization vehicles, geographic market
and investor types)
- Costs : a bank can privilegiate interest bearing deposit products for retail clients as it is
still considered as a cheap form of stable funding but the fierce competition between
banks to attract a big market share has increased the acquisition and operational costs
generated to manage large volume treatment (personnel, advertising...)
- Dependencies to endogenous (bank specific events such as formulas, asset allocation,
funding methods...) / exogenous (investment returns, market volatility, inflation, bank
ratings...) factors that will influence the bank ability to access one particular source.
Q3: Why is capital reserve important? Under the Basel Accord, explain the difference
between Tier I capital and Tier II capital. Give examples for each type
A capital reserve is the type of reserve that is created from capital profits. The purpose for which
a capital reserve is created is for preparing the company for sudden events like inflation,
business expansion, funds for a new project.
A capital reserve is created from capital profit earned through sales of capital assets such as the
sale of fixed assets, profit on the sale of shares.
The special property of capital reserve is that these are permanently invested and cannot be
used for any other purpose apart from which it is created.

A bank's capital consists of tier 1 capital and tier 2 capital, and these two primary types of
capital reserves are qualitatively different in several respects (there was formerly a third type,
conveniently called tier 3 capital).
- Tier 1 capital is a bank's core capital and includes disclosed reserves—that appears on
the bank's financial statements—and equity capital. This money is the funds a bank uses
to function on a regular basis and forms the basis of a financial institution's strength.
- Tier 2 capital is a bank's supplementary capital. Undisclosed reserves, subordinated
term debts, hybrid financial products, and other items make up these funds.
A bank's total capital is calculated by adding its tier 1 and tier 2 capital together. Regulators use
the capital ratio to determine and rank a bank's capital adequacy.
- Tier 1 Capital
Tier 1 capital consists of shareholders' equity and retained earnings—disclosed on their
financial statements—and is a primary indicator to measure a bank's financial health. These
funds come into play when a bank must absorb losses without ceasing business operations.
Tier 1 capital is the primary funding source of the bank. Typically, it holds nearly all of the bank's
accumulated funds. These funds are generated specifically to support banks when losses are
absorbed so that regular business functions do not have to be shut down.
Ex: Under Basel III, the minimum tier 1 capital ratio is 10.5%, which is calculated by dividing the
bank's tier 1 capital by its total risk-weighted assets (RWA). RWA measures a bank's exposure
to credit risk from the loans it underwrites.
For example, assume a financial institution has US$200 billion in total tier 1 assets. They have a
risk-weighted asset value of $1.2 trillion. To calculate the capital ratio, they divide $200 billion by
$1.2 trillion in risk for a capital ratio of 16.66%, well above the Basel III requirements.

Also, there are further requirements on sources of the tier 1 funds to ensure they are available
when the bank needs to use them.

- Tier 2 Capital
Tier 2 capital includes undisclosed funds that do not appear on a bank's financial statements,
revaluation reserves, hybrid capital instruments, subordinated term debt—also known as junior
debt securities—and general loan-loss, or uncollected, reserves. Revalued reserves is an
accounting method that recalculates the current value of a holding that is higher than what it
was originally recorded as such as with real estate. Hybrid capital instruments are securities
such as convertible bonds that have both equity and debt qualities.
Tier 2 capital is supplementary capital because it is less reliable than tier 1 capital. It is more
difficult to accurately measure due to its composition of assets that are difficult to liquidate.
Often banks will split these funds into upper and lower level pools depending on the
characteristics of the individual asset.
Ex: In 2019, under Basel III, the minimum total capital ratio is 12.9%, which indicates the
minimum tier 2 capital ratio is 2%, as opposed to 10.9% for the tier 1 capital ratio
Assume that same bank reported tier 2 capital of $32.526 billion. Its tier 2 capital ratio for the
quarter was $32.526 billion/$1.243 trillion = 2.62%. Thus, its total capital ratio was
16.8%(14.18% + 2.62%). Under Basel III, the bank met the minimum total capital ratio of 12.9%.
Question 4 List the 7 sources of Interest rate risk and give examples on each of them.
Question 5 A bank makes a $10,000 four2year car loan to a customer at a fixed rate of
8.5%. The bank
initially funds the car loan with a one2year $10,000 CD at a cost of 4.5%. The bank’s initial
spread is 4%.
a. What is the bank’s one year gap?
b. What would happen to the bank’s balance sheet when the interest rate rises/falls in
one year?

Question 6
Consider the following balance sheet

Assets Yield Liabilities Cost

Rate sensitive $500 8.0% $600 4.0%
Fixed rate $350 11.0% $220 6.0%
Non earning $150 $100
$920
Equity $80
Total $1,000 $1,000

Calculate NII, NIM, GAP

Examine the impact of the following changes:
• A 1% increase in the level of all short-term rates?
• A 1% decrease in the spread between assets yields and interest costs such that the rate
on RSAs increases to 8.5% and the rate on RSLs increases to 5.5%?
• A proportionate doubling in size of the bank? Discuss the relevant risks.
Course Outline Treasury Management
Q7
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