Professional Documents
Culture Documents
No Somos Irrompibles (2xhoja97) - Elsa Bornemann
No Somos Irrompibles (2xhoja97) - Elsa Bornemann
FXHQWRVGHFKLFRVHQDPRUDGRV
(OVD%RUQHPDQQ
(VXQDGHODVPiVGHVWDFDGDV
HVFULWRUDVGHOLWHUDWXUDLQIDQWLOHQ
OHQJXDFDVWHOODQD6XVOLEURVGH
FXHQWRVQRYHODV\SRHVtDVODKDQ
FRQYHUWLGRHQODDXWRUDSUHGLOHFWDGH
QLxRV\MyYHQHV\OHKDQGDGRXQ
QRWDEOHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRLQWHUQDFLRQDO
'RFHFXHQWRVSDUDFKLFRV\
FKLFDVGRQGHHODPRUVHSUHVHQWDFRQ
VXVDOHJUtDV\VXVWHPRUHVFRQVXV
HQFXHQWURV\VXVSpUGLGDVFRQVX
PDUDYLOORVRSRGHUGHWUDQVIRUPDUOD
YLGDGHORVVHUHVKXPDQRV
3URWDJRQL]DGRVSRUQLxRVFRPRWRGRV
1/97
GHDTXtRGHOHMRVSHURVLHPSUH 1RVRPRVLUURPSLEOHV
UHFRQRFLEOHV\FDSDFHVGHGHVFXEULU
ORVVHQWLPLHQWRVTXHHVHVFRQGHQHQ /RVFULVWDOHVSXHGHQTXHEUDUVH
HOFRUD]yQ $YHFHVEDVWDXQOHYHJROSHGH
$OIDJXDUD DEDQLFR
'HVGHDxRV /DVWHODVVXHOHQGHVJDUUDUVHDO
FRQWDFWRGHXQDGLPLQXWDDVWLOOD
6HUDVJDQORVSDSHOHV
6HURPSHQORVSOiVWLFRV
6HUDMDQODVPDGHUDV
3DUDWRGRHOFLHOR +DVWDODVSDUHGHVVHDJULHWDQ
'H WDQILUPHV\VyOLGDVFRPRSDUHFHQ
5R[DQD&DULQD6WLJOLFK
QLxLWDGHDODVUXELDVTXH ¢<QRVRWURV"
KHUPRVHyPLDOPD $K1RVRWURVWDPSRFRVRPRV
GXUDQWHHOWLHPSRGHVXVDxRVEUHYHV LUURPSLEOHV
FRQODFHUWH]D 1XHVWURVKXHVRVFRUUHQHO
GHXQHWHUQRUHHQFXHQWUR ULHVJRGHIUDFWXUDUVHQXHVWUDSLHO
SXHGHKHULUVH
7DPELpQQXHVWURFRUD]yQ
DXQTXHVLJDIXQFLRQDQGRFRPRXQ
2/97
UHORMVXL]R\HOPpGLFRQRVDVHJXUH GHWUiVRHVXQSRWULOOLWRKXpUIDQR
TXHHVWDPRVVDQRV JDORSDQGRGHQWURGHOSHFKR
£&8,'$'2£)5È*,/(O ¢6HDUUXJD"
FRUD]yQVHGDxDPX\IiFLOPHQWH ¢6HHQFRJH"
¢6HHVWLUD"
&XDQGRR\HXQ³QR´UHGRQGRR 1R
XQ³Vt´GHVJDQDGRXQDHVSHFLHGH /DWHODVWLPDGR
³QQQQQVt´\PHUHFtDXQWLQWLQHDQWH ¢<FyPRVHFXUD"
³Vt´ 6RODPHQWHHODPRUGHRWUR
&XDQGRORHQJDxDQ FRUD]yQDOLYLDVXVKHULGDV
&XDQGRHQFXHQWUDFDQGDGRV 6RODPHQWHHODPRUGHRWUR
GRQGHGHEtDHQFRQWUDUSXHUWDV FRUD]yQODVFLFDWUL]D
DELHUWDV
&XDQGRHVXQDUXHGDTXHJLUD 0LDPLJR\\RORVDEHPRV
VROLWDULDGtDWUDVGtDQRFKHPiV 3RUHVRVRPRVDPLJRV
QRFKH
&XDQGR
(QWRQFHVVLHQWHWLURQHVGHVGH
DUULEDSRUDGHODQWHGHVGHDEDMRSRU
3/97
UHSHQWH,QTXLHWDEXVTXpD*XVWDYR
&RQHOVROHQWUHORVRMRV HQWUHHOJUXSRGHFKLFRVTXHFDQWDEDQ
DOODGRGHOSLDQR/RVRUSUHQGtD
/D~QLFDTXHVHGLRFXHQWDVR\ PLUDQGRILMDPHQWHHQGLUHFFLyQDPt
\R*XVWDYRWLHQHXQVROHQWUHORV
RMRV8QSHTXHxRVROFRORUDGRGH 0iVWDUGHFXDQGROHSUHJXQWp
UD\RVGHVSDUHMRVFRPRGHVSHLQDGRHQ FyPRHUDSRVLEOHTXHQDGLHPiVVH
ORVERUGHV GLHUDFXHQWDPHFRQWHVWyFRQXQD
&XDQGR*XVWDYRPLUDHQFLHQGH ODUJDVRQULVD
FDGDFRVDTXHPLUD £3URXQDWHUFHUDYH]HQFHQGLy
/DSULPHUDYH]TXHORDGYHUWt XQPHGLRGtDDODVRQFHGHODQRFKH
IXHFXDQGRSXVRDQWRUFKDVDORODUJR )XHHQHOPLVPRPRPHQWRHQTXH
GHODHVFDOHUDGHODHVFXHODXQDVREUH ILQDOL]DEDODILHVWDGHPLFXPSOHDxRV
FDGDSHOGDxRDPHGLGDTXH \QRVGHVSHGtDPRVFRQXQEHVR
EDMiEDPRV OLJHULWRHQODSXHUWDGHPLFDVD
0HDVRPEUpWDQWRTXHQRSXGH (QWRQFHV\DQRSXGHVRSRUWDUVX
GHFLUQDGD VLOHQFLRQLXQPLQXWRPiV¢&yPR
2WUDYH]SUHQGLyODVFRUWLQDV H[SOLFiUWHOR"±PHGLMRPHGLR
GHOVDOyQGHP~VLFD<RHVWDED DYHUJRQ]DGRFXDQGROHH[LJtTXH
XELFDGDHQODJUDGDMXQWRDOYHQWDQDO UHVSRQGLHUDDPLSRUTXp
\VHQWtTXHODVHVSDOGDVPHDUGtDQGH
4/97
1L\RHQWLHQGRELHQTXpHVOR PiVEULOODQWHTXHRWUDVYHFHV
TXHPHHVWiSDVDQGR3DUHFHTXH DEULHQGRXQFDPLQLWRURMRFRQVXV
VRODPHQWHQRVRWURVGRVORQRWDPRV UD\RV8QFDPLQLWRTXHHPSH]DEDHQ
¢9DVDVHUFDSD]GHJXDUGDUHO VXFDUD\WHUPLQDEDHQODPtD8Q
VHFUHWRQR" FDPLQLWRYDFtRFRPSOHWDPHQWHHQ
/HDVHJXUpTXHVtVLQSHQVDUOR OODPDV)XOPLQDQWH
SRUTXHORFLHUWRHUDTXH\DQRSRGtD ¢4XpIDQWDVtDHVHVD"±
GHVRtUODVJDQDVTXHWHQtDGH H[FODPyODPDHVWUD£(O~QLFRVROTXH
FRQILDUOHVDWRGRVPLPDUDYLOORVR H[LVWHHVDTXpO±\ODVHxRULWDVHxDOy
GHVFXEULPLHQWR HOGLVFRGHRURFROJDGRGHXQD
&RQWiUVHORDODPDHVWUDIUHQWH HVTXLQDGHOFLHORMXVWRGHHVDHVTXLQD
DOJUDGRHVRHVORTXHKLFH TXHVHGREODVREUHHOSDWLRGHOD
'HSXURWRQWDQRPiVXQD HVFXHOD
PDxDQDTXHEUpORSURPHWLGR\PH 6HEXUODURQ¢YLVWH"±PH
GHFLGt±6HxRULWD±OHGLMH£*XVWDYR VXVXUUy*XVWDYRQRELHQVDOLPRVDO
OOHYDXQVROHQWUHODVFHMDV¢8VWHGQR SDWLR¢4XpQHFHVLGDGWHQtDVGH
ORYH"/DPDHVWUDVHEDODQFHyHQVX GLYXOJDUHOVHFUHWR"¢$FDVRQRWH
VLOODGLYHUWLGD/DVULVDVGHPLV EDVWDFRQVDEHUTXHHVQXHVWUR"
FRPSDxHURVVDFXGLHURQHODXOD
*XVWDYRPHPLUyDVRPEUDGR\ODVDOD 6t$KRUDPHEDVWD$SUHQGt
SDUHFLyTXHPDUVH$OOtHVWDEDVXVRO TXHHVLQ~WLOSUHWHQGHUTXHWRGRV
5/97
VLHQWDQGHOPLVPRPRGR$XQTXH 3DVDPRVODVWDUGHVGHORV
VHDQFRVDVPX\KHUPRVDVODVTXHXQR GRPLQJRVFRUUHWHDQGRSRUODSOD]D\
TXLVLHUDFRPSDUWLU pOVLJXHHQFHQGLHQGRFDGDFRVDTXH
'HVGHHQWRQFHVQRKHYXHOWRD PLUDXQDSRUXQD
FRQWiUVHORDQDGLH3HURHVWD (ODJXDGHODIXHQWHVHOOHQDGH
PDUDYLOODFRQWLQ~DGHVERUGiQGRPH\ IRJDWDV
QHFHVLWRYROFDUODDOPHQRVHQPL /DDUHQDEDMRHOWRERJiQHVXQD
FXDGHUQRERUUDGRU3RUHVRHVFULER SOD\LWDLQFHQGLDGD
(QORVUHFUHRVFDVLVLHPSUH /RViUEROHVODQ]DQOODPDVDVX
VLJRVLHQGRVyOR\RODTXHMXHJDFRQ SDVR\KDVWDODVPDULSRVDVVLODVWRFD
*XVWDYR±(VXQSLEHUDUR± VXPLUDGDVRQIyVIRURVYRODGRUHV
PXUPXUDQORVGHPiVFKLFRV $KRUDTXHORHVFULEtHOVHFUHWR
<WLHQHQUD]yQ6t*XVWDYRHV \DQRPHSHVDWDQWR
XQPXFKDFKRGLIHUHQWHSHURSRUVX (VWR\FRQWHQWD\VLQHPEDUJR
VROTXH~QLFDPHQWH\RWHQJRHO WHQJRXQDGXGD¢VHUp\RVXDPLJD
SULYLOHJLRGHYHU£<HVKHUPRVRVHU PiVTXHULGD"
GLVWLQWRSRUOOHYDUXQVROHQWUHORV 0HSDUHFHTXHVtSRUTXH
RMRV DXQTXHQRVHORSLGD*XVWDYRYLHQHD
*XVWDYR0LPiVTXHULGR EXVFDUPHDWUDYpVGHVXFDPLQLWRHQ
DPLJR OODPDV&XDQGROOXHYHpOVHDSXUDD
UHJDODUPHVXVWLELRVUD\LWRV&XDQGR
6/97
HVWR\WULVWHLOXPLQDPLYHUHGDKDVWD 'HVGHTXHDPERVUHFRUGDEDQ
KDFHUPHVRQUHtU VXVSHTXHxDVYLGDVHQODFLXGDG
3RUHVRDXQTXHQDGLHORYHD MDSRQHVDGH+LURVKLPDVHKDEtDQ
DXQTXHPHKD\DQGLFKRTXHHVXQ GHVDUUROODGRGHOPLVPRPRGRHQXQ
GLVSDUDWHDXQTXHPHYXHOYHQD FOLPDGHVREUHVDOWRVHQWUHDGXOWRV
UHSHWLUFLHQYHFHVTXHHVLPSRVLEOH FDOODGRV\WULVWHVFRPSDUWLHQGRFRQ
\RHVWR\VHJXUD\RORFUHR*XVWDYR HOORVORVHVFDVRVJUDQRVGHDUUR]TXH
WLHQHXQVROHQWUHORVRMRV IORWDEDQHQODVRSDGLDULD\HOPLHGR
TXHDSUHWDEDODVUHXQLRQHVIDPLOLDUHV
0LOJUXOODV GHFDGDDQRFKHFHUHQWRUQRDODV
QRWLFLDVGHODUDGLRTXHKDEODEDQGH
1DRPL:DWDQDEH\7RVKLUR OXFKDV\PXHUWHSRUWRGDVSDUWHV
8HGDFUHtDQTXHHOPXQGRHUDQXHYR 6LQHPEDUJRFUHtDQTXHHO
&RPRWRGRVORVFKLFRV3RUTXHHOORV PXQGRHUDQXHYR\HVSHUDEDQ
HUDQQXHYRVHQHOPXQGR7DPELpQ DQVLRVRVFDGDGtDSDUDGHVFXEULUOR
FRPRWRGRVORVFKLFRV3HURHOPXQGR
HUD\DPX\YLHMRHQWRQFHVHQHODxR £$K\WDPELpQVHHVWDEDQ
\RWUDYH]HVWDEDHQJXHUUD GHVFXEULHQGRXQRDORWUR
1DRPL\7RVKLURQRHQWHQGtDQPX\ 6HFRQWHPSODEDQGHUHRMR
