Chapter I: Sequences and Series # Tutorial 1B Solutions 1. Evaluate the following series: (2) (+1) x’, where -l y > and make use of the previousChapter I: Sequences and Series Solution ‘Comments ) st 1s _| 2r rt 5 *9°6 6(V+2) 6(N+3) 3(V=2) O(+4) This part is solved by method of difference; however the cancellation can only be seen after writing down the first 4 rows, If the cancellation process starts with the first 4 rows, students are encouraged to write down the last 4 ows so that they can see where the last cancellation occurs, and therefore can casure that the terms not cancelled offare all accounted for (boxed in red) Hwa Chong Institution Page 5 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series 4, [A level FM9234 N99/P1/Q3a modified] ” "(a1 Given u, =~, show that u,,)—u, (21) here n is a positive integer. i} 1 n(n) Y2(n-1) 9" Hence, show that se) -2" BI n(n+l) Nel Solution Comments Ma Mn toe “nel on _2"'n=2"(n+l) “n(n i) _2-2"n=2"n-2" - n(n+l) 2 n— a2 2D own) matt) acre) 2"(n-1) Since u,,,-u, =“ is shown n(n) previously, apply the LHS of result for MOD in this part, —2 (shown) +1 Hwa Chong Institution Page 6 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series 5. Given that f(r 0820, write £(r)-f (r+) as a product of two sine functions. Use your result to find the sum of the first n terms of the series sin 30 +sinS0+sin 70+ 7 J] Solution Comments £(r)=f (+1) =c0s(2r0)—cos(2(r-+1)2) = asin 20H (20 +2) 5 270 — (21+ 2) Use formula list MF26 to apply the relevant 2 2 = ~2sin((2r +1)6)sin(-€) =—2sin((2r-+1)0)(-sind) = 2sindsin((2r+1)@) Observe that we can write sin30-+sin50+sin 70 +..+sin(2n+1)@= S'sin((2r+1)0) a From f(r)—f(r-+1)=2sin Osin((2+1)0), we get £(r)-F(r1) sin((2r+1)@)= Dano Hence Laren +1)0)= sand Lleey-re +1)) 1 ~ dana 3) £(1)-F(m41) ~ 2sind _ cos 20 —cos(2(n+1)4) sind trigonometric formula Recall sin(-@)=—sin@ or you can derive from the formula in MF26 sin(4+B)=sin Acos B +cos Asin B Note that sin is a constant in this series, as it is independent of r Since this isa summation of a difference of 2 terms, the method of differences is used. Hwa Chong Institution Page 7 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series 6. [MJCO8/PrelimP2/Q3 modified} - 1 1 1 Verify that yD 3e-a) io l n(n—1(n—2) By using the above result, find > Hence show that Solution 1 2x (¥-1) 2(x-2) (x=1)(x-2)-2x(x-2)+2(x-1) 2x(x—1)(x-2) et 2—3+3x 2x(x—1)(x—2) ‘Comments to 1 reli 2 1 Note: Do not simplify the fraction so ¢ Tao 2 als ae > make the cancellation casier to observe. Hwa Chong Institution Page 8 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series Note that n° >n(n=1)(n—2) for neZ*,n23 14 l mnnn( which implies that N=) * i 4 >0forNe%',N23 since 1 2N(N-1) i = (shi (shown) Hwa Chong Institution Note that this result holds only for 2 23 since n=l and will make the term 1 n(n=1(n—2) undefined Note that sinee N eZ 1 2N(N-1) 1 1 root n(n-1)(n-2) 4 2N(N=1) 4 N23, 50 >0, hence This result is NOT due to Notice how the lower index =I in the sigma notation is being introduced at this stage instead of earlier, sinceall the previous inequality can only be established for n= 3 Page 9 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series 7. [SAIC16/C2MidY carP1/Q4b] rs3rtl_ 1 Show that ———— — 1 Show tia TT a Ga a P43r4l Hence find 3 (ii) Hence fin Sar Cay BI P4sr+5 2 ned iii) Using the result in part (b)(ii), show that ))7 >" *° = _ 3 (iii) Using the result in part (by(i), s 2 Saree 8] —_ | Solution Comments @ fa ene +2) To show the result, it is ok to work from RHS Gt! red to LHS or vice versa; it is not necessary to be done from LHS to RHS only. Hence also work ase in the direction that is casier to do (r+2)! 1 1 The common denominator for = and (5) is NOT r!(r+2)!, but rather just (+2)! this is because (r+2)!=rl(r +1)(r+2) (i) 30d 13 ns3 2 (msi (n 42) 2 (42)! i) Hwa Chong Institution Page 10 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series Replacing r by 7-1 +S 45 x (rey! 8 (r= 1 Sr =I) 45 ¥ 2rt1+5r—5+5 a (r+2)! Sh 43r tl + 2E Sr +3r+ P +30) +1 3! Hwa Chong Institution Page 11 of 21 For such question whereby we need to do replacement of, itis always more systematic to start off with the question itself (in this case s Ps5rt5 =) expression so that it will change to the expression in the result obtained in previous part (in this ease >" and manipulate theChapter I: Sequences and Series 8. [HCIO7/C1LectureTest/Q6] (i) Verify that for any real constant, m, 1 1 m mr+i—m— mest (mr-+l—m\mr +1) tH (ii) Heace, show that)" mr+t—m)(mr+l)— mn+l a Ww Solution ¢ 1 1 LHS. = ———-. mrt lm omr+t (mr 1) (rs 1—m) (mr +1—m)(mr +1) m (mr+1-m) (mr +1) RAS ‘Comments Hwa Chong InstitutionChapter I: Sequences and Series (i) T g- 1 1 “la mr+l-m anal 1g 1 la =1)+1 a i) + + + ” 39° 55-58 39-41 58-61 1 1 ] + 37-39 39-41 i pepo | 1454.7)" 35-58" 58-61 2 Lon yy Or) *La nary AA (choose m =2, n= 20) and (choose m=3. 