Patriotism and Social Awareness of the

Artist Abdullah Bin Turki Al- Bakr

An applied cultural study of his book (A View of Society)

:Prepared by
Researchers of the University of Ha'il

AH/ 2021 1442

A supported research by the Deanship of Scientific Research at the University of Ha'il

with contract No (RG-20221) on 26/7/1442 AH
 ABSTRACT

This study investigates the cultural product of one of the cultural pioneers in Ha'il
region. That is the writer Abdullah Bin Turki Al- Bakr, who contributed in drawing
good impact and impression to cultural scenery: either literally , socially , or in
Media .The writer has been chosen for study because of his tangible cultural impact,
either in the scientific books, newspapers or even in electronic platforms.
For this reason, the study will be concerned with his book (A View of the Society). It
is divided into five sections . The first section is a preface that introduces the writer
and his book . The second section will investigate the features of the patriotic sense.
The third section sheds light on features of the social awareness. The fourth section
reveals implicit cultural systems. The fifth sections is the conclusion of the study.
The study is concluded by listing endnotes and the most important sources and
references.

Key words: patriotism, social awareness, cultural systems

1. Introduction
Ha'il is considered as one of the most important Saudi areas which replete with great
heritage and ancient history. Many people know that this beautiful region goes back
in its name, and heritage to old times . Ha'il has passed through long and successive
ages and eras , in which it was a witness to the ancient human being's nobility past,
extended civilization. The ancient inscriptions found on the mountains, and the
recently discovered antiquities testify this. Thus, the region has gained such great
significance in being with cultural heritage , historical depth, and knowledge
dimension. At Islamic Ages Ha'il was an important center for many events which
made it an strategic location for convoys and excursions, until it reached to the
highest point of its evolution in Saudi auspicious time.

The first signs of cultural development in Ha'il region were evident during the era of
the first Saudi state. Because of its location slightly to the north of the center of the
Arabian Peninsula , and specifically the northern Najd, Ha'il was affected –like the
entire region- by the blessed reforming call of the Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdul
Wahab - God 's mercy be upon his soul . That call has affected the scientific and
intellectual track. “The scholars who undertake the task of educating students have
become from the owners of sound ideas that are far from being influenced by any of
the ideas of the innovated sects, or ideas composed by some of the common people, or
even some of those attributed to science.”[1] , and this means that the breeze of that
pure call began to blow over Najd and its outskirts until it covered the whole of
Arabian Peninsula, by the grace of God, and on that foundations our great state
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has developed .

In his lecture about Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab, his call and his biography,
Shaikh Ibn Baz -- God 's mercy be upon his soul- has mentioned that Sheikh
Mohammed Bin Abdul Wahab has sent letters to people beginning with the people of
Najd, in which he sent letters to Najds' Emirs and scholars. Then he wrote to the
scholars of Riyadh , Al - Kharj, the South, Qasseem, Ha'il, Al-Washm, Sudair, Al-
Ehsa'a, and other regions. Sheik Mohammed Bin Abdul Wahab has continued writing
to scholars and princes in most areas until the call has settled on its legs, bore fruit and
flourished, and then its benefits spread throughout the country. (2]
This scientific serenity, which the call opened its windows at first, led to a kind of
pure scientific and cultural movement that benefited many parts of the Arabian
Peninsula during the era of the first Saudi state onwards, and it began to spread more
widely, until the education movement has remarkably and scientifically flourished in
Ha'il during the era of the second Saudi state. If we take a look at the scientific
movement in Ha'il at that time, we will find a variety of sciences, and a group of
scholars influenced by what the Sheikh’s call left including: traces, texts, summaries,
and messages in jurisprudence, monotheism, hadith, interpretation, history, and
grammar. Perhaps we do not exaggerate if we considered Ha'il as one of the centers of
culture and legal science in the Arabian Peninsula, especially Najd. This opinion is
supported by the abundance of scholars, of different classes, knowledge seekers, and
what surrounds their conditions.(3 ]
Today, in the third and prosperous Saudi era , Ha'il has gained a continuous support
and great interest from our wise leadership – God Protect them- , like other cities of
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It has received generous government support, and it is
still pouring down upon it. Ha'il has become one of the edifices of development and
prosperity. The scientific movement in Ha'il has become fast and rising .This is well-
noticed in the appearance of scientific centers, libraries, schools, institutes, passing
through colleges, reaching to university. Thus Ha'il has become a cultural landmark,
where we find the Literary Cultural Club as a lighthouse illuminating science and
knowledge , and a monument shining art and culture, in addition to the presence of
the Society of Culture and the Arts. Ha'il is not limited to this scientific and cultural
glow, but we saw it turned into outstanding tourist archaeological destination .
Support and development for Ha'il contributed in bringing up a lot of distinguished
individuals in different aspects : science ,history ,media, literature , cultural;...etc..

Among that , there were many figures that carved their names in the Ha'il cultural
scene. If we want to count the people of literature, thought and culture in Ha'il, and to
shed light on the pioneers and distinguished, we will find that the number is replete
with models of great status, and their impact on the Saudi cultural scene in general,
and in Ha'il region in particular. We could publicly mention here some books which
revealed some scientists of Ha'il, , for example , the book Zahr al –Khamael
(blossom of bushes) in which the author introduced more than one hundred scholars
in different scientific fields[4] . Similarly, does the book ; Al-Nobdhah Un Masjid
Mashayekh Libda( An overview of the Mosque of Libda Scholars) [5]
. As these two
books focused mainly on scholars , the well-known Sewaida Dictionary (Artists,
Authors and Writers in the Ha'il Region) [6] is considered one of the most important
foremost books that revealed the figures of culture and literature in the Hail region.

Our writer, Abdullah Bin Turki Al-Bakr, is considered as one of the most important
figures of thought, literature and culture in Ha'il region. Because he has a solid
footing in his scientific field and because he is one of the prominent figures whom
light has not been shed much on, we were motivated to try to study his production,
and the scientific efforts and cultural effects he accomplished, especially in the field
of composition . In media sector, Al-Bakr was well-known as Al-Minbari (Platform
Speaker), TV man, and journalist , more than his fame in terms of scientific
production. Therefore, his book (A View of the Society) will be the focus of our
attention, and the focus of our research.

The study consists of a preface introducing the writer and his book. It will discuss the
first topic which monitors the features of the patriotic sense. Then the study will go
to the second topic , which highlights the aspects of social awareness. The study
reveals in the third section the implied cultural systems. Conclusion is followed by a
list of its most important sources and references. The study will take the cultural
criticism approach as a way to reach the desired results.