ELHQTXpHUDORTXHHVWDEDSDVDQGR GXUDQWHODFDPLQDWDKDFLDODHVFXHOD
FXDQGRVXSRQtDQTXHVXVPLUDGDV
7/97
OHYDQWDEDQPXUDOODV\QDGLHPiVTXH 1DRPL3REODEDHOFRUD]yQGH
HOORVSRGtDQWUDQVLWDUHVHLPDJLQDULR 7RVKLUR6HOHDQXGDEDHQORVVXHxRV
VHQGHULWRGHRMRVDRMRV FRQVXVODUJDVWUHQ]DVQHJUDV/H
$SHQDVVLKDEtDQLQWHUFDPELDGR KDFtDWHQHUJDQDVGHFUHFHUGHJROSH
DOJXQDVIUDVHV(ODIHFWRGHORVGRVQR SDUDSRGHUFDVDUVHFRQHOOD3HURHVH
EXVFDEDODVSDODEUDV(VWDEDQWDQ IXWXURTXHGDEDWDQOHMRVD~Q
DFRVWXPEUDGRVDOVLOHQFLR (OIXWXURLQPHGLDWRGHDTXHOOD
3HUR1DRPHVDEtDTXHTXHUtDD SULPDYHUDGHIXHHOYHUDQRTXH
HVHPXFKDFKLWRGHOJDGRTXHPiVGH OOHJySXQWXDOPHQWHHOGHMXQLR\
XQDYH]VHTXHGDEDVLQDOPRU]DUSRU DQXQFLyODVYDFDFLRQHVHVFRODUHV
GDUOHDHOODODUDFLyQGHEDWDWDVTXH <FRQODPLVPDLQWHQVLGDGFRQ
KDEtDWUDtGRGHVXFDVD TXHRWUDVYHFHVKDEtDHVSHUDGRVXV
1RWHQJRKDPEUH±OHPHQWtD VROHDGDVPDxDQDVHVHDxRORV
7RVKLURFXDQGRYHtDTXHODQLxD HQVRPEUHFLyDORVGRVQL1DRPLQL
DSHQDVVLWHQtDGRVRWUHVJDOOHWLWDV 7RVKLURGHVHDEDQTXHHPSH]DUD
SDUDSDVDUHOPHGLRGtD±7HGHMRPL
YLDQGD±\VHLEDDFRUUHWHDUFRQVXV 6XFRPLHQ]RVLJQLILFDEDTXHWHQGUtDQ
FRPSDxHURVKDVWDODKRUDGHUHJUHVRD TXHGHMDUGHYHUVHGXUDQWHXQPHV\
ODVDXODVSDUDTXH1DRPLQRWXYLHUD PHGLRLQDFDEDEOH
YHUJHQ]DGHGHYRUDUODUDFLyQ $SHVDUGHTXHVXVFDVDVQR
TXHGDEDQGHPDVLDGROHMRVXQDGHOD
8/97
RWUDVXVIDPLOLDVQRVHFRQRFtDQ1L FHUDPLVWDVTXHYHtDQDSLODUVHYDVLMDV
VLTXLHUDWHQtDQHQWRQFHVODSRVLELOLGDG HQWRGRVORVULQFRQHVGHVXORFDO
GHHQFRQWUDUVHHQDOJXQDYLVLWD+DEtD
TXHHVSHUDUSDFLHQWHPHQWHOD <DQRYHQGtDQQDGD1R
UHDQXGDFLyQGHODVFODVHV REVWDQWHVXVPDQRVYLHMDVVHJXtDQ
$FDEyMXQLR\7RVKLURDUUDQFy PRGHODQGRODDUFLOODFRQODPLVPD
FRQWHQWRODKRMDGHODOPDQDTXH GHGLFDFLyQGHRWUDVpSRFDV±3DUD
6HIXHMXOLR\1DRPLDUUDQFy FXDQGRWHUPLQHODJXHUUD±GHFtDHO
FRQWHQWDODKRMDGHODOPDQDTXH DEXHOR
<DXQTXHQRORVXSLHUDQ£3RU
ILQOOHJyDJRVWR±SHQVDURQORVGRVDO 7RGRDFDEDDOJ~QGtDFRPHQWDED
PLVPRWLHPSR ODDEXHODSRUOREDMR<7RVKLURVHQWtD
)XHMXVWDPHQWHHOSULPHURGH TXHODSD]GHEtDGHVHUDOJRPX\
HVHPHVFXDQGR7RVKLURYLDMyMXQWR KHUPRVRSRUTXHORVRMRVGHVXPDGUH
FRQVXVSDGUHVKDFLDODDOGHDGH SDUHFtDQDFODUDUVHIXJD]PHQWHFDGD
0L\DVKLPD,EDQDSDVDUXQDVHPDQD YH]TXHVHUHIHUtDQDOILQGHODJXHUUD
$OOtYLYtDQORVDEXHORVGRV WDOFRPRDpOVHOHDFODUDEDQORVVX\RV
FXDQGRUHFRUGDEDD1DRPL
¢<1DRPL"
0L\DVKLPDSHTXHxDLVODVLWXDGDHQODV
(OSULPHURGHDJRVWRGHVSHUWy
SUR[LPLGDGHVGHODFLXGDGGH+LURVKLPD LQTXLHWDDFDEDEDGHVRxDUTXH
9/97
FDPLQDEDVREUHODQLHYH6ROD
'HVFDO]D1LFDVDVQLiUEROHVDVX 3URQWR
DOUHGHGRU8QGHVLHUWRKHODGR\HOOD )ORUHFHUiQORVFULVDQWHPRV
DWUDYHViQGROR (VSHUD
$EDQGRQyHOtatamiVHGHVOL]y &RUD]yQ
GHSXQWLOODVHQWUHVXVGRUPLGRV
KHUPDQRV\DEULyODYHQWDQDGHOD 'HVSXpVDFKLFyHQUROOLWRV
KDELWDFLyQ£4XpDOLYLR8QDFiOLGD DPERVSDSHOHV\ORVJXDUGyGHQWURGH
PDGUXJDGDOHUR]yODVPHMLOODV(OODOH XQDFDMLWDGHODFDHQODTXHHVFRQGtD
GHYROYLyXQVXVSLUR VXVSHTXHxRVWHVRURVGHODFXULRVLGDG
/HQWRVHDSDJD GHVXVKHUPDQRV
(OYHUDQR (OFXDWUR\HOFLQFRGHDJRVWR
(QFLHQGR VHORVSDVyD\XGDQGRDVXPDGUH\D
/iPSDUD\VRQULVDV ODVWtDV£(UDWDQWDODURSDSDUD
UHPHQGDU
7DWDPLHVWHUDTXHVHFRORFDVREUHORV 6LQHPEDUJRHVDWDUHDQROH
SLVRVHQODVFDVDVMDSRQHVDVWUDGLFLRQDOHV GLVJXVWDED1DRPLVLHPSUHVDEtD
(OGRV\HOWUHVGHDJRVWRHVFULELy KDOODUHOPRGRGHFRQYHUWLUHQXQ
WUDEDMRVDPHQWHVXVSULPHURVhaikus.
MXHJRHQWUHWHQLGRORTXHDFDVR
+DLNXVR+DLNDLEUHYHSRHPDGHGLHFLVLHWH
VtODEDVWtSLFRGHODSRHVtDMDSRQHVD UHVXOWDEDDEXUULGtVLPRSDUDRWUDV
FKLFDV&XDQGRFRVtDSRUHMHPSOR
10/97
LPDJLQDEDTXHFDGDGRVFLHQWDV 1DRPLVHDMXVWDHOobi GHVX
YHLQWLGyVSXQWDGDVSRGtDVXMHWDUXQ kimono \UHFXHUGDDVXDPLJR¢4Xp
GHVHRSDUDTXHVHFRPSOLHVH HVWDUiKDFLHQGRDKRUD"
/DDJXMDLED\YHQtDODERULRVD
$VtTXHGyHQHOSDQWDOyQGHVX
KHUPDQRPHQRUHOUXHJRGHTXH ³$KRUD´7RVKLURSHVFDHQOD
ILQDOL]DUDHQVHJXLGDHVDHVSDQWRVD LVODPLHQWUDVVHSUHJXQWD£4XpHVWDUi
JXHUUD\HQORVSXxRVGHODFDPLVDGH KDFLHQGR1DRPL"
VXSDSiHOSHGLGRGHTXH7RVKLURQR (QHOPLVPRPRPHQWRXQ
ODROYLGDUD DYLyQHQHPLJRVREUHYXHODHOFLHORGH
<ORVGRVGHVHRVVH +LURVKLPD
FXPSOLHURQ (QHODYLyQKRPEUHVEODQFRV
3HURHOPXQGRWHQtDVXV TXHSXOVDQERWRQHV\ODERPED
SURSLRVSODQHV DWyPLFDVXUFDSRUSULPHUDYH]XQ
2FKRGHODPDxDQDGHOVHLVGH FLHOR(OFLHORGH+LURVKLPD
DJRVWRHQHOFLHORGH+LURVKLPD
2ELIDMDTXHDFRPSDxDDONLPRQR
.LPRQRYHVWLPHQWDWUDGLFLRQDOMDSRQHVDGH
DPSOLDVPDQJDVODUJDKDVWDORVSLHV\TXHVHFUX]D
SRUGHODQWHVXMHWiQGRVHFRQXQDHVSHFLHGHIDMD
OODPDGDREL
11/97
8QUHSHQWLQRUHVSODQGRU <PHGLRPLOOyQGHMDSRQHVHV
LOXPLQDH[WUDxDPHQWHODFLXGDG PHGLRPLOOyQGHVHUHVKXPDQRVVH
(QHOODXQDPDPiDPDPDQWDD GHVLQWHJUDQHVDPDxDQD
VXKLMRSRU~OWLPDYH]
'RVYLHMRVWUHQ]DVEDPE~HVSRU <FRQHOORVGHVDSDUHFHQHGLILFLRV
~OWLPDYH] iUEROHVFDOOHVDQLPDOHVSXHQWHV\HO
8QDGRFHQDGHFKLFRV SDVDGRGH+LURVKLPD
FDQWXUUHD“Donguri Koro Koro – <DQLQJXQRGHORV
Donguri Ko...” SRU~OWLPDYH] VREUHYLYLHQWHVSRGUiYROYHUD
'RQJXUL.RURYHUVRGHXQD UHIOHMDUVHHQHOPLVPRHVSHMRQLDEULU
SRSXODUFDQFLyQLQIDQWLOMDSRQHVD QXHYDPHQWHODSXHUWDGHVXFDVDQL
UHWRPDUQLQJ~QFDPLQRTXHULGR
0LOHVGHKRPEUHVSLHQVDQHQ 1DGLHVHUi\DTXLHQHUD
PDxDQDSRU~OWLPDYH] +LURVKLPDDUUDVDGDSRUXQ
1DRPLVDOHSDUDKDFHUXQRV KRQJRDWyPLFR
PDQGDGRV +LURVKLPDHVHOVROHVHVHLVGH
6LOHQFLRVDH[SORWDODERPED DJRVWRGHXQVROHVWDOODQGR
+LHUYHQGHUHSHQWHODVDJXDVGHOUtR 5HFLpQHQGLFLHPEUHORJUy
7RVKLURDYHULJXDUGyQGHHVWDED
1DRPL£<TXHD~QHVWDEDYLYD'LRV
12/97
(OOD\VXIDPLOLDLQWHUQDGRVHQ 6REUHVXPHVDGHOX]XQDV
HOKRVSLWDOXELFDGRHQXQDORFDOLGDG FXDQWDVJUXOODVGHSDSHO
SUy[LPDD+LURVKLPD&RPRWDQWRV GHVSDUUDPDGDV
RWURVFLHQWRVGHPLOHVTXHWDPELpQ 9R\DPRULUPH7RVKLUR±
KDEtDQVREUHYLYLGRDOKRUURUDXQTXH VXVXUUyQRELHQVXDPLJRVHSDUyHQ
HOKRUURUHVWXYLHUDDKRUDLQVWDODGR VLOHQFLRDOODGRGHVXFDPD±1XQFD
GHQWURGHHOORVHQVXPLVPDVDQJUH OOHJDUpDSOHJDUODVPLOJUXOODVTXHPH
<KDFLDHVHKRVSLWDOPDUFKy KDFHQIDOWD
7RVKLURXQDPDxDQD 0LOJUXOODVRSemba-Tsuru,
(OLQYLHUQRVHLQVLQXDED\DHQ FRPRVHGLFHHQMDSRQpV
HODLUH\HOPXFKDFKRQRVDEtDVLHUD
HOIUtRH[WHULRURVHSHQVDPLHQWROR &RQHOFRUD]yQHQFRJLGR
TXHOHKDFtDWLULWDU 7RVKLURFRQWyODVTXHVHKDOODEDQ
1DRPLVHKDOODEDHQXQDFDPD GLVSHUVDVVREUHODPHVLWD6yORYHLQWH
VLWXDGDMXQWRDODYHQWDQD 'HVSXpVODVMXQWyFXLGDGRVDPHQWH
DQWHVGHJXDUGDUODVHQXQEROVLOORGH
'HFDUDDOWHFKR&RQORVRMRV VXFKDTXHWD
DELHUWRV\ODPLUDGDLQPyYLO<DQR
WHQtDVXVWUHQ]DV$SHQDVXQDWHQXH
SHOXVLWDRVFXUD
13/97
7HYDVDFXUDU1DRPL±OHGLMR ODVVRPEUDV(VSHUyKDVWDTXHWXYROD
HQWRQFHVSHURVXDPLJDQROHRtD\D FHUWH]DGHTXHQDGLHPiVTXHpO