20,20 2(20)+1 3(20)+1 2040 ~ 2501 Hwa Chong Institution Page 13 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series [NYJCO7/PrelimP1/Q8 modified] Given f(r) ( i ¥ yy 1 (i) Henee, find 3st z| 1 @. ‘Comments (i), B iwa Chong Institution Page 14 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series 2 et T 2 Hy (ty 2 2m 2 _ 1 (nt) (-(3 )) Note that which is the sum of GP, with ; being the 1 first term, > the common ratio anda total of ‘n torms being summed up (ii) Replace r by r—1, ara (r-1) Hwa Chong Institution Page 15 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series 10. [HCIS/C1BT/Q4, HCIS/Promo/Q8 modified] A pair of twin brothers, William and John, graduated in 2003 and both of them started their new job in January 2004 (a) John joined a company that paid him $ x in his first year. In each year, his annual salary increases by an amount equal to 15% of his first year’s salary. Show that his total salary after years is (30437) Hence calculate the least number of years nceded for his total salary to exceed 50 times of his first year salary. (4) (b) William joined a company with a starting monthly pay of $2000 in January 2004 In January 2005, he received an increment of 50% of his previous monthly pay. In January for each subsequent year, he received an increment of 50% of his previous increment. In other words, in January 2005, his increment was $1000; in January 2006, his increment was $500 and so on. Let Un denote the pay William received in the n™ year (where 2004 was the 1** year, 2005 was the 2" year, and so on). (Find U,, U;, Us and show that U7, =48000(1-0.5") . Hence by considering JU, , find the total pay William received in the first n years (6] (ii) William decided to quit if his inerement fell below $10. In which year would be quit the company? BI Solution ‘Comments @) Ist term, @=x and common difference, d= 0.15x a 31284 (n- (0 Isx)] =F (0.150 088s) 5, =F (3437) [3n+37]>50x 40 3n? +37n—2000>0 = n<-32.7 (rejected) or n > 20.379 ©. Atleast 21 years needed OW Year 2004 U, =2000(12) = $2400 Year 2005: U, = (2000+ 0.5(2000))(12) = $36000 Note that there is a multiplication of 12 because Un is the yearly pay William received, but the increment is monthly Hwa Chong Institution Page 16 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series (b)Gi) Year 2006: u =2000[1+0.5+0.5" +...+0.5"" (12) ~ no] 152 Jay = 48000(1-0.5") (Shown) >(48000(1-0.5")) B (»-E05) ( 4 £ & és é 0.5(1-0.5") 05 )0(n-1+0.5') (2000)0.5"' <10, 12 0.5"" <0,005 (n=l) In0.5< In0.005 n-1> 7.64 1>8.64 n=9 He will quit in 2012 2000 +0.5 (2000) + 0.5 (2000))(12) , =[2000+-0.5(2000) + 0.5*(2000) +. 542000 +05" (2000)](12) Ds Le l+...+], hence the answeris Lely. +] Vos 05408 405'4..405%, which is a sum of GP of common ratio OS ‘The question is about the increment, ‘not the total amount of pay William is receiving, hence the inequality will only involve the expression (2000)0.5"" , which is the increment William will get in the nth year, 222 (note that William only receive his first increment in the 2™ year) Students may have the year as 2004 + 9 =2013; however since the I* year is 2004, the 9* year is actually 2012 due to counting principle Hwa Chong Institution Page 17 of 21Ml Chapter I: Sequences and Series [ACIC15/PrelimP1/Q13 modified] The owner of a newly opened café decided to rent a painting from an artist as part of the decoration of the café. They were discussing how to draft a contract for the terms of the rental The artist proposed a rental contract (Version 1), stating that the owner will pay the artist $15 for the Ist day of rental and for each subsequent day, the daily rental cost will inerease by $0.50. (i) Express, in terms of n, the rental cost for the nth day, Onwhich day of the rental will the owner first have to pay the artist more than $39 as the daily rental rate? (2) ‘The owner proposed an alternative contract (Version 2), where the daily rental rate is