2. Preface

2.1. Abdullah Bin Turki Al-Bakr:

He is Abdullah bin Turki bin Omar bin Turki Al Bakr, descended from Bani Al-
Anbar bin Amr bin Tamim[7] .Mr. Abdul –Rahman Bin Zaid Al-Soweida'a has
introduced him in his previously-mentioned book (Artists, Authors and Writers in the
Ha'il region)[8] . Muhammad ibn Abd al-Razzaq al-Qash’ami has also detailed Al-
Bakr's biography in his press series (People in the Shadows), after a meeting with Al-
Bakr where he verbally took information . Al-Qash’ami says: " Al-Bakr was born in
Ha'il in 1356 AH / 1937. His parents died when he was young, so he moved to live
with a brother in Riyadh whose name was Omar Bin Turki. After he reached the age
of seven, he joined him with his three children to school (Kutab) of a Yemeni person
in the mosque of(Al-Jufra). ) to the west of Dakhna neighborhood. The custodian of
the school was called Muhammad Bin Sinan, where AL-Bakr spent two years."[9].

Al- Qash'ami says: " In 1370 AH, the Scientific Institute in Riyadh was opened and
Al-Bakr joined the primary section for two years, then he moved to the secondary
section, his language strengthened , and he became fond of grammar , so he joined
Dawn Prayer classes of Sheikh Abdul Latif the southwestern corner of Sheikh
Muhammad's Mosque with nearly 80 blind people. After sunrises he goes to continue
his study at the Institute. He became able to parse the full poems of Diwan Abi Al-
Atahea. He started frequenting bookshops in Bat'ha , and the city center ; to buy the
reference grammar books ,till he became able in parsing the long verses of Qura'an.
Then , he turned to read books of literature , theology , philosophy and logic. He
admired the books of Mustafa Sadiq Al-Rafii , so he gathered all Al-Rafei books ,
keeping the book (Revelation of A Pen ) by heart."[10].
Al-Qash'ami also says: “ Al-Bakr memorized The Statement of Al-Jahiz, Al-Eqd Al-
Farid (the Unique Bracelet) , Flowers of Literature, and Diwan Al-Mutanabbi. With
his colleagues, they used to read literary books in the mosques alongside their other
classmates who were studying their lessons. So the classmates complained Al-Bakr
and his companions to Sheikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim ; director of institutes and
colleges, claiming that Al-Bakr and others confuse their studying because of their
preoccupation in things other than their lessons. The Sheikh asked the complainers :
Do they pass their exams? Complainers said : Yes, they do with distinction. Then
Sheikh told them: the defect is in you and he dismissed them from office. Al-
Qasha'ami mentioned a number of Al-Bakr's intelligent colleagues like: Abdullah Bin
Saad Al-Kanhal, and Saud Al-Yemeni, Abdel Aal Bin Mikbas, Saleh Al-Ayed, and
Nasser Al-Shathiri .[11]
Al-Qah'ami adds " Al-Bakr graduated from the Faculty of Arabic Language in 1379
AH and was appointed as a teacher at the Institute of teachers in Ha'il in 1380 AH.He
was appointed a principal of the Intermediate High School in 1382 AH until the
secondary school has been separated from the intermediate one in 1385 AH.
Therefore , he became a principal of the high school until the year 1388 AH , when
he transferred to be a central inspector in the Department of Education , the head of
the inspection department later. He became the director of the administrative affairs in
rank ten and he finally as promoted to an education expert of rank twelve, until his
retirement " [12]

Al-Qash'ami talked about some of the scientific and cultural memories of the writer
Abdullah Bin Turki by saying : " He said he was taking part in the events held by
Literary Club at Friday nights and attended by sheikhs and crowd of residents as well
as teachers and students, in which Sheikh Abdul Aziz Bin Baz was used to comment
on some speeches , including Al-Bakr's speech entitled (The Arrogance of the
Scholars ) . [13]

Al-Qash'ami mentioned what one of Al-Bakr's students talked about him; the Major
General Saud Al - Meshaan, where he says: " To the best of my knowledge about my
teacher that he gets hurt with praise, and gets upset of compliments. I was not to be
the cause of harm and embarrassment to him , as he widely opened his arms to me.
Studentship is what gathered us. I closely felt in him the great working , modest
personality, literature wardrobe , with wide knowledge in Arabic and its science and
schools in general , and rooting issues in cleverness of a resourceful deep scholar, and
the originality of the opinion regarding disputable dilemmas of grammatical issues
(...) I'm talking about five decades of exclusive fresh professorship , I knew him –May
God protect him - when I was one of his students in the Preparatory school in the
autumn of 1962. He was a proficient persuasive punctual and persistent teacher .He
was proud of his knowledge , extravagant in it, independent and never leant to
anyone. He honestly served education in the schools of the region trying to fit out
what bedeviled by the vernacular in education curricula. He taught, lectured,
addressed, and went deep in his explanations. By instinct, he practiced frankness of
opinion, freedom of thought, and the pride of self . As he filled some administrative
leadership positions , he professed these various educational responsibilities with
skills of the scholar expert, the decisive administrator and the advisor mentor. He
devoted for writing a masterpiece of more than five thousand pages of a precious
content : a great encyclopedia of ( The Rhetoric Secrets in the Holy Qur'an ) which is
in its way for publishing. I wish the Ministry of Education perpetuates its great
symbols like him by putting his name on one of the secondary schools of the region ,
and one of the streets of the city, as a sign of fulfillment and commemoration for him.
Retired Major General : Saud Mishan Al-Manahi " [14]

The writer Abdullah Bin Turki Al- Bakr has received honors in which " he was
nominated by the University of Ha'il as the representative for Arabic Language due
to the fifteen years he devoted to explain the grammar rules of Holy Qura'an and
point out rhetoric secrets of it. Accordingly, he was granted the university medal
despite the existence of higher degrees holders other than him. Al-Bakr is considered
by all as one of a few educational pioneers. Therefore, he received honour nd
appreciation in so many occasions by:

. Emir of the Ha'il region in 1428 AH

. Al-Saif Literary Forum in Ha'il in 1427AH
. The Association of Retirees in 1429 AH
. University of Ha'il in 1432 AH . [15]
His Royal Highness the prince Faisal Bin Fahd Bin Muqrin Bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud ,
Deputy Governor of Ha'il has paid an honorable visit to his house in recognition of
his scientific and cultural efforts , which was on June 24 , 2019 ". At the end of the
visit , the Deputy Prince has honored the artist Al-Bakr, praising his productions
during his cultural and literary life , wishing him more of health and a full success "
[16]

