The foundations of knowledge in occidental philosophy.

The importance of
critique in the evolution of scientific method.

Abstract: This paper intends to make an analysis about the role of critique in the
development of science. This will lead us to consider the most significant works of
occidental philosophy concerning the foundations of human knowledge. For this
study we will take into consideration, firstly, the conceptions made by ancient
Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Secondly, basing our analysis on
the Middle Ages, we will show the research proposal of St. Augustine of Hippo
throughout which he investigates the Idea of Evil; in addition, we will exhibit the
Aristotelian category of zỗion politikón portrayed in St. Thomas Aquinas which has
surpassed the supernatural element of human phenomena. Thirdly, we will
mention the dispute between rationalists and empiricists which has defined
modernity presenting, on the one hand, the Cartesian’s fundament on the Idea of
God; on the other hand, Locke’s refutation of innate ideas, and the research
method suggested by Hume concerning concepts such as the Idea of God and the
idea of necessary connection. Finally, we will deal with Kant’s concept of critique,
which synthesised the conflict between rationalists and empiricists enabling the
specific knowledge of an object and a rigorous scientific procedure.

Key words: foundations of knowledge, research, critique, science.