VHKDEtDTXHGDGRGRUPLGD FRQWLQXDEDGHVSLHUWR(QWRQFHVVH
(OPXFKDFKLWRVDOLyGHO LQFRUSRUyFRQVLJLOR\DEULyHO
KRVSLWDOEHELpQGRVHODVOiJULPDV DUPDULRGRQGHVHVROtDQDFRPRGDUODV
1LODPDGUHQLHOSDGUHQLORV PDQWDV
WtRVGH7RVKLURHQFX\DFDVDVH 0RUGLpQGRVHODSXQWDGHOD
HQFRQWUDEDQWHPSRUDOPHQWHDORMDGRV OHQJXDH[WUDMRODSLODGHSDSHOHVTXH
HQWHQGLHURQDTXHOODQRFKHHOSRUTXp KDEtDUHFROHFWDGRHQVHFUHWR\YROYLy
GHODPLVWHULRVDGHVDSDULFLyQGHFDVL DVXOHFKR
WRGRVORVSDSHOHVTXHKDVWDHVHGtD /DWLMHUDODOOHYDEDRFXOWDHQWUH
KDEtDKDELGRDOOt VXVURSDV
<DVtHQHOVLOHQFLR\OD
+RMDVGHGLDULRSHGD]RVGH RVFXULGDGGHDTXHOODVKRUDV7RVKLUR
SDSHOSDUDHQYROYHUYLHMRVFXDGHUQRV UHFRUWySULPHURQRYHFLHQWRVRFKHQWD
\KDVWDDOJXQRVOLEURVSDUHFtDQ FXDGUDGLWRV\OXHJRORVSOHJyXQRSRU
KDEHUVHHVIXPDGRPiJLFDPHQWH3HUR XQRKDVWDFRPSOHWDUODVPLOJUXOODV
\DHUDWDUGHSDUDSUHJXQWDU7RGRVORV TXHDQVLDED1DRPLWUDVVXPDUOHVODV
PD\RUHVVHGXUPLHURQVRUSUHQGLGRV TXHHOODPLVPDKDEtDKHFKR<D
(QODKDELWDFLyQTXHFRPSDUWtD DPDQHFtD(OPXFKDFKRVHHQFRQWUDED
FRQVXVSULPRV7RVKLURYHODEDHQWUH SDVDQGRKLORVDWUDYpVGHODVVLOXHWDV
14/97
GHSDSHO6HSDUyHQJUXSRVGHGLH]ODV 3RUHVD~QLFDYH]WRPyVLQSHGLU
IUiJLOHVJUXOODVGHOPLODJUR\ODV SHUPLVRODELFLFOHWDGHVXVSULPRV
DSUHVWySDUDTXHLPLWDUDQHOYXHOR 1RKDEtDWLHPSRTXHSHUGHU
VXVSHQGLGDVFRPRHVWDEDQGHXQOHYH ,PSRVLEOHUHFRUUHUDSLHFRPRHOGtD
KLORGHFRVHUXQDHQFLPDGHODRWUD DQWHULRUORVNLOyPHWURVTXHOR
&RQORVGHGRVSDVSDGRV\HO VHSDUDEDQGHOKRVSLWDO/DYLGDGH
FRUD]yQWHPEODQGR7RVKLURFRORFy 1DRPLGHSHQGtDGHHVDVJUXOODV
ODVFLHQWLUDVGHVXfuroshiki \SDUWLy 3URKLELGDVODVYLVLWDVDHVWD
UXPERDOKRVSLWDODQWHVGHTXHVX KRUD±OHGLMRXQDHQIHUPHUD
IDPLOLDVHGHVSHUWDUD LPSLGLpQGROHHODFFHVRDODHQRUPH
)XURVKLNLWHODFXDGUDQJXODUTXHVH VDODHQXQRGHFX\RVH[WUHPRVHVWDED
XVDSDUDIRUPDUXQDEROVDDWiQGROD ODFDPDGHVXTXHULGDDPLJD
SRUVXVFXDWURSXQWDVGHVSXpVGH 7RVKLURLQVLVWLy6yORTXLHUR
FRORFDUHOFRQWHQLGR FROJDUHVWDVJUXOODVVREUHVXOHFKR
3RUIDYRU
1LQJ~QJHVWRGHQXQFLyOD
HPRFLyQGHODHQIHUPHUDFXDQGRHO
6HPED7VXUXPLOJUXOODV8QDFUHHQFLDSRSXODU
MDSRQHVDDVHJXUDTXHKDFLHQGRPLOGHHVDVDYHV± FKLFROHPRVWUyODVDYHFLWDVGHSDSHO
VHJ~QHQVHxDDUHDOL]DUORHOorigamiQRPEUHGHO &RQODPLVPDDSDUHQWHLPSDVLELOLGDG
VLVWHPDGHSOHJDGRGHSDSHO±VHORJUDDOFDQ]DUODUJD
YLGD\IHOLFLGDG
FRQTXHPRPHQWRVDQWHVOHKDEtD
FHUUDGRHOSDVRVHKL]RDXQODGR\OH
15/97
SHUPLWLyTXHHQWUDUD3HURFLQFR 6RQKHUPRVDV7RVKLFKDQ
PLQXWRV¢HK" *UDFLDV
1DRPLGRUPtD +D\XQPLOODU6RQWX\DV
7UDWDQGRGHQRKDFHUHOPtQLPR 1DPRL7X\DV±\HOPXFKDFKR
UXLGLWR7RVKLURSXVRXQDVLOODVREUH DEDQGRQyODVDODVLQGDUVHYXHOWD
ODPHVDGHOX]\OXHJRVHVXELy (QODOXPLQRVLGDGGHOPHGLRGtD
7XYRTXHHVWLUDUVHDPiVQR TXHDKRUDRFXSDEDWRGRHOUHFLQWRPLO
SRGHUSDUDDOFDQ]DUHOFLHORUDVR3HUR JUXOODVHPSH]DURQDEDODQFHDUVH
ORDOFDQ]y<HQXQUDWRHVWDEDQODV LPSXOVDGDVSRUHOYLHQWRTXHOD
PLOJUXOODVSHQGLHQGRGHOWHFKRORV HQIHUPHUDWDPELpQGHMyFRODUDO
FLHQKLORVHQWUHOD]DGRVILUPHPHQWH HQWUHDEULUSRUXQRVLQVWDQWHVOD
VXMHWRVFRQDOILOHUHV YHQWDQD
/RVRMRVGH1DRPLVHJXtDQ
)XHDOEDMDUVHGHVX VRQULHQGR
LPSURYLVDGDHVFDOHUDFXDQGRDGYLUWLy /DQLxDPXULyDOGtDVLJXLHQWH
TXH1DRPLORHVWDEDREVHUYDQGR 8QiQJHODODLQWHPSHULHIUHQWHDOD
7HQtDODFDEHFLWDHFKDGDKDFLDXQ LPSLHGDGGHORVDGXOWRV¢&yPR
ODGR\XQDVRQULVDHQORVRMRV SRGtDQPLOIUiJLOHVDYHFLWDVGHSDSHO
7RVKLFKDQGLPLQXWLYRGH7RVKLUR
16/97
YHQFHUHOKRUURULQVWDODGRHQVX *UXOODVGHVSOHJDQGRDODVHQODV
VDQJUH" TXHVHGHVFXEUHQODVFLIUDVGHOD
)HEUHURGH PiTXLQDGHFDOFXODU
7RVKLUR8HGDFXPSOLyFXDUHQWD *UXOODVVXUJLGDVGHVHUYLOOHWLWDV
\GRVDxRV\YLYHHQ,QJODWHUUD6H FRQLPSUHVRVGHORVPiVVRILVWLFDGRV
FDVyWLHQHWUHVKLMRV\HVJHUHQWHGH UHVWDXUDQWHV
VXFXUVDOGHXQEDQFRHVWDEOHFLGRHQ *UXOODV\PiVJUXOODV
/RQGUHV <ORVHPSOHDGRVFRPHQWDQ
GLYHUWLGRVTXHHOJHUHQWHGHEHGH
6HULR\SRFRFRPXQLFDWLYR FUHHUHQDTXHOODVXSHUVWLFLyQ
FRPRHVQLQJXQRGHVXVHPSOHDGRV MDSRQHVD
VHDWUHYHDSUHJXQWDUOHSRUTXpHQWUH $OJ~QGtDFRPSOHWDUiODVPLO
HODOXYLyQGHSDSHOHVFRQLPSRUWDQWHV ±FXFKLFKHDQHQWUHULVDV¢6HDQLPDUi
LQIRUPHV\PHQVDMHVWHOHJUiILFRVTXH HQWRQFHVDFROJDUODVVREUHVX
KDELWXDOPHQWHVHMXQWDQVREUHVX HVFULWRULR"
HVFULWRULRVLHPSUHVHHQFXHQWUDQ 1LQJXQRVRVSHFKDVLTXLHUDOD
DOJXQDVJUXOODVGHRULJDPLGLVSHUVDV HQWUDxDEOHUHODFLyQTXHHVDVJUXOODV
DOD]DU WLHQHQFRQODSHUGLGD+LURVKLPDGHVX
*UXOODVVHJXUDPHQWHKHFKDVSRU QLxH]&RQVXSHUGLGRDPRUSULPHUR
pOSHURHQDOJ~QPRPHQWRHQTXH
QDGLHFRQVLJXHVRUSUHQGHUOR ¢4XLpQHVHVHJDQVR"
17/97
0DUFHODVHIDVWLGLy£/R~QLFR
¢4XLpQHVHVHJDQVR"±OH TXHIDOWDHVTXHGLJDVTXHWLHQHRMRV
SUHJXQWy*HUDUGRDVXDPLJDQRELHQ GHYLGULR¢0HYDVDDOFDQ]DUHVDV
HOODGHVHQUROOyHOJUDQSyVWHUTXHOH FKLQFKHVRQR"
DFDEDEDGHUHJDODUXQDFRPSDxHUDGH
JUDGR $GHVJDQR*HUDUGRVHODV
'DPHODVFKLQFKHV\QR DOFDQ]yXQDSRUXQDPLHQWUDV
SUHJXQWHVHVWXSLGHFHV FRPSDUDEDPHQWDOPHQWHVXSURSLD
0DUFHODVHVXELyDXQDVLOOD\ DSDULHQFLDFRQODGHHVHJDOiQTXH
H[WHQGLyHOSOLHJRVREUHXQDGHODV KDEtDJDQDGRHOFRUD]yQGHVXDPLJD
SDUHGHVGHVXGRUPLWRULR(OURVWUR /RVFHORVORWRUWXUDEDQ³(VH
VRQULHQWHGHVXDFWRUGHFLQHIDYRULWR JDQVR´HUDUXELRSHOLODFLR\SDUD
RFXSyHQWRQFHVWRGDVXDWHQFLyQ FROPRXQKRPEUH
$K±VXVSLUyHPEHOHVDGD eOPRUHQRGHSHORHQVRUWLMDGR
£4XpSHOR \DSHQDVXQPXFKDFKRGHRQFHDxRV
%DK7HxLGRVHJXUDPHQWH± 0DUFHODQXQFDYDDILMDUVHHQ
GLMR*HUDUGR PtHPEREDGDFRPRHVWiFRQHVH
£4XpGLHQWHVSDUHMLWRV£<WDQ HVH¢&yPRVHOODPDUtDVXULYDO"
EODQFRV ¢4XLpQHVHVHJDQVR0DUFHOD"
3RVWL]RV )XHURQ&ODXGLD\6LOYLDODVTXH
FRQWHVWDURQDG~RLUUXPSLHQGRHQOD
18/97
KDELWDFLyQ\SDUiQGRVHDQWHHOSyVWHU +DVWDHOKDUWD]JRGH*HUDUGRSRU
FRQODPLVPDH[SUHVLyQIDVFLQDGDTXH VXSXHVWRSRUTXHHUDHYLGHQWHTXH
WHQtD0DUFHOD 0DUFHODVHQWtDXQDJUDQDWUDFFLyQSRU
£5REHUW5HGIRUG£5REHUW HVHDFWRU¢&yPRH[SOLFDUVLQRTXH
5HHHGIRUG DORODUJRGHGLH]SiJLQDVFRPR
9DPRVDOFRPHGRUWHQJRTXH *HUDUGRPLVPRFRPSUREyIDVWLGLDGR
DSDJDUODVYHODV±GLMR0DUFHOD\ DOKRMHDUODKXELHUDSHJDGRWDQWDV
DEDQGRQyHOGRUPLWRULR6XVGRV IRWRJUDItDV"5REHUW5HGIRUGGHIUHQWH
DPLJDVODVLJXLHURQGHLQPHGLDWR GHSHUILOVHULRGLVSOLFHQWHFRQ
*HUDUGRSHUPDQHFLyD~QXQRV VRPEUHURWHMDQRGHVFDO]RGHEOXH
LQVWDQWHVPLUDQGRFRQUDELDDpVHGHO MHDQVVRQULHQWHGXUDQWHHOURGDMHGH
TXHQLOHLPSRUWDEDUHFRUGDUHO DOJXQDSHOtFXODFRQLPSHFDEOH
QRPEUH<DLEDDGLULJLUVHpOWDPELpQ VPRNLQJIXPDQGRXQKDEDQR(Q
KDFLDODVDODFXDQGRVREUHHO ILQ³£5REHUW5HGIRUGKDVWDHQOD
HVFULWRULRGH0DUFHOD\FDVL VRSD´VHGLMR*HUDUGR
FRQIXQGLGDHQWUHODVHVFRODUHV &HUUyODFDUSHWDFRQIXHU]D
GHVFXEULyDTXHOODFDUSHWDIRUUDGDFRQ FRPRVLFRQHVHJHVWRSXGLHUDKDFHU