2.2. His book (A View of Society)

Amidst his talking about the biography of the writer Abdullah Bin Turki Al- Bakr,
Al-Qash'ami has allocated a space to talk about Al-Bakr's book ( A View of
Society), where he said: "he began writing after the insistence of the Director of
Education Dr. Rasheed Al - Amr, so he wrote ( A Views of Society ) and said that he
always improvises speeches by the name of the region people during the visits by
kings , princes , ministers , especially the first visit of King Faisal. Mr. Abdul Rahman
Bin Zaid Al-Soweida has introduced him in his book ( Artists Authors and Writers in
the Region of Ha'il ) 1st edition. He allocated five pages to talk about Al-Bakr , said
Al-Soweida : « Al-Bakr has phoned me and asked me not to delete any word of his
speech , which he has written, so I only changed the pronoun » . Then he outlined
Al-Bakr's book ( A view of Society ) , which contains variety of literary , social
guidance and remedial articles, and some of them are in a shape of an interesting five
–page research, mainly targeting young people . [17]

Al-Soweida also mentioned an important point regarding Al-Bakr's scientific

production where he says , " and what is in the way for publication, ( Encyclopedia of
Rhetorics ) , which includes rhetorical images in the Holy Qur'an , and said it will
show all rhetorical images accurately and comprehensively, as it will explain each
metaphor or euphemism , as well as separateness and the links , which are considered
half portion of rhetoric. He said that he made use of all referential books and sources
in the field of rhetoric .. " [18]

Al-Qash'ami adds : " I found an article belongs to Al-Bakr in an annual magazine

which its only issue was published in 1398 H by the Department of Public Relations
and Publishing, Directorate of Education in Ha'il entitled : ( The Media ). We
mention a part of it where he says:« .. how much journalism passed on particular
points of view upon governments , and imposed their wills upon tyrannical ones.
Journalism is a decisive weapon, and sonorous trumpet of an effective voice in such
a world where the two ends of earth, have met and peoples' communication has
increased, the social conscience woke up among the nations of the world , World eyes
have opened to notice every complain , injustice , arbitrariness and tyranny " [19]

" Another article published in ( Two Mount Echo Magazine ) fourth issue on
03/05/1400 AH entitled : ( Young and Military Life) we choose a part of that article
in which he says : " It is undoubtedly that the soldier and the school military training
has great benefits, as it strengthens bodies, spines muscles , activates blood and
excretion . It is the best polish to body , reconciles looseness , which makes one fit. If
military life has all these physical advantages, it has also great effects , and serious
social results. It gives youth the manhood attributes , decisiveness and magnanimity
features, as it also instills in them the morals of obedience , order , spirit of sacrifice ,
pride , love of rescue and relief , and the instinct to work among a team in
cooperation and harmony " [20]
Al-Bakr's book (A View of Society) is one of his most important works that saw light
and appeared to people. It was printed by the Literary and Cultural Club in Ha'il in
1420 AH. The book is of medium size of one hundred and ninety-six pages. Both
front and back covers are surrounded by white colour .In the front cover is contained a
beautiful square –framed painting, with striking artistic dimensions and wonderful
bright and overlapping colors, in which the twilight red color ripples , and the light
blue which refer to the clear sky at sunset, in addition to the two overlapped colors:
green and black. The cover painting refers to a windows through which people look
out, and perhaps what is meant here is that the book overlooks society, emanates from
it, and into the society it pours, and it comes out of it, and to it the book returns.

At the top of the book's cover, the logo of the Literary and Cultural Club in Ha'il has
been put , which is an open book and in the middle of it there is a pen refers to the
top, between two mountains symbolize the place. The logo is circular, beneath it is the
phrase (Published by Literary Club in Ha'il Region).To the left , the title of the book
is printed in a golden-like Kofi calligraphy. Down to the cover painting is the name
of author (Abdullah Turki Al- Bakr) which was written with green Naskh
calligraphy. The back cover included a drop - down list of the most important
versions that preceded and coincided with the release of the book by Literary Club,
which included twenty books, most of them did not go out of the literary, critical, and
creative fields..

At the beginning of his book, the author dedicated it to His Royal Highness Prince
Muqrin bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Governor of Ha'il region at the time of the book’s
publication, which makes (patriotic sense and social awareness) present in front of the
writer Abdullah Al-Bakr even in his first steps. A part of dedication is his saying : "to
the man whose tongue is behind his heart, his logic comes from the heart, not of the
tongue, and if he speaks, his interlocutors get impressed by creativity of his speech
and commonsense . His modesty is attested by everyone met him , and nothing is
greater than modesty of a great man (...) To His Highness the Prince of the country
Muqrin Bin Abdul Aziz, I humbly dedicate this book.[21]

Dr. Rashid Bin Fahd Al-Amr , the former director of education in the Ha'il region,
and former head of the Literary Club there, wrote the preface of the book , a
quotation of what he mentioned: "The honorable teacher Abdullah Bin Turki Al-
Bakr, who had a great role in guiding many of the region's youth, including me, was
of the few who set in us the torch of enthusiasm and motivation for students (...) and
this book at your hands , dear reader , is the collection of articles and writings about
life and society. They are the pulse of sense, and harvest of experiences where the
professionalism of rhetoric , bright eloquence, speech abundance , depth of the
thought and the sincerity of the feeling are shown.[22]

The book includes a number of accurate scientific articles, some of which have been
published in newspapers and magazines. Many of these articles are contained in this
book, which is based on forty-nine articles in various fields of literature, thought,
culture, education, and ethics. The topics are all flavored with patriotic and social
awareness patterns. The author has summarized the content in his saying: “This
modest book is like literary and social topics, dealing with the problems of the era,
where they have been selected in a high-level style ” 23]

3. Features of the Patriotism

Patriotic sense here means that of what the author introduced in his book ( A View
of Society) of patriotic obsessions that betrays a love ,appreciation ,sincere affection
of the homeland, and appreciation to its rulers, officials, and paying attention to the
people, and the loyal to the soil. This patriotic feeling is blatant and clear in the book
of our writer Abdullah Al-Bakr. The first thing you see in his articles is a beautiful
text entitled (The National Day) [24] where he began it with a verse of poetry by the
Prince of Poets Ahmed Shawqi, which is:

My homeland, if I was occupied by the blessings away from it // My soul would

dispute me about it in the blessings. 25]
The author’s initiation with this verse indicates two things:
3.1 Artistic
In which it is reflected in the craftsmanship of onset , the goodness of opening. It is
known that the beauty of the beginning leads to gaining the kindness of the hearts, and
brings acceptance, as Ibn Rasheeq Al-Qairawani (d 456 H)stated in his book ( Al-
Umdah in the Beauties of Poetry, Etiquette and Criticism) [26] ; Thus, we can say that
Al-Bakr in the opening of his book and article was able to make a good start as he
drew attention to the issue of patriotism creatively.
3.2. objective
Where he made the homeland a basis for his article, and proceeded to talk about it,
without break , or separation , and this is a good care of the subject. Ibn Al-Atheer (d.
637 AH) indicated in his book (The Common Parable in the Literature of the Writer
and Poet) that there is a benefit in making the beginning of the speech indicative of
the intended meaning , namely: to know from the principle of speech what is meant
by it, and why is this type?![27] ; For this reason, Al-Bakr's inclusion of Shawqi’s line
has more interest in the main subject, which is (the homeland).