such that on the nth day of the rental, the amount of money, in dollars, the owner has to pay to the artist is given by the function 12000 f(n) ae +4) (ii) Express f(n) in the form + Qn In43 determined. m , Where 4 and B are constants to be (iii) Hence show that with Version 2 of the contract, the total amount of money the artist will recive at the end of m days of rental is 12000(m +1) 4000-3) BI (iv) The artist accepted Version 2 of the contract, and terminated the contract at the end of k days. Given that the artist received more money in total from Version 2 than if he had chosen Version 1, find the largest possible value of &. BI (v) Given that the artist accepted Version? of the contract, the owner changed his mind and decided to offer the artist $3,999 to buy his painting. Should the artist accept the offer? Explain your answer clearly, Solution 21 ‘Comments a) Rental cost at nth day, T, =15+(n-1)(0.5)=14.5+0.5n 1, =14.5+05n>39 0.5n > 24.5 n>49 Therefore, on the 50th day of rental the owner will first have to pay the artist more than $39 as the daily rental rate, For this part, the inequality sign > plays an important part (the question states to pay more than $39), as the number 49 obtained is an integer; with » being an integer and n>49, the least should be 50. Gai) 12000 _ 3000 3000, 4 +4n-3° 2n-1 2n+3 F(n) Hwa Chong Institution Page 18 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series 1) Le) s0005 ae =3000 4 Amd 3° (2m+1)(2m+3) x ~ 4090 1200001) (m=) (2m+3) (iw) | k 12000(k +1) For Version 1, the rental reccived follows an 512015) +00. 9) AP, hence to find the total amount of rental 12000(é+1) received, we apply the sum of AP formula to k + k =| 2(15)+(#-—1)(0.5) |- 4000 + ———____—__ =| - 3L2(15)+(F-(05)] (e+) (2+3) © obtain 5[2(13)+(k-1)(0.5)] Let k 12000(k +1 D=5 2105) +(&-1)(05)]-4000+ 12H Since é takes integer values, it is more > CP *2K=3) | etiicient to use the table method via GC Using GC, k_[D 98 |-1232 99 | -59.5 100 | 4.7037 Therefore the largest value of k is 99. Hwa Chong Institution Page 19 of 21Chapter I: Sequences and Series | As moe, 200m 9 therefore (2m-+1)(2m+3) 4000-12000" +), 4000 1m +1)(2m+3) Hence the theoretical maximum that the artist will get from Version 2 of the contract is $4,000. Since the owner is offering him $3,999, he should take up the offer since the offer amount is just $1 less than the theoretical maximum amount and he needs not wait indefinitely. 12. A sequence is defined by uw, = 6 and w,,,=Su,-4, where m=, 2,3, (i) State the values of u,, u;, uy (ii) Describe how the sequence behaves. (iii) By considering 1, —1, make a conjecture for a formula for u,, in terms of 1 Solution @ Sur —4=26 Su, —4=126 Su; —4 = 626 (ii) | The sequence inereases towards infinity. ‘Comments a ly uy u,—1 | Pattern 1 6 5 3 2 5x6-4=26 25 2 3 5x26-4=126 12s s 4 5x126—4= 626 625 sf Hwa Chong Institution Page 20 of 2113, Chapter I: Sequences and Series [ACIC JCI Promo 9758/2019/Q11i] A research team would like to examine the growth of a certain bacteria in a controlled environment. Beginning with a sample amounting to 4, of this bacteria, the researchers noted down the amount of bacteria found in this environment at the end of each day, such that 4 represents the amount present at the end of the first day and A, for the second day. @ It was found that the amount of bacteria present at the end of k"* day, denoted by A, , relies on the amount present at the end of the previous day, with the relationship 4, = 4, ,+360K* Use this relation to find expressions for 4,, 4, and 4,, leaving each in terms of Ay Hence, or otherwise, show that the amount of bacteria present at the end of n day, , is given by A, = A,+an'+bn*+cen, where a, 6 and c ate constants to be determined. 1 [You may use the result >7r N(W+1)(2N41)] (5] B wo Solution Using A, = A, ,+360k', A, = Ay +360(1) Ay +360 A, = A, +360(2)° = Ay +360(1)° +360(2)° A, +1800 A, +360(3)° = Ay + 360(1)’ +360(2)' +360(3)° =A, +5040 A, = Ay +360 , (1) +360(2)° +360(3)' +...+360(n)* =A, ons ye (2) +) +..4(n)'] al eee = Ay + 60n{ In? +3n+1] = Ay +1200" +180n" + 60n. a =120,b =180,c = 60, ‘Comment Firstly we try to write downa few terms to visualise the pattern of A before formulating 4, with sigma notation. By using the result given in the question, deduce the general term of A, Do not forget to state the respective values of a, b and c. Hwa Chong Institution Page 21 of 21