UHFRUWHVGHGLIHUHQWHVUHYLVWDV GHVDSDUHFHUHOREMHWRGHVXPDOHVWDU
PXOWLSOLFDEDKDVWDHOKDUWD]JRODFDUD GHVXVSURIXQGRV\QRFRQIHVDGRV
GH5REHUW5HGIRUG FHORV
19/97
&XDQGROOHJyDODVDODWRGRV /DVPHMLOODVOHDUGtDQ
HVWDEDQFDQWDQGRHO³+DSS\
%LUWKGD\´$OJXLHQDSDJyODVOXFHV 'XUDQWHORVGtDVTXHVLJXLHURQ
6XIDPLOLD\VXVFRPSDxHURV DODILHVWD*HUDUGRWUDWyGHGHPRVWUDU
DSODXGLHURQ(QVHJXLGDXQRSRUXQR XQWRWDOGHVLQWHUpVKDFLD0DUFHOD
VHOHDFHUFDURQSDUDIHOLFLWDUOD $SURYHFKDEDORVUHFUHRSDUDMXJDU\
&XDQGR*HUDUGRVHGHFLGLyD SDYRQHDUVHFRQRWUDVFKLFDV(UDHO
KDFHUORPLVPRHVWDEDWDQFRKLELGR SODQTXHVHKDEtDSURSXHVWRSDUD
TXHVHOOHYyODPHVDSRUGHODQWH ORJUDUDWUDHUODDWHQFLyQGH0DUFHOD
&RSDV\ERWHOODVWLQWLQHDURQ 4XHVHFUHDTXHHOODQRPHJXVWD
OHYHPHQWH£0DOGLWDWLPLGH]±SHQVy 3HURQRUHVXOWy7RGRIXHSHRU
*HUDUGR SDUDpO(OWLHPSRSDVDEDODFKLFDQL
VLTXLHUDDFXVDEDUHFLERGHVXDSDUHQWH
£0HQRVPDOTXHQRVHYROFyQDGD< IDOWDGHLQWHUpV\D*HUDUGRQROH
VREUHSRQLpQGRVHDORTXHpOVHOH TXHGyPiVUHPHGLRTXHYROYHUD
DQWRMDEDXQSDSHOyQVHDSUR[LPyD DFHUFiUVHOHFRPRVLHPSUH/DUHODFLyQ
0DUFHOD\OHGLRXQEHVR HQWUHDPERVSHVDEDDSXQWRGH
7HQGUpTXHHVSHUDUKDVWDDEULO GHVEDUUDQFDUVHHQODSXUDQDGD
GHODxRTXHYLHQHSDUDYROYHUDWHQHU (QWRQFHVVHOHRFXUULyHQFDUDU
HVWDRSRUWXQLGDG±SHQVyDOJR ODVLWXDFLyQGHRWURPRGR±DXQTXH
DFRQJRMDGR KDFHUHVWRPHUHYXHOYDODVWULSDV±VH
20/97
GHFtD*HUDUGRFDGDILQGHVHPDQD $VtGXUDQWHFDVLWRGRHODxR
FXDQGRWLMHUDHQPDQRUHYLVDEDODV HVFRODU
UHYLVWDVGHVXPDPi\GHVXVWtDVDOD (QRFWXEUH\JUDFLDVDVX
SHVFDGHDOJXQDIRWRGH5REHUW FRODERUDFLyQHOiOEXPGHVXDPLJD
5HGIRUG KDEtDDXPHQWDGRGHYROXPHQ
/RKDFtDHQVHFUHWRTXpGXGD WUHPHQGDPHQWHDODSDUTXH
FDEH'HORFRQWUDULR¢TXpLEDQD DXPHQWDEDQVXVFHORV
VXSRQHUHQVXFDVDVLORVRUSUHQGtDQ 6LQHPEDUJR*HUDUGRVH
FROHFFLRQDQGRLPiJHQHVGH³HVH HVIRU]DEDSRUPDQWHQHUORVHQVLOHQFLR
JDQVR´" 1RLEDDHVWURSHDUORWRGRMXVWR
FXDQGR0DUFHODSDUHFtDFREUDUOHFDGD
$K£/RVVDFULILFLRVGHORVTXH YH]PiVVLPSDWtD
HVFDSD]XQFRUD]yQGHVOXPEUDGR 'HELGRDTXH5REHUW5HGIRUG
<DOOiLED*HUDUGRFRQORV \EXHQRORFLHUWRHUDTXHHQWUHOD
UHFRUWHVFXLGDGRVDPHQWHRFXOWRV QLxD\pOH[LVWtDDKRUDXQYtQFXORPiV
GHQWURGHOIRUURGHOOLEURGHOHFWXUDD VyOLGRTXHDQWHV
ODHVSHUDGHOSULPHUUHFUHRGHFDGD +DVWDTXHXQDWDUGHGH
OXQHV SULQFLSLRVGHQRYLHPEUH
(QWRQFHVVHORVHQWUHJDEDD (VWDEDQHQFDVDGH0DUFHOD8Q
0DUFHOD GHEHUTXHWHQtDQTXHUHDOL]DUHQ
HTXLSRORVKDEtDOOHYDGRDUHXQLUVH
21/97
DOOt7DPELpQVHHQFRQWUDEDQ&ODXGLD &XDQGRYROYLyFDUJDEDDOJR
5REHUWR\2VYDOGR HQWUHVXVPDQRVHVFRQGLGDVWUDVOD
*HUDUGRWHUPLQDEDGHFRORUHDU HVSDOGD£8QPRPHQWRFKLFRV±OHV
HOFRQWRUQRGHOHQRUPHPDSDTXH GLMR£4XLHURTXHYHDQHOIDQWiVWLFR
KDEtDQGLEXMDGR iOEXPTXHDUPDPRV*HUDUGR\\R
'HLQPHGLDWR&ODXGLDOR
5REHUWRSUHSDUDEDODV~OWLPDV DFDSDUyHQFDQWDGDDOYHUTXHVH
ILFKDV WUDWDEDGH5REHUW5HGIRUGPLHQWUDV
&ODXGLD\2VYDOGREXVFDEDQ 5REHUWR\2VYDOGRVHLQWHUFDPELDEDQ
SDODEUDVHQHOGLFFLRQDULR ULVXHxDVJXLxDGLWDV\PLUDEDQ
0DUFHODFRQFOX\yGHSDVDUHQ EXUORQHVODFDUDFRORUDGDGH*HUDUGR
OLPSLRHOLQIRUPHSDUD*HRJUDItDTXH ¢3HURTXpVHFUHHQ"£$PtPH
DFDXVDGHVXEXHQDOHWUDOHKDEtD LPSRUWDXQSHSLQRHVHJDQVR
FRUUHVSRQGLGRWUDQVFULELU$SURYHFKy ¢¢¢&yPR"""±UHDFFLRQy
HQWRQFHVODSDXVDTXHVHOHSUHVHQWDED 0DUFHOD¢4XLpQPHD\XGyD
PLHQWUDVORVGHPiVILQDOL]DEDQVXV FROHFFLRQDUODVIRWRVGH5REHUW
WDUHDVGHMyHOVLWLRTXHRFXSDED 5HGIRUG"¢4XLpQHK"<DILUPyFRQ
DOUHGHGRUGHODPHVD\VDOLyGHOD VHJXULGDG$*HUDUGROHJXVWDWDQWR
KDELWDFLyQDQWLFLSiQGROHVXQD FRPRDPt7HGDUiYHUJHQ]D
VRUSUHVD DGPLWLUORQR"
22/97
0DUFHODHVWDEDHQRMDGD1RVH D&ODXGLD\WUDWyGHSDUWLUORHQGRV
OHKDEtDRFXUULGRSHQVDUTXHVXDPLJR £9D\D$TXHOORSDUHFtDODJXtD
KDEtDKHFKRWRGRHVRJXLDGR WHOHIyQLFD\pOQRHUD6XSHUPDQ
~QLFDPHQWHSRUODVJDQDVGH 0DUFHODIRUFHMHDEDSDUD
FRPSODFHUODGHHVWDUFRQHOODGXUDQWH UHFXSHUDUORLQWDFWRFXDQGR*HUDUGR
PiVWLHPSR\FRQHOSURSyVLWRGHTXH ORJUyUDVJDUDOJXQDVKRMDV
WXYLHUDXQPRWLYRSRGHURVRSDUD (QVHJXLGDDUURMyODRGLDGDFDUSHWDDO
DFHSWDUORSDUDVHQWLUVLPSDWtDSRUpO VXHOR£$OGHPRQLR5REHUW5HGIRUG±
JULWy<HQYDOHQWRQDGRSRUHO
£$KTXpFRQIXVLyQ<HQFLPD UHSHQWLQRFRUDMHTXHOHSHUPLWtDHO
HOSREUHGHEtDDKRUDDJXDQWDUODV GHVSHFKRDJUHJy£$PLPHJXVWDED
EXUODVGHVXVFRPSDxHURV6LWH 0DUFHOD£0HDFDERGHGDUFXHQWDGH
KXELHUDVHQORTXHFLGRSRU)DUUDK TXHQRHVPiVTXHXQDWRQWDVLHPSUH
)DZFHW3HURTXHVHWHGpSRU5REHUW VXVSLUDQGRSRUXQKRPEUHGHSDSHO
5HGIRUGSLEH£4XLpQORKXELHUD 'LULJLpQGRVHDHOODUHFDOFy0H
LPDJLQDGR gustabas, ¢HQWHQGLVWH"0HJXVWDEDV
1R*HUDUGRQRSXGRVRSRUWDU
PiVODWHQVLyQ7RGDODSDFLHQFLDTXH /DFKLFDVHSXVRDOORUDU
KDEtDDFXPXODGRGXUDQWHHVRVODUJRV *HUDUGRGHMyVXSRUWDIROLRVVXV
PHVHVOHHVWDOOyGHQWUR(QXQ FUD\RQHVGHVSDUUDPDGRVHOPDSDD
LPSXOVRGHUDELDOHDUUHEDWyHOiOEXP PHGLRFRORUHDU\VHIXHDVXFDVD
23/97
1RQRVHQJDxHPRVpOWDPELpQ *HUDUGRpVRVTXHVtSRGtDQ
WHQtDJDQDVGHOORUDU GHYROYHUOHODVPLUDGDV<PiVWDUGH
$OUDWR&ODXGLD5REHUWR\ FXDQGRVHGXUPLyIXHURQORVRMRVGH
2VYDOGRVHGHVSLGLHURQGH0DUFHOD *HUDUGRORVTXHVHDEULHURQSRU
&RQXQDGLVFUHFLyQDVRPEURVDSDUD SULPHUDYH]HQVXVPiVGXOFHV
VXVSRFRVDxRVQROHGLMHURQQLQJXQD VXHxRV
WRQWHUtD\UHVSHWDURQVXOODQWR
3RUTXHHOODVHJXtDGHURGLOODV 9HQWDQDV
VREUHHOSDUTXHW\ODJULPHDQGRHQ
VLOHQFLRFRQHOiOEXP /DSULPHUDYHQWDQDHVXQ
GHVFXDMHULQJDGRDPHGLRPHWURGH YHQWDQDO
GLVWDQFLD
(VDQRFKHPLHQWUDVSHJDEDODV /DSULPHUDYHQWDQDGH1LFROiV
SDUWHVURWDVGHODVIRWRJUDItDV VHSHUGtDFRPRODGHWRGRVQRVRWURV
0DUFHODDGYLUWLy±GHSURQWRTXH HQHOFDOHLGRVFRSLRGHORVUHFXHUGRV
*HUDUGRWHQtDUD]yQDTXHOORVRMRV GHODFXQD
HUDQKHUPRVRVVLQGXGDSHURGH £$KSHURVLpVRVQRSXHGHQ
SDSHOGHSDSHOHUDQVXVPLUDGDV\GH OODPDUVHH[DFWDPHQWH³UHFXHUGRV´
SDSHOWDPELpQGHSXURSDSHOWRGDVX 6LQHPEDUJR1LFROiV
SUHVHQFLD(QWRQFHVUHFRUGyORV UHFRUGDEDDXQTXHYDJDPHQWHTXH
FHUFDQRVDIHFWXRVRV\UHDOHVRMRVGH FXDQGRWHQtD¢GRVDxRV\PHGLR"
24/97
¢WUHV"VHHPSLQDEDDPiVQRSRGHU ODHVFXHODSRUODVPDxDQDV\KDFtDORV
DIHUUiQGRVHGHXQDEDUDQGDH GHEHUHVGXUDQWHODVWDUGHVVRORHQVX
LQWHQWDEDPLUDUDWUDYpVGHXQD FDVDPLHQWUDV'LGRVHDFXUUXFDEDD
HQRUPHYHQWDQD-XQWRDHOODVH VXVSLHVFRPRVLHQYH]GHXQUREXVWR
DOLQHDEDQVXFXQD\ODVGHPXFKRV FRFNHUIXHUDXQDODXFKD\ODJDWD
FKLTXLWRV(QWRQFHVXQYHQWDQDO EXVFDEDVXKXHFRSUHGLOHFWRHQWUHORV
(VRHVODSULPHUDYHQWDQDGH1LFROiV DOPRKDGRQHVGHOVRIiGHODVDOD
HUDXQYHQWDQDO 1LFROiVWHQtDDKRUDGRFHDxRV
¢<TXpKDEtDYLVWRDWUDYpVGH <UHFRUGDED\SHQVDED0XFKR
pOODVYHFHVHQTXHVXPDPiORKDEtD 0XFKR'HPDVLDGRSDUDXQFKLFRGH
DO]DGRFDGDPHGLRGtDFXDQGROOHJDED VXHGDG