We can investigate the most important features of patriotism in Al-Bakr’s book (A

View of Society) through the four pillars of the text ( title - introduction - content -
conclusion) as follows:
3.3. The title
The book of al-Bakr goes from beginning to end on topics that indicate a clear
patriotic feeling, such as the first article's title (The National Day) [28] , and from that
also the second article (A Summary of an Article on the Visit of King Faisal) [29]
Likewise, the third article (A Summary of the Speech of the People of Ha'il on the
Visit of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques) [30]. Similarly at tenth article (Ha'il in
Briefs with Okaz Newspaper)[31] , and other texts whose titles show the writer’s sense
of national responsibility, his love for his homeland, his defense of it, and its
interests , and everything that may harm or offend it.
3.4. Introduction
In most texts of the book , we find Al-Bakr starts them with what awakens the sense
of patriotism. In addition to what we have referred to in the poetic onset in the first
text, we find him in other texts do not move away from this approach. For example he
says , at the beginning of the second text: "O' Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques ,
the speech of the Prince office of Ha'il has expressed the most sincere and full
expression of what the hearts of the people of Ha'il in general feel, and what their
souls pulsate towards your lofty highness.[32]

In the eighth text he says: “Then, true patriotism is nothing but a state in which none
of the attributes can be established, due to its greatness and difficulty.” [33] And in the
ninth text he says: “On behalf of my people in this country, I greet His Royal
Highness Prince Muqrin Bin Abdul Aziz, and His Excellency the Minister of
Education, Dr. Muhammad Bin Ahmed Al-Rasheed..”[34]

3.5. Content
This book content and material exudes a delicate patriotic feeling that builds, calls,
directs, straightens , repairs, and urges sensing the nation’s blessing and reminding of
its importance and value. So we saw Al-Bakr posing a question in the first of his
texts , then answering it, saying : “ What is the homeland? The homeland is the
country in which you grew up, so you matured on its land, inhaled from its air, ate
from its bounties, and drank from its water, so your body and mind have been formed
from it. Thus, you are a connected piece in it. It is the country that was for your
fathers and grandfathers, and will be for your children and grandchildren after you
(...) So the love of the homeland settled in the souls, and dwelled in the hearts of
people. Unless God put this love in the hearts of people for the homeland, the country
would have been deserted from its inhabitants, and they flocked to other places (...).
Animals, birds, and beasts love their homelands. Hence, it is good for man to be
better than them in love of their homeland. A generous heart does not forget
something it loves , or something it gets familiar with from its homeland.[35]

In his patriotic sense coming from sincerity, love and appreciation, Al-Bakr reminds
us of his article when he went on expressing love for the homeland with what the old
saying states: “God built countries with love of homelands", and it was said: "Unless
love of homeland, the countries would be ruined.”[36] This is an evidence of what our
writer was focusing on in his content that exudes belonging and loyalty.

The body in Al-Bakr's texts meditates praise for the good government, and the wise
leadership and their white hands , that included all dear homeland regions, and
among that his city ; Ha'il. In the middle of the tenth text Al-Bakr says: "What I said
about Ha'il was at its past until God's willing brought it to revive by the efforts of our
esteemed government, its generous attention, and its white hands that made Ha'il
another creation.[37]
3.6. The end
In most of Al-Bakr texts, we see him concludes with what supports patriotic
belonging. He says, for example, at the end of the forty-fifth text: “And we praise God
- the Exalted be His praise – that we look at our kingdom with that happy look, a look
of pride that our holidays and Eid Al-Fitr have come, like fasting days ; Days of joy
and peace. They were days of love, not of war, and we say to it(homeland) from the
depths of our hearts: Happy New Year.[38]

In the last part of the eighth text we see him praising the national citizen who helps,
comforts, and do not betray and tamper. Then he concludes the text, warning the
homeland people by a feeling of patriotism. He warns of not be dragged behind those
who work in the dark with the devil, and lick in blood, and intends criminality. He
says about that: “This is the abomination of youth, the inanition of misguided
manhood, the obscenity of belief, the malice and madness of patriotism, and this -
undoubtedly- is the destruction of the homeland and its people.”[39]

Among Al-Bakr's patriotic ends of support and consolidation is his saying in the
conclusion of the ninth text: “Finally, and indeed the first national duty from us and
upon us, to extend our sincere thanks and sincere loyalty to the Supreme Commander
of the forces of our Kingdom, the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, for his
honorable initiative, and his insight into what he realized and understood, and
hastened to it. From his constant keenness to ward off danger, and to remedy it before
it occurs, in order to protect our kingdom and its sanctities. ”[40]