ODKRUDGHODYLVLWD"3XHVXQH[WHQGLGR 1LVLTXLHUDVDEtDH[SOLFDUVHDVt
SDWLRJULV\DXWRPyYLOHVHVWDFLRQDGRV PLVPRSRUTXpSHURORFLHUWRHUDTXH
$TXHOYHQWDQDOHUDHOGHOD HQWUHVXVUHFXHUGRV\VXV
JXDUGHUtDGHXQDHPSUHVD6XPDPi SHQVDPLHQWRVODVYHQWDQDVRFXSDEDQ
KDEtDWUDEDMDGRDOOtFRPRVHFUHWDULD XQVLWLRGHSUHIHUHQFLD
$KRUDHVWDEDHPSOHDGDHQXQD
HPSUHVDGHWXULVPR /$9(17$1$'(/$
12&+(
1LFROiV\DQRSDVDEDRFKR
KRUDVGLDULDVHQXQDJXDUGHUtD,EDD
25/97
$VtGHQRPLQDEDDODGHVX OXJDUFLWRVPiVFyPRGRVGHWRGDOD
SULPHUFXDUWRODGHDTXHO FDVD
GHSDUWDPHQWRHQHOTXHKDEtDQYLYLGR 3HUR1LFROiVUHFRUGDED
KDVWDTXHHPSH]yDLUDODHVFXHOD HVSHFLDOPHQWH³ODYHQWDQDGHOD
SULPDULD(QWRQFHVVHKDEtDQPXGDGR QRFKH´3RUTXHHUDQSXUDVQRFKHVODV
DODFDVDTXHDKRUDRFXSDEDQDPSOLD TXHKDEtDYLVWRDWUDYpVGHHOOD
FRPRSDUDSHUPLWLUODOOHJDGDGH'LGR FXDQGRVXPDPiORGHSRVLWDED
UHJDORGHVXFXPSOHDxRVQ~PHUR GXOFHPHQWHHQVXFDPDWUDVOD
QXHYH\XQSRFRPiVDGHODQWHODGH MRUQDGDGHWUDEDMRHQODHPSUHVD
ODJDWD&ODURTXHDHOODVXVSDGUHVOD (OVROGHVXVDxRVPiV
KDEtDQDFHSWDGRDUHJDxDGLHQWHV FKLTXLWRVOHKDEtDSHUWHQHFLGRFDVL
3HUR1LFROiV¢QRWHEDVWDFRQ SRUFRPSOHWRDODSULPHUDYHQWDQD
HOSHUUR"
/$9(17$1$
/DHQFRQWUpHQODFDOOHYDD $%5$&$'$%5$
PRULUVHVLQDGLHODUHFRJH¢1R
SXHGRTXHGiUPHODXQDVVHPDQDV" eVDHUDODVX\DDFWXDOODGHVX
(VDVVHPDQDVVHHVWLUDURQHQ GRUPLWRULRHQODFDVDQXHYD
DxRV<7ULOFDVHJXtDDOOtFRQHOORV (UDSURSLHGDGH[FOXVLYDGH
KDELHQGRWRPDGRSRVHVLyQGHORV 1LFROiVDXQTXHVROtDFRPSDUWLUODFRQ
'LGRRFRQ7ULODFDFXDQGRORV
26/97
WRPDEDDXSDPLHQWUDVPLUDEDKDFLD MXHJRTXHORHVSHUDEDFDGDGRPLQJR
IXHUD ³SDUDTXHQRWHDEXUUDV´FRPROH
¢<TXpYHtDHQWRQFHV"$KSRU KDEtDGLFKRODDEXHODDOFRPSUiUVHOR
DOJRODOODPDED³ODYHQWDQD ¢4XLpQVHDEXUUHFRQ
DEUDFDGDEUD´¢QR"7DOFRPRVL VHPHMDQWHYHQWDQD"±SHQVDED1LFROiV
HVWXYLHUDIUHQWHDODSDQWDOODGHXQ SHUROHGDEDYHUJHQ]DFRQIHVDUTXH
FLQH1LFROiVSUR\HFWDEDHQHVD OHJXVWDEDPiVTXHHOFDUtVLPR
YHQWDQDWRGRVVXVGHVHRVORVPiV ³6FDOH[WULF´6HQWLUSRUXQRV
tQWLPRV/RVPiVVX\RV<HUDFRPR LQVWDQWHVTXHHUDXQSiMDURGHWHQLGR
VLHQUHDOLGDG³YLHVH´ORTXH HQORDOWRFXDQGRVHDVRPDEDSDUD
LPDJLQDED PLUDUKDFLDDEDMR6HQWLUXQQXGRHQ
HOHVWyPDJRDOLPDJLQDUTXHODSDUHG
/$9(17$1$'(/ SRGtDGHVSUHQGHUVH\DUUDVWUDUORDO
9e57,*2 YDFtR6HQWLUSRUILQHOYpUWLJRGHOD
DOWXUDTXHORDWUDtD\OHGDEDPLHGRD
eVDHUD\HOODD~QFRQWLQXDED ODSDU&RPRFUHFHU<ORVWHFKRVGH
YLYLHQGRHQHOPLVPRSLVRGLHFLVLHWH ORVHGLILFLRVYHFLQRVWDQ
ODYHQWDQDGHOFRPHGRUGHODDEXHOD PLQ~VFXORV/DFDOOHXQDFLQWLWD
&DUPHQ$ELHUWDDODDYHQLGDFpQWULFD /DVSHUVRQDVSLH]DVGHDMHGUH]
TXHGHVGHDOOtVHYHtDFRPROD /RVUXLGRVDWHPSHUDGRVFDVL
SHTXHxDSLVWDGHVX³6FDOH[WULF´HVH IDQWDVPDVGHVRQLGRV
27/97
,QGXGDEOHPHQWHpVDHUDXQD SHQVDPLHQWRVHOHSHUGtDHQHODLUHGHO
YHQWDQDTXHPHUHFtDWRPDUVHHQ SDWLR\DWRGRVVXVHQVXHxRVOHHUD
FXHQWD SRVLEOHJULWDUOHVSLHGUDOLEUH
7DPELpQOHJXVWDEDHQFRQWUDU
/$9(17$1$+$&,$(/ ORVFULVWDOHVHPSDxDGRV<QRVyOR
5(&5(2 SRUORVPRQLJRWHVTXHSRGtDQFREUDU
PRPHQWiQHDYLGDJUDFLDVDORV
6HGLUtDTXHHUDFRP~Q\ GLEXMRVGHVXVGHGRV
FRUULHQWHVL1LFROiVPLUDEDDWUDYpV (OiUEROGHOSDWLRSDUHFtDRWUR
GHHOODGHVGHHOSDWLRGHODHVFXHOD HQWRQFHVFRQHOEUXPRVRPDQFKyQ
VXDXODYDFtD YHUGHGHODFRSDDJLWiQGRVHVREUHXQ
WURQFRERUURQHDGR£<KDEtDTXH
¢3HURKDFHIDOWDDFODUDUTXHpOVH DGLYLQDUDTXLpQHVSHUWHQHFtDQODV
VHQWDEDHQXQRGHORVEDQFRV VLOXHWDVGHORVTXHSDVDEDQGHORWUR
XELFDGRVMXQWRDODYHQWDQD"£<TXp ODGR
GLVWLQWRHUDDWUDYHVDUODFRQODYLVWD &XDQGROORYtD1LFROiV
GHVGHDGHQWURGHOVDOyQGXUDQWHODV GHVFLIUDEDORVPHQVDMHVTXHODOOXYLD
KRUDVGHFODVH HVFULEtDVHFUHWDPHQWHSDUDpODJROSH
'HMDEDFRUUHUODVPLUDGDVVREUH \VXPDGHJRWDWUDVJRWD
PDxDQDVFiOLGDVQXEODGDVIUtDV £1LFROiV£6LHPSUHHVWiVHQ
OOXYLRVDVVROHDGDV0LHQWUDVHO %DELD£%REDOLTXHDQGR¢6HSXHGH
28/97
VDEHUTXpHVORTXHYHVDWUDYpVGHOD eVDHUDODTXHVHDEUtDVREUHXQ
YHQWDQD"$VtORUHSUHQGtDODPDHVWUD FRVWDGRGHVXFDVD/D~QLFDHVWUHFKD
DOVRUSUHQGHUORGLVWUDtGR \VLQFRUWLQD³SRUTXHHVFDVLXQ
¢&yPRH[SOLFDUOH"±SHQVDEDHO WUDJDOX]´KDEtDGLFKRVXPDPi1DGD
PXFKDFKR\SRUXQUDWRVHHVIRU]DED TXHYHUFRQODVRWUDVGRVGHODPLVPD
HQSUHVWDUDWHQFLyQDODSL]DUUD KDELWDFLyQDPSOLDV\GLVWLQJXLGDVFRQ
$XQTXHPX\DPHQXGRFRQOD LPSHFDEOHVFRUWLQDV
PLUDGD³YXHOWDKDFLDDGHQWUR´/RTXH $ELHUWDVDOIUHQWHGHODFDVD
VHGLFH³GHMDUODFDUD´\HVFDSDUFRQ WDPELpQSRUVXXELFDFLyQSDUHFtDQ
ODLPDJLQDFLyQKDFLDXQPXQGRPiV RVWHQVLEOHPHQWH³ODVSUHIHULGDV´
DQFKRTXHHOUHFWiQJXORGHODSL]DUUD (QFDPELRHVDWDMDGDGH
YHQWDQD¢4XpVHYHUtDDWUDYpVGH
(VRKDFtD1LFROiVXQD\RWUDYH]SDUD HOODVLQRHOSDUHGyQGHOFKDOHWOLQGHUR
HYLWDUTXHODPDHVWUDFXPSOLHUDFRQOD DO]iQGRVHVREUHHOOLJXVWUR"
DPHQD]DGHFDPELDUORGHVLWLR <GHVGHTXH1LFROiVUHFRUGDED
PDQGiQGROHVHQWDUVHHQDOJ~QULQFyQ HVHFKDOHWKDEtDHVWDGR
GHODSDUHG SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH³HQYHQWDQD´
'HEHGHVHUPX\FDURRDOJR
/$9(17$1$1,)81,)$ VLQLHVWURVHHVFRQGHDKtGHQWUR±
VXSRQtD1LFROiV
29/97
<UHDILUPDEDVXVHJXQGD KDFLDODFDOOHRFXSDEDVX
VXSRVLFLyQFDGDViEDGRSRUOD SHQVDPLHQWR
PDxDQDFXDQGRXQVLOHQFLRVRVYLHMR <OHKDFtDGDxR
HQWUDED\SHUPDQHFtDHQHOFKDOHWSRU 'HVGHTXHVXSDGUHVHKDEtDLGR
HVSDFLRGHXQDVKRUDV GHODFDVDHOODVHXELFDEDDOOtWRGDV
ODVQRFKHVGHVSXpVGHFHQDUFXDQGR
GXUDQWHHVHWLHPSRLQ~WLOTXH OHDVHJXUDEDTXHVyORVHQWtDFDQVDQFLR
VHPDGUHOHUHSLWLHUDTXHVHWUDWDEDGHO SRUHOWUDEDMRHQODDJHQFLD\TXHVH
FXLGDGRU6LQHPEDUJRQXQFDSDVDED IXHUDDGRUPLUWUDQTXLOR
QDGDDOOtDOODGR 0HGXHOHODFDEH]D1LFROiV
9R\DHVSHUDUTXHPHKDJDHIHFWROD
/$9(17$1$'(/$ DVSLULQD\OXHJRPHDFXHVWR
62/('$' (UDLQQHJDEOHTXHHOODYHtD
~QLFDPHQWHVXWULVWH]DDWUDYpVGHHVD
$SHVDUGHTXHHUDXQDGHODV YHQWDQD&RPRVLHQYH]GHXQD
GRV³GLVWLQJXLGDV´GHODVDODKDFtD YHQWDQDIXHUDXQHVSHMR
EDVWDQWHTXHD1LFROiVOHGROtDPLUDUD
WUDYpVGHHOOD&DGDYH]TXHORKDFtD /$9(17$1$'(/$3(1$
ODLPDJHQGHVXPDPiVHQWDGDHQHO
VLOORQFLWRGHFXHUR\PLUDQGRVLQYHU 1LFROiVQXQFDOHKDEtDGDGR
LPSRUWDQFLDKDVWDDTXHOODPDGUXJDGD
30/97
GHYHUDQRHQTXHVHGHVSHUWy /DPHQWDEOHPHQWHHVDYHQWDQD
VREUHVDOWDGR5HFRUGDEDTXHOXHJRVH GHODFRFLQDDFDEDEDGHVHU
KDEtDGLULJLGRKDFLDODFRFLQDHQ FRUUHFWDPHQWHEDXWL]DGD
SXQWDVGHSLHSDUDWRPDUXQYDVRGH
DJXD /$9(17$1$1,)81,)$
&$0%,$'(120%5(
5DURHQHOMDUGLQFLWRGHOIRQGR
KDEtDOX] £$\£&yPRVHKDEtD
(QWRQFHVORVYLRDWUDYpVGHHVH HTXLYRFDGR1LFROiV¢'HPRGRTXH
SHTXHxRFXDGUDGRTXHVHDEUtDSRU HVWDEDFRQYHQFLGRGHTXHpVDHUDXQD
HQFLPDGHODSLOHWDVXVSDGUHV YHQWDQLWDDEXUULGD"3XHVGHUHSHQWH
GLVFXWtDQ1RSRGtDHQWHQGHUORTXH WXYRTXHFDPELDUHVDLPSUHVLyQ
HVWDEDSDVDQGRSHURGHEtDGHVHUDOJR QXQFDDQWHVDWUDYpVGHXQDYHQWDQD