Abdullah Bin Turki Al-Bakr in his book (A view of Society) stems from a great
patriotic feeling, which we do not exaggerate if we say it is present in every text,
whether in its title, introduction, body , content, or at the end. He reminds us in his
practice such of what Al-Jahiz was furnishing in his book (Nostalgia for the
Homelands) , even if our search for (national inter-textuality) between them we have
seen a lot, and can conclude this topic , including in favor of it from the book of Al-
Jahiz, where he says: " Persians say: a sign of maturity is that The soul yearns for its
birth, and yearns for its birthplace.” [41] And he says: “And Indians said: The sanctity
of your country on you is the same as the sanctity of your parents, because your food
is from them and you are a fetus, and their nourishment is from it. Another saying
states that : " Protect a land whose food saved you and take care of a shelter of
ground kept you safe and secure. The land it deserves your compassion is a land you
drank from its water, and ate from its food."[42] And if we look at many Al-Bakr's
texts, we will see him flourishing his texts by a number of patriotic expressions that
Al-Jahiz observed in his book..
4. Features of Social Awareness
The word (awareness) in the Al-Mujam Al-Luqawi (the linguistic lexicon) denotes
“memorization, appreciation, understanding, and sound perception.”[43] , and from that
definition this saying that talk : " May God beautifies a person's face as he hears my
speech and became aware of it " 44]
.In psychology, this word refers to: " living
creature's feeling of own self and its surroundings" [45] . The engaged in social issues
believe that awareness is the "state of mind in which human realizes world around
him"[46] . The concept of social awareness is often used in sociology, which generally
refers to the "a group of concepts, ideas and cultures held by individuals , which are
formed according to different factors, and make them interact with various
community issues by means of evaluation giving solutions, and taking part in plans
of improvement"[47]
In our study , we mean by social awareness what is based on Al-Bakr's book (A view
of Society) which contains features concerned with educating the community, or
calling for its reform, directing it to a correct direction , and identifying several paths
that lead to a sound construction as well as purposeful criticism, such as criticizing
some community behaviors , modifying some actions , in a manner that reflects a
sense of patriotism and social responsibility .Therefore, the forms of awareness:
cultural, religious, moral, economic, healthy, and political [48] are all well noticed in
Al-Bakr’s book (A View of Society), but we have seen most of them fall under the
social awareness ; which is what the title of the book implies .

The features of social awareness in Al-Bakr’s book are clearly visible and can be
visualized in more than one aspect , as follows:
4.1. Greeting and praising
This feature is one of the most important features of social awareness found to Al-
Bakr. He inspires these features from the patriotic sense , and his feelings towards the
value of the homeland , and to praise the wise leadership , which is a source of pride
and prosperity after the grace of God the Almighty. We can insert this feature among
the forms of patriotic political awareness. As Al-Bakr was greeting the King Faisal
Bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud - May God have mercy on him – during his visit to Ha'il , he
improvised his speech on behalf of the people of Ha'il by saying : "The hero of our
Arabism, the king of the country, we salute you with dignity, and reverence. Your
auspicious coming is welcomed (...) We salute you, our brave King, our greatest
leader. A salutation comes from hearts whose sides have been emptied, Their pillars
have been prepared to preserve your affection, and you are welcome in a part of your
homeland."

Al-Bakr here welcomes and greets the king with expressions that convey appreciation
and reverence, exude love , loyalty, honesty, friendliness and belonging. He takes
into account the interest of his country and the people of his city; So he asks the king
with kindness, politeness, and recognition of the grace and giving. He did the same
with King Fahd - may God have mercy on him - and with Prince Muqrin - may God
protect him. He gives a warm welcome, a merciful praise, and gives the position of
the rulers what befits them of respect and appreciation.
4.2. Advice and guidance
We see this present in many texts, where Al-Bakr is concerned with the issues of his
time and the concerns of his society. That is why he uses the method of reminder,
politeness, ask and answer and using the forms of request, commands and prohibitions
in order to advise, guide, and correct . For example he says, in the fourth text: “My
faithful , religious and young brother, if you want to call to God, in what way do you
call to the path of your Lord? What is the form of enjoining good? (...) Therefore, it is
obligatory for those who call to God, as well as those who call to enjoin good, first to
treat people with the best and noblest character , and second, to deal with them with
this character, not with their morals - the people - because among them there are good
and bad ,straight and crooked (...) My esteemed brother, make your lips a linguistic
storehouse filled with words of love and sincere affection (...) Be a smile in people’s
mouths, no matter how you appear to them, take from God and smile, and take from
people and smile, and give them and smile, smile and smile.[49]

Al-Bakr here uses two forms of awareness: religious and moral . At the same time he
feels in the categories of his society , and difficulties that some young preachers may
face , like mistakes, pitfalls, or lapses they may fall into. Therefore, he uses advice
and guidance with them in an elegant manner, and creative interaction. All of this
indicates a social awareness through which the writer proceeds towards achieving
fruitful ends.
4.3. Investigation and Monitoring
We mean what Al-Bakr works to explore society needs and monitor them, and his
own interest in people's strata, emotions and desires. We have seen in some of his
texts an attention to education issues and pioneers. In the ninth text we find him
urging (Science and education pioneers must be honored )[50] . We also find him takes
care of youth class as they are an important group of society. So he devotes the
eleventh text for them (Youth are Pillars and Treasure of the Nation). [51] As we see
him in his eighteenth text entitled (The Youth and the School of Faith). [52] He does not
ignore the role of parents towards their children. We see him creates his twenty -
third text which is entitled: (Parents' Advice Is Sons' Constitution) [53] He shows
passion toward some poor classes against rich ones, so he writes his twenty-eighth
text entitled: (Rich Satiety is a Revenge of the Poor Hunger) [54].The writer sheds
light on merchants in the twenty-ninth text entitled (High Prices and Greedy
Merchants)[55] . He talks about the courage of women, and the strength of their
opinions in the thirty-second text (A Witness from Her Family Has Testified). [56] With
his emotional awareness, he feels the sense of fatherhood, and mastery ; The thirty-
fourth text is devoted to the failing students (How do the failing students spend their
holidays?!)[57]

If we searched the book a lot, we would find it full of social awareness features. So,
we sufficed with referring to the most important of these features, and in the
following table we put a classification of some of social awareness features, its
degrees, and forms according to the texts of the book:
Text Title Awareness Feature Awareness Form
page
numbe
r

1/9 National Day Advice and guidance political /Patriotic

2/12 Summary of an article on the visit Welcome and praise political /Patriotic
of King Faisal

9/41 The Necessity to honor the Investigation and Educational /

Pioneers of Science and Education Monitoring Scientific

11/47 Youth Are the Pillars and Investigation and Moral / Educational
Treasure of the Nation Monitoring

12/55 Trust, Betrayal, and everything in Advice and Guidance Religious/ Moral
between

13/63 As a Person Being True to Advice and Guidance Religious/ Moral

Himself

16/72 Gardens and parks Are the Lungs Investigation and Environmental/
of the Country Monitoring Agricultural

29/82 With Okaz Newspaper About Advice and Guidance intellectual /Media
Shared Principles

21/89 Newspapers and media Tools; A Advice and Guidance Media / Moral
public message

22/92 Introduction to Culture and Advice and Guidance Artistic/ Cultural

Literature

23/97 Parents’ Advice, Are Sons' Advice and Guidance Educational/ Moral
Constitution

27/99 Opinions in Colloquial and Investigation and Scientific/ Cultural

 Standard Language Monitoring

30/121 Electricity is One of God's Welcome and Praise Scientific/ Technical

Blessings Upon Us

38/146 Language and its Attachment to Investigation and Scientific/ Linguistic

Both Thought and Man Monitoring

40/156 Interview with the Wednesday Advice and Guidance Moral/ Media/
Newspaper Journalistic

41/162 Some Topics We Write About in Investigation and Media/ Philosophic

Newspapers Monitoring

42/156 Cultural and Artistic Activities Welcome and Praise Cultural/ Technical

44/171 A Pretty Women in A Corrupt Advice and Guidance Moral/ Religious

Environment
The result: social awareness

5. Implicit Cultural Systems

It is stated in (Al-Ain) dictionary that : “ the (system)of everything: is what is on one

general system of things.”[58] The concept of system has recently expanded and took a
philosophical characteristic .Even it is defined by some people as: “a set of mutually
supportive and interconnected ideas.”[59] . The system is a concept reveals wide areas
of the human sciences, especially those of cultural dimension .It is a concept that
forms a (cultural unity) as it was alluded to by the Italian (Umberto Eco , d 2016 ) ,
who defines it as what can be identified culturally despite its entity as a person, a
place, or a phenomenon[60]

System was taken by Dr. Abdullah Al-Ghadhami as an important concept in his

theorizing of cultural criticism, and he relied on three questions: What is the cultural
system? How do we read it? How do we distinguish it from other formats? [61] Then he
pointed out that implicit cultural patterns are historical cultural systems that hide
under the cloak of texts, and are formed through the cultural and civilized
environments of literary texts . Thus, they have an effective magical effect in
directing the mentality and taste of culture, and drawing its mental and aesthetic track.
They are effective and influential systems, with a function that goes beyond the
abstract presence in the text.[62]

If we delved into Al-Bakr’s book (A View of Society), we would find it teeming with
implicit cultural systems , or what Al- Ghadhami calls a (cultural pun). [63] Through his
texts , Al-Bakr is characterized by direct-orientation , and clarity. But in many text
we allude implicit cultural systems , or in other words , other unannounced texts and,
hidden behind the first texts , and fall under the umbrella of the announced clear
ones . We can monitor some the implicit cultural systems as follows:

5.1. Place
Al-Bakr works on his texts to remind by the worth of homeland and its soil. The
texts insist on the sensation of this grace , even the writer did not announce that
usually . The texts reveal love to his city of Hail, even though his talking about it
historically , but he hides at first that great transformation which the city witnessed. It
is for the recipient to discover it himself . In the tenth text, for example, he says: “This
country grew up modest on the edges of the valleys (...) Transportation was very
difficult and expensive, so travelers from Hail to Riyadh would spend three nights
until they arrive, after fatigue and exhaustion overwhelms them.. "[64]

5.2. Time
When al-Bakr wrote his thirty-fourth text, he was hiding behind it what the failed
students were making of neglecting their time, and not investing it in what is
beneficial. We may expand more than that to search for other implicit patterns, so we
say: He may wants from that text to blame some of his own students, or his children ,
or even relatives. He says: "what is astonishing that these (failed students)forget what
they have done at the start of the year till the calamity fell upon their heads ; they
forget their neglect to study .."[65]

5.3. Expenditure
We observe in Al- Bakr texts which dealt with the greed of traders, and their lack of
interest towards poor and needy, as he says in the twenty - eighth text, "Like those of
the slaves of money, virtues mostly turn in them then their thinking reflects their
understanding the meaning of virility and nobility. If a person knocked on them, they
took him as a usurper, or asking them for a favor. If society imposed on them a
material or religious duty such as zakat, or financing a charitable project, they
consider it angry and hostile to them. [66] In the twenty-ninth text he says: “ the
slightest of these diseases from a moral point of view, even if it is one of the most
deadly in a social aspect, might be the greed and wickedness of the merchants who
amplify the wave of high prices (...)If they knew that contentment is in such crises is
the sign of lofty patriotism, and an example of great manhood, they would make the
government to have deterrent laws and systems that would strike at their hands, limit
their character, and record against them what is almost treachery against their nation
and betrayal of their homeland".[67] Here, the writer incites the spending which must
be made by the merchants; To feel in others, and to grow their wealth.

5.4. Renewal
By this, we mean the discourses that al-Bakr presents, behind which the call for
renewal is hidden, such as renewal in science and knowledge. For example, his call
for what is known today as inter-disciplinary, which the theoretical human sciences
benefit from the applied natural sciences. In his forty-first text on some topics that are
written in newspapers, he says: “Therefore, every writer must enroll nature in
suggestive fields of humanity, to stir its indifference with a look from the seeing eye,
to dazzle it with a light of open thought and tinged imagination, and to make it
scented with soft emotion (...) So it is better for us to write not only from the realism
of nature, but also from the idealism of the soul and the senses".[68]

5.5. Gratitude
In most of Al-Bakr's texts , we find him thankful for his homeland, grateful to it,
even if he does not state that. He refers to many blessings and favors that he
enumerates to awaken in the recipient the attitude of thanks, gratitude, and
appreciation for the great attention given to him by his government . For example , he
says in the forty-second text on cultural and artistic activities: “The truth is that these
exhibitions, including many innovations and activities, are like a huge broad board in
which the masses read the new lines, lofty wishes, and the goals that their nation has
achieved in every stage of its artistic struggle.[69]
The implicit system in this discourse reveals what is hidden behind the aesthetic, the
official, the popular, and the public.[70] This is an attempt to produce a discourse that
seeks to direct many worlds from the periphery to the center, and from the bottom to
the top in order to make recipients realize that there are achievements or activities that
require them to acknowledge their credit first, then give thanks and gratitude.