PX\JUDYHSRUTXHVXSDGUHIXPDED DXQTXHWHQtDTXHUHFRQRFHUTXH
QHUYLRVR\VXPDPiOORUDED WDPSRFRFDUDDFDUDKDEtDYLVWRXQD
9ROYLyDODFDPDGHLQPHGLDWR SHUVRQLWDVHPHMDQWH
DVXVWDGR\WUDWyGHSHQVDUHQRWUD ¢'HPRGRTXHHOFKDOHWOLQGHUR
FRVD±/DYHQWDQDGHODSHQD±VH HUDDTXHOHQHOTXH³QXQFDSDVDED
GLMRGHUHSHQWHSHURVLJXLyWUDWDQGR QDGD´"¢<HVR"¢(OHQFRQWUDUVHGH
GHSHQVDUHQRWUDFRVD SURQWRGHORWURODGRGHOFULVWDOFRQOD
PLVPDPDUDYLOOD"
31/97
HOODDGYLUWLyVXSUHVHQFLDDOOt
$WHQFLyQQRFRQIXQGLUVH REVHUYiQGROD"
1LFROiVQRHVWDEDPLUDQGRSRUVX $SHQDVXQDVRQULVD\XQ
YHQWDQDDEUDFDGDEUD(UDOD1,)81, ³+ROD6R\WXQXHYDYHFLQD0HOODPR
)$ODTXHOHEULQGDEDHVDYLVLyQ &ODUD´OHEDVWDURQD1LFROiVSDUD
&LHUWD7DQFLHUWDFRPRTXHHVD VHQWLUTXHSRUILQKDEtDHQFRQWUDGR
YHQWDQLWDVHKDEtDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQ XQDDPLJD
YHUGDGHURWUDJDOX] &RUULMRsu DPLJD
5HFLpQDKRUDQRWDEDFXiQWD ¢<SRUTXpVHQWtDHVR"
YHUGDGHQFHUUDEDHVDSDODEUD ¢4XpOHLQWHUHVDEDDYHULJXDUOR"
3RUTXH¢TXpVLQRODPLVPDOX]HUD /RLPSRUWDQWHHUDTXHORVHQWtDeO
HVDQLxDSRGDQGRODOLJXVWULQD"$FDVR 1LFROiV
HUDHOUHIOHMRGHOVROSHURD1LFROiVOH 3RU&ODUD
SDUHFtDTXHODFKLFDEULOODED
/DYHQWDQDOXPLQRVD±VHOH /$9(17$1$'(/$
RFXUULyHQWRQFHV<HQXQLPSXOVROD $/(*5Ë$
DEULySRUSULPHUDYH]GHVGHTXHYLYtD
HQHVDFDVD $TXHOODHQODTXHHQORV
¢)XHHODLUHWLELRGHODVLHVWDHO ~OWLPRVWLHPSRVQLVLTXLHUDPLUDEDD
TXHOHVRQURVyODVPHMLOODVFXDQGR FDXVDGHODRWUDWDQSUy[LPDOD³GHOD
VROHGDG´
32/97
FDOOH$WUDYpVGHODVGRVJUDQGHV
8QDGHODVGRVGHOIUHQWHGHODVDOD YHQWDQDVeVDV³ODVGLVWLQJXLGDV´
eVDIXHSDUD1LFROiV³ODYHQWDQDGHOD +DEtDFRUULGRODVFRUWLQDV(O
DOHJUtD´ VROFLWRGHODVQXHYHGHODPDxDQDVH
8QViEDGRVXPDPiOR FRODEDKDVWDEULQFDUWtPLGDPHQWH
GHVSHUWyPiVWHPSUDQRTXHGH VREUHHOORPRGH7ULOFDDFXUUXFDGDHQ
FRVWXPEUH(VWDEDPDTXLOODGDFRPR HOUHYLVWHUR\DMHQDDWRGR
SDUDLUDXQDILHVWD<DHVDKRUD $MHQDSRUHMHPSORDORVRMRV
+DELWXDOPHQWHVHRFXSDED GHODPDPi~QLFDPHQWH1LFROiVVH
HQWRQFHVGHHQFDUDUODOLPSLH]D GDEDFXHQWDGHTXHDKRUDYROYtDQD
JHQHUDOGHODFDVD5DURSLQWDGD\ YHU³PLUDQGR´
WDPELpQPX\ELHQYHVWLGD (VWiHVSHUDQGRDDOJXLHQ±
¢9DPRVDSDVHDU"±OHSUHJXQWy SHQVy\\DLEDDSUHJXQWDUOHFXDQGR
1LFROiVVHPLGRUPLGR DWUDYpVGHXQDGHODVYHQWDQDVTXHOH
6t+R\YDPRVDSDVHDU£3HUR GROtDQYLRDSDUHFHUDVXSDSi
VREUHODDOHJUtD£<DTXt &UX]DEDHOMDUGtQGHODHQWUDGD
&XDQGR1LFROiVWHUPLQyGH FDUJDQGRGRVYDOLMDV\XQEROVR
WRPDUHOGHVD\XQRIXHKDFLDODVDOD $QWHVGHTXHWUDQVFXUULHUDQWUHV
$OOtHVWDEDVXPDPiSDUDGDHQPHGLR VHJXQGRVVXPDPiOHDEUtDODSXHUWD
GHODKDELWDFLyQ\PLUDQGRKDFLDOD \ORUHFLEtDFRQXQODUJRDEUD]RODUJR
33/97
'LGRVDOWDEDUHFODPDQGRXQD /$9(17$1$/80,126$
FDULFLDGHODXVHQWH
7ULOFDPDXOOyFRPRVLDFDEDUD 1RIXHGHLQPHGLDWRTXH
GHHQWHQGHULJXDOTXH1LFROiVTXH 1LFROiVDEDQGRQyVXPRGRGH
DTXHOORHUDXQDUHFRQFLOLDFLyQ FRQWHPSODUD&ODUDDWUDYpVGHDTXHOOD
YHQWDQD/HFRVWyGHFLGLUVHDKDEODUOH
3HURORKL]RRWUDVLHVWDDOJXQD
GHVSXpVGHODYH]HQTXHKDEtD
GHVFXELHUWRDODFKLFDSRUTXHOD
OLJXVWULQD\DHVWDEDSHUIHFWDPHQWH
SDUHMLWD\HOODQRYROYtDSRUHVHVHFWRU
GHODFDVD
¢3RUGyQGHDQGDUtDHQHVH
PRPHQWR"
(UDGRPLQJR(QHOFKDOHW
OLQGHURHVWDEDQSUHSDUDQGRXQDVDGR
+DEtDRtGRHODUULERGHDOJXQRV
DXWRPyYLOHV\HVFXFKDGRYRFHVGH
ELHQYHQLGD'HVHJXURTXHDTXpOVHUtD
XQDOPXHU]RGHLQDXJXUDFLyQGHOD
QXHYDYLYLHQGD
34/97
¢<&ODUD" ¢<R"(VWH£<DYR\±<
1RIXHKDFLDXQDYHQWDQDKDFLD 1LFROiVEDMyDSUHVXUDGRSDUDDYLVDUOH
GRQGHVHGLULJLyHQWRQFHV1LFROiV DVXVSDGUHV
,QYHQWDQGRXQSUHWH[WR DOPRPHQWRHOORVORYLHURQ
FXDOTXLHUDSDUDVXVSDGUHVWRPyXQD DOHMDUVHUXPERDODFDVDGHDOODGR\
HVFDOHUDGHOJDOSyQ\VXELyDOWHFKR VHPLUDURQGLYHUWLGRVFRQXQDPLUDGD
'HVGHDOOtHUDSRVLEOHREVHUYDUHO FyPSOLFH
MDUGtQGHOIRQGRGHODFDVDGHDOODGR 1LFROiVHVWiFUHFLHQGR±GLMR
*HQWHHQODSLOHWDHQODVPHFHGRUDV HOSDSi(OPXFKDFKR\DQROHRtD
DOUHGHGRUGHODVDGRU SDUDGRIUHQWHDODSXHUWDGHOFKDOHW
YHFLQRVHGLVSRQtDDOODPDUDOD
HQWRQFHVODYLR&ODUDD\XGDED SXHUWD
DSRQHUODVPHVLWDVGHOTXLQFKR (QWRQFHVSRUSULPHUDYH]
(QXQRGHVXVLUHV\YHQLUHV VLQWLyH[WUDxDGRTXHHPSH]DEDD
GHWHFWyODSUHVHQFLDGH1LFROiVTXHOD LQWHUHVDUVHSRUODVSXHUWDV<FXDQGR
VDOXGDEDGHVGHHOWHFKR &ODUDDEULypVDGHVXFDVDSDUD
6XULVDFULVWDOLQDOXHJRVX UHFLELUORGHVFXEULyGHJROSHTXH
VRQULVD\HQVHJXLGD£+ROD¢1RWH HUDQODPiVKHUPRVDYtDSDUD
JXVWDUtDYHQLUDPLFDVD"¢$FRPHU DFHUFDUVHDORVGHPiV
FRQQRVRWURV"
35/97
6t7DOFRPRKDEtDGLFKRHO
SDGUHXQUDWLWRDQWHV1LFROiVHVWDED 3HTXHxDROD
FUHFLHQGR
¢4XpWLHQHTXHKDFHUXQYLHMR
FRPR\RGHQWURGHXQOLEURGHFKLFRV
HQDPRUDGRV"eVWDHVODSUHJXQWDTXH
PHUHSHWtXQD\RWUDYH]DQWHVGH
GHFLGLUPHDFRQWDUWHPLKLVWRULD
1RQRVHWUDWDGHOUHODWRGH
WRGRVPLVVXFHVRVGHODFDGHQDGH
DQpFGRWDVTXHSRGUtDQDUUDUWHGH
DFXHUGRFRQORVWDQWRVDxRVTXHKH
YLYLGR
³0L´KLVWRULDHVEUHYH/H
EDVWDUiQDSHQDVXQDVSiJLQDVSDUD
GHVDUUROODUVHSRUHVFULWR
$KRUDFRPSUHQGRTXHIXHOR
PiVKHUPRVRTXHPHSDVy\DFDVRSRU
HOODVyORSRUHOODPLYLGDDGTXLULy
YHUGDGHURVHQWLGR
36/97
<RDFDEDEDGHFXPSOLUGLH] HVFXiOLGR£HVWiEDPRVFRQGHQDGRVD
DxRVDTXHOYHUDQR VHUDPLJRV1RKDEtDRWURVFKLFRVGH
0LFDVDVHDO]DEDIUHQWHDOPDU QXHVWUDHGDGHQNLOyPHWURVDOD
XQDFDEDxDGHSHVFDGRUHVHQODTXHHO UHGRQGD
WLHPSRVHGHVOL]DEDFRQWDQWDFDOLGH] $K(QFRQWUDUQRVHUDHPSH]DU
FRPRVLPSOH]D DSHOHDUSRUFXDOTXLHUPRWLYR<HVR
0LVDEXHORVPLVWtRVPLV TXHQRVKDEtDPRVFULDGRMXQWRVTXH
SDGUHVPLVSULPRVPLKHUPDQD\\R ORVILQHVGHVHPDQDORVSDViEDPRVD
HOPiVFKLFRGHWRGRVFRPSDUWtDPRV G~RMXJDQGRHQODSOD\DLQYLHUQR\
WUDEDMR\VXHxRVDODSDU YHUDQR
3HURQRKDEtDYXHOWDTXHGDUOH
'tDWUDVGtDH[DFWDPHQWHLJXDOHV8QD pUDPRVFRPRSHUUR\JDWR
UXWLQDGXO]RQDTXHVHLQWHUUXPStDGH 6LQHPEDUJRQXHVWURVSDGUHV
WDQWRHQWDQWRSRUODYLVLWDGHOD KDFtDQVXVSODQHV'HQWURGHXQRV
IDPLOLDPiVFHUFDQDSHVFDGRUDFRPR DxRVYDPRVDVHUSDULHQWHV(O*ULOOR
ODQXHVWUD\FRQTXLHQVROtDPRVSDVDU VHYDDFDVDUFRQ0DOYLWD
DOJXQDVQRFKHVIHVWHMDQGRODDOHJUtD ¢+DFHIDOWDTXHWHDFODUHTXH
GHHVWDUMXQWRV ³HO*ULOOR´HUD\R\HOSRUTXpGHOD
<DHVDIDPLOLDSHUWHQHFtD PDOGLWDJUDFLDTXHPHKDFtDQHVRV
0DOYDXQDPXFKDFKLWDHVFXiOLGDDOD FRPHQWDULRV"
TXHPHXQtDXQVHQWLPLHQWRWDPELpQ
37/97
1RSRUTXH0DOYDIXHUDPDODRIHD <DVpGLUiVTXHQR3HURHV
QDGDGHHVR3HURPHPROHVWDEDTXH SUHFLVRTXHVXSRQJDVTXHHVRIXH
IXHUDWDQSUiFWLFDTXHFRQWLQXDPHQWH SRVLEOHSXHVMXVWDPHQWHDOOtHQODV
PHSUHJXQWDUDSRUHMHPSOR¢<HVR PHORGtDVTXH\RSRGtDoír DOPLVPR
SDUDTXpWHVLUYH"FXDQGR\RUHFRJtD WLHPSRTXHFRQWHPSODEDODVRODV
FDUDFROHVORVUHVWRVGHDOJ~Q WLHQHVXSULQFLSLRmi KLVWRULDpVDGH
FDQJUHMRSLHGUDVRWUR]RVGHYLGULR ODTXHWHKDEOpDOSULQFLSLR