5.6. Encouragement
We notice in many of al-Bakr’s texts that he presents the aesthetic discourse in order
to pass on what is not aesthetic. This includes encouraging every sincere and superior,
and warning him against the consequences of inactivity and laziness. He says in his
ninth text: “To who desires greatness and loves glory, the path is clear and straight,
and who prefers comfort satisfied idleness, the destiny is clear and obvious. The path
to greatness is full of thorns, but its end is roses, and it has many difficulties and
pains, but on the edge of it there are ends and hopes.[71]

Thus, we obtain, through the (systemic connotation), which is masked by (the

aesthetic discourse) another meaning, which is what Al-Ghadhami termed (the
cultural sentence), which came through a cultural means called (the cultural pun).[72]
Such discourses are an attempt to understand the forms of domination that discourse
might characterized by and can change it.[73]

The implicit cultural systems that we glimpse in al-Bakr's book indicate that the
unseen, or the silent about it, is not a condition to be dangerous or prohibited, but on
the contrary, we have seen a number of deceptive systems whose aim was to awaken
the feeling from its slumber, and stir the conscience from its snap. These systems
reveal a careful monitoring of the camouflages of culture, its ripples and tricks that
may pass through those systems. To sum up, in Al-Bakr’s texts there are other texts
that predict a cultural situation, not just aesthetic texts.
6. Conclusion

The study attempted to encompass the phenomenon of patriotism, social awareness,

and implicit cultural systems of the writer Abdullah Bin Turki Al-Bakr through his
book (A view of Society), which contained many texts of varied in content and form.
These texts showed an aware and wide-range educated artist who concerns his nation
and society, and who seeks creating a successful cultural and social environment.
Therefore, his book came with its title, as it is similar to the view through which it
overlooks the society, but it is the view of the conscious , the alert, the keen on the
interests of his nation, his country, and his society.

We tried to make the study as practical as we could. However, we were not able to
master all the texts due to their abundance and the research space that we have set is
limited, which did not leave the three essential points: patriotism, social awareness,
and implicit cultural systems. But we came out with some desired results from this
research, which can be summed up in the fact that Al-Bakr used to invoke patriotism
in all his texts, as he was emanating from a social awareness through which he sensed
the importance of society, and what advice and guidance it needs. In addition to that, a
lot from his aesthetic speeches revealed implicit cultural systems, concerned with a
variety of dimensions like; historical psychological, educational, linguistic, the
dimension of the literary, media and other dimensions of implicit cultural systems. .

The study can come out with some recommendations that open an another horizon of
studying other figures who did not receive addressing to their cultural achievements.
Among recommendations is that Al-Bakr is a linguist based on a great scientific
legacy and massive linguistic store. He is one of the most contemporary linguists in
Ha'il, if he is not their pioneer. Besides that, he is a rhetorician who accomplished a
huge and gigantic project that has not yet seen light, and he called it (The Rhetorical
Secrets), so perhaps scholars and researchers will be aware of such works, and the
scientific value they contain. He also has a many scientific and oral speech activities
which can be referred to. He has also series of syntax episodes on YouTube that has
not yet been completed, in which he started it in the parsing of Al-Fatihah and Surat
Al-Baqarah . That would be rewarding if they were written down in a book , referred
to by a researcher or resumed by someone.

In addition to all of this, Al-Bakr’s book (A View of Society) exudes literary,

linguistic, historical, social, media, educational, cultural, religious and political
benefits. It also reveals some experience of the writer and a part of his biography
particularly when he indicated that his memoir have been tampered. It is a hope if
researchers tried to sit down with this great writer , and monitor an important series
of the his life as Al-Qasha'mi did when he wrote down a summarized biography for
Al-Bakr. Our artist's quiver is still full of what can be ejected and extracted.

This is what became easy to present, and we ask God success and assistance, and
may God’s prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, and his family and
companions and peace be upon all.

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8. Endnotes
A. A. Al-Bassam, Scientific Life in the Middle of the Arabian Peninsula in the Eleventh and Twelfth ]1[
Centuries AH and the impact of the call of Sheikh Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab in it, 1st Edition,
.King Abdulaziz House, Riyadh, 1425 AH, pp. (289-290)
See: A. A. Baz ,Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, his call and biography , a lecture as he ]2[
.was Vice President of the Islamic University, 1385 AH, pp.( 17- 18)
H. M. Bafaqih, Pre-Modern Literature, the Scholarly Elite in Ha'il, 1st Ed., The Literary Club of ]3[
Hail, in cooperation with the Foundation for the Arab Expansion, Beirut - Lebanon, 1437 AH, p. 35
See: A. M. Al-Hindi, Zahr al-Khamayel in the Biography of the Scholars of Ha'il, , special edition ]4[
.of the author
See: T. A. Al-Muzaini, An Overview of the Mosque of the Sheikhs of Libda, Hail,1ST Ed., Al- ]5[
.Humaidhi Press, Riyadh, 1419 AH / 1999
See: A. R. Z. Al-Soweida ,Artists, Authors and Writers in the Region of Hail, Dar Al-Soweida for ]6[
.Publishing and Distribution
..See: A. S. Al-Bakr ,etl., Al-Bakr Family Tree, 3rd Ed., Riyadh, 1441 AH, p. 1 ]7[
See: See: A. R. Z. Al-Soweida ,Artists, Authors and Writers in the Region of Hail, Dar Al- ]8[
.Soweida for Publishing and Distribution. Op.cit
M.A. Al-Qash'ami ,Abdullah Bin Turki Al-Bakr (1356AH / 1937), Figures in the Shadows, Al- ]9[
.Jazeera Newspaper, Issue No.16907, Saturday January 12, 2019
M.A. Al-Qash'ami ,Abdullah Bin Turki Al-Bakr (1356AH / 1937), Figures in the Shadows, Al- ]10[
.Jazeera Newspaper, Issue No.16907, Saturday January 12, 2019, Op.cit
.Op.cit ]11[
.Op.cit ]12[
.Op.cit ]13[
.Op.cit ]14[
.Op.cit ]15[
K. Abrahim, Deputy Governor of Ha'il to Visit the both Artists; Al-Bakr and Al-Hamid at their ]16[
.Homes and and Honours them, Riyadh Newspaper 24/6/2019
M.A. Al-Qash'ami ,Abdullah Bin Turki Al-Bakr (1356AH / 1937), Figures in the Shadows, Al- ]17[
.Jazeera Newspaper, Issue No.16907, Saturday January 12, 2019, Op.cit
.Op.cit ]18[
.Op.cit ]19[
.Op.cit ]20[
A. T. Al-Bakr, A View of Society, 1st Ed., Literary Club Publications in Hail Region, in ]21[
.cooperation with Middle East Press, 1419 AH, p. 2
A. T. Al-Bakr, A View of Society, 1st Ed., Literary Club Publications in Hail Region, in ]22[
.cooperation with Middle East Press, 1419 AH, pp. (2-3), Op.cit
.Op.cit. p.8 ]23[
.Op.cit.p.9 ]24[
Op.cit. p.9, See also the poem line at: Al-Shawqiyat, Ahmed Shawqi, 1st Ed. Hindawi Foundation ]25[
.for Education and Culture, Cairo - Egypt, 2012, p. 430
See: A. A. H. R. Al-Qayrawani , Al-Umda in Beauties of Poetry, its Etiquette and Criticism, ]26[
Investigated by: Muhammad Muhyi Al-Din Abdel Hamid, 1st Ed., Dar Al-Tala’ea for Publishing and
Distribution, Cairo, 2006 AD, C/1, p. 187
See: I. Al-Atheer ,The Common Parable in the Literature of the Writer and Poet, investigated by: ]27[
Muhammad Muhyi Al-Din Abdul Hamid, d., Al-Maktaba Al-Asriya, Sidon - Beirut, 1420 AH, 1999,
.c/2, p. 223
A. T. Al-Bakr, A View of Society, 1st Ed., Literary Club Publications in Hail Region, in ]28[
.cooperation with Middle East Press, 1419 AH, p. 9
.Op.cit.p.12 ]29[
.Op.cit. p.15 ]30[
.Op.cit. p.44 ]31[
.Op.cit. p.15 ]32[
.Op.cit. p.36 ]33[
.Op.cit.p.41 ]34[
.Op.cit.p.9 ]35[
A. O. A. Al-Jahiz, Nostalgia for Homeland, 2nd Ed., Dar Al-Raed Al-Arabi, Beirut - Lebanon, ]36[
.1402 AH/1982, p. 12
A. T. Al-Bakr, A View of Society, 1st Ed., Literary Club Publications in Hail Region, in ]37[
.cooperation with Middle East Press, 1419 AH, p. 45
.Op.cit.p.181 ]38[
.Op.cit.p.40 ]39[
.Op.cit.p.35 ]40[
A. O. A. Al-Jahiz, Nostalgia for Homeland, 2nd Ed., Dar Al-Raed Al-Arabi, Beirut - Lebanon, ]41[
.1402 AH/1982,Op.cit, p. 8
.Op.cit. p.8 ]42[
The Intermediate Dictionary, Group of Authors, 4th Ed., Arabic Language Academy, General ]43[
Administration of Lexicons and Heritage Revival, in cooperation with Al-Shorouk International
.Library, Arab Republic of Egypt, 1426 AH / 2005, p. 1044
M. N. Al-Albani, Sahih Sunan al-Tirmidhi, 1st Ed., Chapter of Knowledge on the authority of the ]44[
Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, chapter of Urging People to
communicate, Hadith No.: 2658 , Knowledge Library for Publishing and Distribution, Riyadh, 1420
.AH / 2000, Volume 3, p. 6
The intermediate dictionary, a group of authors, Op.cit., p. 1045 ]45[
S. Bin S. Al-Qaws, The Role of Social Media in Shaping Social Awareness, a field study on a ]46[
sample of Saudi youth in the Riyadh region, Journal of Fayoum University for Educational and
.Psychological Sciences, 10th issue, 2018, p. 7
S. Bin S. Al-Qaws, The Role of Social Media in Shaping Social Awareness, a field study on a ]47[
sample of Saudi youth in the Riyadh region, Journal of Fayoum University for Educational and
.Psychological Sciences, 10th issue, 2018,Op.cit, p. 8
.See: Op.cit. pp. (18-22) ]48[
A. T. Al-Bakr, A View of Society, 1st Ed., Literary Club Publications in Hail Region, in ]49[
.cooperation with Middle East Press, 1419 AH, pp. (18-19)
.Op.cit.p.41 ]50[
.Op.cit.47 ]51[
.Op.cit.p.78 ]52[
.Op.cit.p.97 ]53[
.Op.cit.p.116 ]54[
.Op.cit.p.119 ]55[
.Op.cit.p.127 ]56[
.Op.cit.p.134 ]57[
A. B.A. Al-Farahidi, Al-Ain Book ;Arranged According to the Letters of the Dictionary, arranged ]58[
and verified by: Dr. Abd al-Hamid Hindawi,1st Ed., Dar al-Kutub Al-Elmiyya, Beirut - Lebanon, 1424
.AH / 2003, 4th Volume, p. 218, topic (system)
M. Wahba, The Philosophical Dictionary, 5th Ed., Quba’ Modern Dar for Printing and Publishing, ]59[
.Cairo, 2005, p. 201
See: D. Al-Kaabi,The Old Arab Narrative, the Cultural Systems and Interpretation Problems, 1st ]60[
..Ed., The Arab Foundation for Studies and Publishing, Beirut - Lebanon, 2005, p. 21
See: A. Al-Ghadhami , Cultural Criticism, Readings of Arab Cultural Systems, 4th Ed., Arab ]61[
.Cultural Center, Beirut - Lebanon, 2008, p. 76
See: A. Al-Ghadhami , Cultural Criticism, Readings of Arab Cultural Systems, 4th Ed., Arab ]62[
.Cultural Center, Beirut - Lebanon, 2008,Op.cit., p. 79
See: A. Al-Ghadhami ,A.N. Astif, , Cultural Criticism or Literary Criticism? , 1st Ed., House of ]63[
.Contemporary Thought, Beirut - Lebanon, and Dar al-Fikr, Damascus - Syria, 1425 AH / 2004, p. 24
A. T. Al-Bakr, A View of Society, 1st Ed., Literary Club Publications in Hail Region, in ]64[
.cooperation with Middle East Press, 1419 AH, p.44
.Op.cit.p134 ]65[
.Op.cit.p.116 ]66[
.Op.cit. pp. (119-120) ]67[
.Op.cit. pp.( 162-163) ]68[
.Op.cit. ,p. 166]69[
The mass constitutes an important dimension in the study of cultural systems .To find out, see, for ]70[
example :S. Khalil, Cultural Criticism from Literary Text to Discourse, 1st Ed., Dar Al-Jawahiri,
Baghdad, 2012, p. 115. Also see: A. Isaberger, Cultural Criticism, Translated by: Wafaa Ibrahim and
.Ramadan Bastawisi, 1st Ed., The Supreme Council of Culture, Cairo, 2003, pp. (210-217)
A. T. Al-Bakr, A View of Society, 1st Ed., Literary Club Publications in Hail Region, in ]71[
.cooperation with Middle East Press, 1419 AH, p.43
A. Al-Ghadhami ,A.N. Astif, , Cultural Criticism or Literary Criticism? , 1st Ed., House of ]72[
Contemporary Thought, Beirut - Lebanon, and Dar al-Fikr, Damascus - Syria, 1425 AH / 2004, pp.
.(26-27,29)

To get acquainted with some of these discourses of various forms, see, for example: Z. Sarder, D. ]73[
V. Lock, Cultural Studies, Translated by: Wafaa Abdel-Qader, D. T, The Supreme Council of Culture,
Cairo, 2003, p. 63