FRPRVLIXHUDQWHVRURV /DVRODV3DUWLpQGRVHHQOD
RULOODSDUDGHLQPHGLDWRUHDUPDUVH\
2TXHVHEXUODUDGHPLJXVWRGH YROYHUHQWHUDVPDUDGHQWUR
FDQWXUUHDUSRUOREDMRGXUDQWHODV 3DUDPtHUDQVLHPSUHODV
SURORQJDGDVFDPLQDWDVPLHQWUDVHOOD PLVPDV/DVHVSHUDED3RUHVRQRPH
LQVLVWtDHQFKDUODUFKDUODU\FKDUODU FDQVDEDGHPLUDUODVFRQHOFRUD]yQ
£&RQUD]yQTXHWHSXVLHURQ FDOLHQWH\ODPLVPDFRQILDQ]DTXHVH
*ULOORFRPRVREUHQRPEUH±PHGHFtD VLHQWHFXDQGRXQRVHUHHQFXHQWUDFRQ
HQWRQFHVFRQFDUDGH³DTXtYDD YLHMDVDPLVWDGHV
GHVDWDUVHXQDWRUPHQWD´2£8ID¢6H +DVWDFUHtDGLVWLQJXLUODV
SXHGHVDEHUTXpHVORTXHOHVYHVGH eVDHVODTXHDSDUHFLyD\HUDO
QXHYRDODVRODV"¢1RWHKDUWD PHGLRGtD/DUHFRQR]FRSRUHO
PLUDUODV" FDQWR6XHQDDFDMDGHP~VLFD
¢6HSXHGHRtUFRQORVRMRV"
38/97
$TXHOODKDFHYDULRVGtDVTXH ¢2MRV"7XYHTXHHVSHUDUKDVWDTXHWH
QRYLVLWDEDODVRULOODV GHVSHUWDUDVSDUDPDUHDUPHFRQWDQWR
YHUGHSRUTXHGRUPtDVFXDQGRWH
6HOHQRWDSRUODVJDQDVTXHWLHQHGH HQFRQWUp
GHVSDUUDPDUVHVREUHODDUHQD6HGLUtD 'RUPtDVSHTXHxDROD
TXHFKLOODGHFRQWHQWD([WUDxDEDOD 'RUPtDVPLVWHULRVDPHQWHDIORWH
SOD\D VREUHODVDJXDV
(VDRWUD 'RUPtDV0DU\2OD\FDQWDEDV
¢<HVDRWUD" WXVXHxRSRUTXH\RORRt
3HTXHxDRODUHFLpQGHVFXELHUWD 'HFtDVTXHHUDVmi RODSRUTXH
WRGDYtDQRVHDQLPDEDDDFHUFDUVH \RWHKDEtDHOHJLGRHQWUHWRGDV\TXH
KDVWDPLVSLHV3HUR£TXpGXOFHHVVX WHQtDVORVRMRVGHDJXD\TXHWH
FDQWR DPDUtDSRUHVR\TXHGHVSXpVTXH
3HTXHxDROD3HTXHxDRODTXH GHVSXpV
XQDWDUGHWHDQLPDVWH\PHHVSHUDVWH 'HVSXpVHOUXJLGRGHOPDUWDSy
\DQRWHQJRGXGDVHUDVW~EDMROD WXFDQWR\\DVyORSXGHPLUDUWH
DSDULHQFLDGHXQDQLxD 'RUPtDV0DU\2OD'RUPtDV
3HOLODUJD\SHOLODFLDFRQHO 3HUR\RHVWDEDGHVSLHUWR
FDEHOORREYLDPHQWHK~PHGR\ $WDUGHFtD
HQFUHVSDGR'HOJDGLWD\EODQFDSLHO
GHHVSXPD\SLHVGHVFDO]RV2MRV
39/97
£(VDFKLFDHVWiGHVPD\DGD± 0HYROYt\ODFRQWHPSOpVDFXGLpQGRVH
'HSURQWRUHDFFLRQp\PHODQFpDO HOSHOR1RGDEDVHxDOHVGHPRYHUVH
DJXD(QXQRVLQVWDQWHVHVWXYHMXQWRD GHDOOt
HOOD <RYLYRHQHOPDU\GHVGHHVWH
$EULyORVRMRV\VHLQFRUSRUy PRPHQWRVR\WXROD1HFHVLWRTXHPH
$SHQDVVLPHOOHJDEDDOKRPEUR SRQJDVXQQRPEUH
/DWRPpGHODPDQR\FDVLDOD $XQTXHQRORFUHtDHQDEVROXWR
UDVWUDODVDTXpGHOPDU VXVGLVSDUDWHVPHGLYHUWtDQ'HFLGt
¢(VWiVORFD"¢4XpHVHVRGH VHJXLUOHHOMXHJR
KDFHU³ODSODQFKD´DHVWDVKRUDV"0H (VWiELHQ'HPRGRTXHQR
DVXVWDVWH±OHUH]RQJXpFXDQGR HUHVXQDQLxD8QDROD<QDGDPHQRV
SLVDPRVODRULOOD(OODHFKyODFDEH]D TXHODPtD¢HK"
KDFLDDWUiV\HPSH]yDUHtUVHD $VtHV¢&yPRYDVD
FDUFDMDGDV OODPDUPH"
£VLVR\XQDROD¢1RWHGLVWH 0DU0DU0DU\ROD£<D
FXHQWD" HVWi£0DULROD¢7HJXVWD"
1REURPHHV9DPRV±\HFKpD
DQGDU9R\DDFRPSDxDUWHKDVWDWX ([WHQGLyORVEUD]RVGHMyFDHU
FDVD¢'yQGHTXHGD" ODFDEH]DKDFLDDWUiV\JULWyVX
9ROYLyDUHtUVHPLHQWUDV QRPEUHWUHVYHFHVDQWHVGH
SHUPDQHFtDSDUDGDHQHOPLVPRVLWLR SUHJXQWDUPHHOPtR
40/97
£0HGLFHQ*ULOOR ¢4XpWHSDVD"±PH
£*ULOOR£*ULOOR±/DYR]GH SUHJXQWDURQPLOYHFHVGXUDQWHOD
0DOYDDILQiQGRVHGHVGHODVGXQDV FHQD
LQWHUUXPSLyPLGLiORJRFRQDTXHOOD 1DGD±UHVSRQGtD1DGD
QLxDWDQUDUD(QVHJXLGD0DOYDHVWXYR ¢4XpGHFLUOHV"¢4XpPHSDVDED
DPLODGR/OHJyDJLWDGDSRUODFDUUHUD todo SRUTXHSHQVDEDHQXQDROD"
\VHGHVSORPyGHURGLOODVVREUHOD $TXHOH[WUDxRHQFXHQWUR\OD
DUHQDFRQODOHQJXDDIXHUD QRPHQRVH[WUDxDGHVDSDULFLyQPH
+ROD¢4XpKDFtDV"¢$KRUDVH KDEtDQGHMDGRDWXUGLGR$OJR
WHGDSRUKDEODUVROR"±PHGLMR HPSH]DEDDWLURQHDUGHVGHORPiV
£&RQTXpJDQDVOHKXELHUDGDGR DGHQWURGHPt
XQWLUyQGHRUHMDV3HURWXYHTXH 6LHQHVHHQWRQFHVKXELHVHVLGR
UHSULPLUPHHQFXDQWRTXLVH PiVJUDQGHKXELHUDSRGLGRDGYHUWLU
SUHVHQWDUOHDPLQXHYDDPLJDHOOD TXHHUDQDTXHOORVRMRVGHDJXDORTXH
KDEtDGHVDSDUHFLGRFRPRSRUHQFDQWR VHKDEtDQKXQGLGRHQPLDOPD
0DOYDPHMXUyTXHQRODKDEtD
YLVWR 0HKXELHUDGDGRFXHQWDGHTXHPH
&RQIXQGLGRFRPRHVWDED KDEtDHQDPRUDGR3RUSULPHUDYH]
FRQVLGHUpRSRUWXQRQRFRQWDUOHOR (VDFKLFD'HEHGHKDEHU
RFXUULGR\YROYtDPLFDVDFRQHOOD GLVSDUDGRHQFXDQWRPHGLYXHOWDSDUD
GRQGHQRVHVSHUDEDQSDUDFRPHU UHFLELUD0DOYD¢'yQGHYLYLUi"
41/97
<GHVGHHVHPRPHQWR\DQR +HUPRVD0DULRODHUDKHUPRVD
GHVHpRWUDFRVDTXHYROYHUDYHUOD <GREOHPHQWHSRUTXHDFWXDEDFRPR
VLQRORVXSLHUD<DFDVRQRWHQtDOD
<RQRPLHQWR±PHGLMR PHQRULGHDGHOROLQGDTXHHUD
0DULRODFXDQGRDODWDUGHVLJXLHQWH £3XDI¢4XpRMRVDJXDGRV
VDOLyDPLHQFXHQWURDEULpQGRVH £&yPRPHJXVWDUtDTXHIXHUDQ
FDPLQRGHVGHHOPDU6R\WXROD< FDVWDxRVFRPRORVWX\RV±PHGLMR
VHUpWXDPLJDPLHQWUDVQRGXGHVGH XQDWDUGHDODSDUTXHVHFRQWHPSODED
Pt'HORFRQWUDULRQRPHYHUiVPiV HQHOHVSHMLWRTXH\RDFDEDEDGH
7RGDVODVRODVYROYHUiQDSDUHFHUWH UHJDODUOH
LJXDOHV\\DQRSRGUiVGLVWLQJXLUPH
&RQWDOGHQRSHUGHUODDO &RQHOODDSUHQGtODVWRQDGDV
SULQFLSLRILQJtFUHHUOH3HURSURQWR PiVGXOFHPiVGXOFHVPHHQVHxyHO
PHFRQPRYLyODFHUWH]DGHTXHHUD YDORUGHFDGDLQVWDQWHTXHVH
UHDOPHQWHXQDROD FRPSDUWHFRQTXLHQVHDPD\VHQWtOD
'HWDUGHHQWDUGHQRV EHOOH]DGHORVVLOHQFLRVHQWUHORVGRV
HQFRQWUiEDPRVHQODSOD\DOHMRVGH -DPiVPHSUHJXQWDEDQDGD
PLFDVD6XSUHVHQFLDFRPHQ]yD 3DUHFtDVDEHUORWRGRGHPt
KDFpUVHPHWDQQHFHVDULDFRPR DGLYLQDUPHORVSHQVDPLHQWRVFRQVyOR
UHVSLUDU PLUDUPH
42/97
<GHEtDGHVHUDVtQRPiV 0DOYDDUGtDGHFHORVDSHVDUGH
SRUTXHXQDWDUGHPHGLRXQEHVR TXHQRPHFUH\yXQDSDODEUDFXDQGR
OLJHULWRMXVWRFXDQGRODYHUJHQ]D OHUHYHOpPLVHFUHWR
TXHWHQtDQRPHKXELHUDSHUPLWLGR
QXQFDGiUVHOR\R 1HFHVLWDEDFRQWiUVHORD
(OURFHGHVXVODELRVVDOyORV DOJXLHQ¢<DTXLpQVLQRDHOOD"¢4Xp
PtRV\FRPRXQWRQWRPHTXHGp VDEtD\RGHORVFHORVHQWRQFHV"
IUHQWHDHOODSDUDGRFRPRXQDHVWDFD\ &RQWiUVHORIXHIDWDO<DQR
VLQVDEHUTXpKDFHU SHUGLyRSRUWXQLGDGSDUDEXUODUVHQL
6XDEUD]RPRMDGRPHHQYROYLy SDUDKDFHUFUHFHUODGXGDGHQWURGH
XQVHJXQGR(QVHJXLGDPHWRPyGH Pt
ODPDQR\DPERVQRV]DPEXOOLPRVHQ
HOPDU /HUHJDODVWHHOYLHMRVLOOyQGH
(OYHUDQRUHYHQWDEDVREUH PLPEUH$Mi¢<XQHVSHMR"¢<SDUD
QXHVWUDVFDEH]DV TXpOHVLUYHQVLYLYHHQHODJXD"
£(OODQRSUHJXQWDSDUDTXp
¢$VtTXHHVXQDROD"1RPH sirve FDGDFRVD£/DVWRPDIHOL]\VLQ
GLJDV£4XpLQWHUHVDQWH<YLYHHQHO SUHJXQWDV£<VLQRVHTXHGDDTXt
PDUFODUR¢6RQQRYLRV" WRGRHOGtDHVSRUTXHQRSXHGHHVWDU
GHPDVLDGRWLHPSRIXHUDGHOPDU£(V
XQDROD
43/97
³4XHWHEDVWHVDEHUTXHWH £2KTXpURPiQWLFR'HPRGR
TXLHUR\TXHWRGRVORVGtDVVDOGUp TXH\RQRSXHGRYHUODTXHVRODPHQWH
HVSHFLDOPHQWHSDUDYHUWH´PHKDEtD DSDUHFHSDUDWXVRMRV%XDKeVD
GLFKR0DULRODODWDUGHDQWHULRUDQWHV WLHQHPLHGRGHTXH\ROHGHVFXEUDHO
GHLQWHUQDUVHHQODVDJXDV1RPH SDVWHOSRUHVRVHHVFDSDFDGDYH]TXH
VLJDV LQWHQWRVRUSUHQGHUORV
&ODUR£4XpYLYDVLJXLpQGROD *ULOORHVWXYHSHQVDQGRHQTXH
GHVFXEULUtDVTXHHVXQDPHQWLURVD WRGRSXHGHVHUXQLQYHQWRWX\R
¢4XLpQVHWUDJDHVHFXHQWRGHTXHHV
XQDROD"6HJXURTXHQDGDKDFLDDOOi\ 3DUDLPSUHVLRQDUPH6LHPSUHWHJXVWy
VDOHORPiVSDQFKDFXDQGR\DQROD IDQWDVHDU<WHYXHOYHQORFRORV
YHV7HWRPDHOSHORERER6HKDFHOD FXHQWRVGHKDGDV0DOYDPH
PLVWHULRVD\DVtVHOOHQDGHUHJDORV6L DJXLMRQHDEDFRQWLQXDPHQWH
WXPDPiVHHQWHUDGHTXHOHGLVWHORV &RPSUHQGtTXHKDEtDVLGRXQHUURU
DOPRKDGRQHVWHPDWD¢<SDUDTXpOH FRQILDUOHPLVHFUHWRSHUR\DHUDWDUGH
VLUYHQVLYLYHHQHOPDU"¢3DUD SDUDFRUUHJLUOR7HQtDTXHDJXDQWDU
HPSDSDUORV" VXVEXUODVRGHPRVWUDUOHTXHWRGROR
$KHUDQSDUDHOOD£3RUHVRWH TXHKDEtDFRQWDGRHUDSXUDYHUGDG
SDVDVWHHQKHEUDQGRFROODUHVGH 6LQHPEDUJR\RQRPH
FDUDFROHVWRGRHOGRPLQJR HQJDxDEDDOJRPHGHFtDTXHWDPELpQ
HPSH]DEDDGXGDU\TXHPiVTXH
44/97
GHPRVWUDUOHQDGDD0DOYDHUDSRUPt VRVWHQtD$VXDOUHGHGRUIORWDEDQORV
TXHQHFHVLWDEDFRPSUREDUVL0DULROD DOPRKDGRQHVHOYLHMRVLOOyQGH
QRPHKDEtDPHQWLGR PLPEUH\ORVFROODUHVTXH\ROHKDEtD
8QDWDUGHPHGHFLGt<FDGD UHJDODGROHYHPHQWHPHFLGRVSRUHO
YH]TXHORUHFXHUGRHOFRUD]yQVHPH YDLYpQGHODVDJXDV\GHVOL]iQGRVH
YXHOYHDHQFRJHUFRPRHQWRQFHV HQWUHDOJDVFRPRIDQWDVPDVGH
'XGpGHPLROD\PHLQWHUQpHQ DTXHOODIDQWiVWLFDKDELWDFLyQIORWDQWH
HOPDUGHWUiVGHHOOD
1RPHYLR-DPiVVHGDED 0DULRODPHYLRSRUHOHVSHMR
YXHOWDSDUDFRQWURODUVLODVHJXtDRQR 1RYROYLyODFDEH]D6XJULWRGH
(OODQRGXGDEDGHPt UHOiPSDJRRGHFULVWDOHVDWUDYHVyPL
)XHHQXQUHPROLQRPDU JDUJDQWD\XQDUHSHQWLQDFRUUHQWDGD
DGHQWURFXDQGRVHKXQGLyHQODV PHDUUDVWUyKDFLDODRULOOD
DJXDV
0HVXPHUJtWUDVHOOD(ODLUH 'LFHQTXHPHVDFDURQ
FRQHOTXHOOHQpPLVSXOPRQHVPH VHPLDKRJDGRGHOPDUTXHQDGp
DOFDQ]yH[DFWDPHQWHSDUDYHUORTXH HVW~SLGDPHQWHVDELHQGRTXHHVWDED
QRGHEHUtDKDEHUYLVWRURGHDGDSRU SLFDGR\TXHHVRQRHUDSRVLEOHHQ
VXVKHUPDQDVQLxDVRODVFRPRHOODOD XQDIDPLOLDGHSHVFDGRUHV&XDQGR
PtDVHWUHQ]DEDORVFDEHOORVIUHQWHDO YROYtDDEULUORVRMRVHVWDEDHQPL
HVSHMLWRTXHXQDPDQRWUDQVSDUHQWHOH
45/97
FDPD0LPDGUHOORUDEDDEUD]DGDD JULVDGD\VXWHUQXUDVHPHGHVRYLOOD
0DOYD HQHOSHFKRFRPRFXDQGRpUDPRV
0DOYD*UDFLDVDHOODHVWDED MyYHQHV
YLYR0HKDEtDVHJXLGRSDUD
VRUSUHQGHUPLHQFXHQWURFRQHVD 6HJXLPRVYLYLHQGRIUHQWHDO
DPLJDSRUODTXHODKDEtDGHVSOD]DGR PDU
HQPLVMXHJRV\OOHJyMXVWRDWLHPSR /DVRODVYDQ\YLHQHQSHUR\D
SDUDYHUPHFXDQGRPHLQWHUQDEDHQHO VyORHVFXFKRHOUXJLGRGHWRGDV
PDU MXQWDV0HSDUHFHQLJXDOHV1LQJXQD
$OHUWyDPLVKHUPDQRV\IXHURQ HVmi ROD/DPtDGHVDSDUHFLyFRQPL
HOORVORVTXHPHUHVFDWDURQ LQIDQFLD\WRGRORVX\RVHIXHFRQ
0DOYD1LxDFRQFUHWDQLxDGH HOOD'HVGHHQWRQFHVVpTXHODGXGD
FDUQH\KXHVRVQLxDSUHJXQWRQD DQWHODPDUDYLOODHVFDVLXQSHFDGR
TXHULGDQLxDTXHD~QKR\GHVSXpVGH 0LROD
ORVPXFKRVDxRVTXHOOHYDPRVGH (UDWDQKHUPRVD\HOYHUDQRVH
FDVDGRVPHVLJXHGLFLHQGR¢<HVR TXHEUDEDFRQWDOIXHU]DTXH
SDUDTXpWHVLUYH"±FXDQGR\RUHFRMR GHVFRQILDUGHVXVSDODEUDVIXHGHVOHDO
FDUDFROHVORVUHVWRVGHDOJ~Q
FDQJUHMRSLHGUDVRWUR]RVGHYLGULR 4XLVHFRQWDUWHHVWDKLVWRULDSDUD
FRPRVLIXHUDQWHVRURV±$WXHGDG TXHVHSDVTXHDFDVRH[LVWHXQDHQWUH
*ULOOR±\\ROHDFDULFLRODPHOHQD WRGDVODVRODVTXHWHSHUWHQHFH
46/97
VRODPHQWHDWL3RUHVRVLOD $YXHORGHSiMDUR
UHFRQRFHV\WHDEUHDOSURGLJLRGH
GHFLUWHTXHWHTXLHUHTXHWHEDVWH , /248(+$*2
VDEHUOR
1RODVLJDVHPSXMDQGRSRUOD $FDERGHODYDUPHODFDEH]D
GXGD6XPXQGRHVGHODVDJXDV 6DOJRDOEDOFyQGHPLFDVDSDUD
6LQHPEDUJRYHQGUiDWX VHFDUPHHOSHOR(OVROGHODPDxDQD
HQFXHQWURSDUDFRQFHGHUWHHOFODUR VHPHTXHGDSHJDGR3RUHVRVLHPSUH
SULYLOHJLRGHVXFRPSDxtDPLHQWUDV DFODURTXHVR\XQDUXELD³DVROHDGD´
FUHDVHQHOOD 0HUHJDODURQXQVHFDGRU
HOpFWULFRSDUDPL~OWLPRFXPSOHDxRV
1RORXVR3UHILHURHOYLHQWR<HOVRO
GHODPDxDQDFODUR
&DVLPHGHVDUWLFXORHQPLVLOOD
GHPLPEUH\UHVSLURODFLXGDGTXH
OOHJDHQSROYR\KXPRKDVWDHO
VpSWLPRSLVRHQGRQGHYLYR$PL
DOUHGHGRU\GHVGHVXVPDFHWDVODV
SODQWDVPHGDQVXYHUGHVDOXGR\PH
D\XGDQDQRROYLGDUHORORUGHORV
FDPSRV
47/97
2LDeVHTXHVHSDUyVREUHOD
,, /248(9(2 EDUDQGDGHOEDOFyQQRHVXQJRUULyQ
£8QMLOJXHUR0HDFHUFRHQSXQWLWDV
*RUULRQHVERFKLQFKHURV GHSLHVSDUDYHUORGHFHUFDSHURpOVH
GLVSXWiQGRVHYD\DDVDEHUVHTXp DVXVWD\VHYXHOD$KRUDHVXQD
¢PLJDVHQHODVIDOWR"¢ORPEULFHVHQ PDQFKLWDRVFXUDGHVKLODFKiQGRVH
ODVYHUHGDV"¢EURWHVQXHYRVHQORV HQWUHODVDQWHQDVGHWHOHYLVLyQGHO
HVSDFLRVYDFtRVTXHGHMDURQORV HGLILFLRGHHQIUHQWH
REUHURVGHODPXQLFLSDOLGDGGHVSXpV <DVHIXH6LHQWRFRPRVL
GHKDFKDUORV~OWLPRViUEROHVGHHVWD WDPELpQVHKXELHUDQYRODGRPLVJDQDV
FDOOHFpQWULFD" GHVRO
9XHOYRDPLKDELWDFLyQ\
1RVpFyPRWDQWRVSDMDULWRV SLHQVRHQHOMLOJXHUR0HSUHJXQWRVL
JRUMHDQD~QHQODFLXGDG HOMLOJXHURSHQVDUiHQPtDFDVR
0LSHOR\DHVWiFDVLVHFR0HOR PDxDQD
YR\DFHSLOODUXQDYH]PiV\YROYHUp
DGHQWUR ,9 <$(60$f$1$
,,, 62535(6$ 6DOJRDOEDOFyQ\QRVRODPHQWH
SDUDUHJDUPLVSODQWDV6pTXHHVXQD
WRQWHUtDSHURHVSHURDOMLOJXHUR0L
48/97
PDQROHUHVHUYDPLJXLWDVGHSDQ0LV WHPHURVR\WHPHURVRVHDFHUFDD
RMRVKDFHQHTXLOLEULRVREUHODV FRPHUODV
FRUQLVDVUHVEDODQSRUORVUHWDFLWRVGH 0HPDQWHQJRTXLHWDDOD
FLHORTXHVHHQJDQFKDQHQODVDQWHQDV GLVWDQFLDQRTXLHURDVXVWDUOR
¢3RUGyQGHYHUpDSDUHFHUOD
PDQFKLWDRVFXUD"¢9ROYHUi" 9, +2<
9 6(*81'$ 3DVDURQPXFKRVGtDVGHVGHOD
62535(6$ SULPHUDYH]TXHHOMLOJXHURVH
GHWXYRHQHOEDOFyQ5HJUHVD
£(VpO£(VpO£+DYXHOWR VLHPSUH6LHQWRVXHQWUHJDDPL
'HVGHODVDODODVFDUFDMDGDVGH DIHFWRVXWRWDOFRQILDQ]D
PLKHUPDQRVHFRQIXQGHQFRQPLV <DFRPHGHPLVPDQRV
JULWRVGHDOHJUtD\DEUHQXQDGXGD 0HEDVWDUtDFHUUDUORVGHGRVHQ
¢&yPRVDEHUVLHVHOPLVPRSiMDURGH WRUQRDVXFXHUSHFLWR\SRGUtDSRQHUOR
D\HU" HQXQDMDXOD3HURPLVPDQRVQR
(VHOPLVPRORVpQRLPSRUWD GHVHDQVHUVXMDXOD0LFRUD]yQ
FyPR WDPSRFR
/HRIUH]FRODVPLJXLWDV 0LUiQGRORWRFRVXSOXPDMH
GLVSHUViQGRODVVREUHODEDUDQGDGHO 0LUiQGRORVXKHUPRVXUD<HVPtR
EDOFyQ0HPLUDGHVGHOHMRV SRUTXHORTXLHUR7RGRORTXH
49/97
DPDPRVQRVSHUWHQHFH\VRPRVGH
TXLHQHVQRVDPDQ
$VtGHIiFLOHVTXHUHUFXDQGRVH 1RPHROYLGHV
TXLHUHGHYHUDV
(QODFHOHVWHSHTXHxH]GHVXV
9,, ),1$/ SpWDORVODIORUTXHFRQRFHPRVFRPR
³QRPHROYLGHV´JXDUGDHOUHFXHUGRGH
(VWDKLVWRULDQRVHODFXHQWRD XQDWDQEHOODFRPRWULVWHKLVWRULDGH
ODJHQWHJUDQGH1RPHODFUHHUtDQ2 DPRU\GHEHVXQRPEUHDHVDKLVWRULD
WDOYH]PHDFRQVHMDUDQFRPSUDUXQD 6XFHGLyKDFHPXFKRHQ
MDXOD/RVPD\RUHVQHFHVLWDQVHQWLUVH DOJXQDUHJLyQGH$OHPDQLDPX\
GXHxRVGXHxRV<QRHQWHQGHUtDQ SUREDEOHPHQWHHQHOVXU1RPHKD
TXHPLMLOJXHUR\\RVyORQHFHVLWDPRV VLGRSRVLEOHXELFDUFRQH[DFWLWXGHO
HODLUHOLEUHSDUDWHQHUORWRGR OXJDUQLHODxRGRQGH\FXDQGRVH
<QRHQWHQGHUtDQTXHpOYXHOYH GHVDUUROODURQORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVTXH
DPtFXDQGRORGHVHD\SRUTXHOR YR\DFRQWDUWH
GHVHDGHVGHVXOLEHUWDG 'HWRGRVPRGRVQRLPSRUWD\D
3RUTXHWDPELpQHVPLOLEHUWDG TXHSDUDUHFRQVWUXLUORVWDOFXDO
ODTXHORHVSHUD RFXUULHURQPHEDVWD
&RPRD-RDTXtQ LPDJLQDUGRVFKLFRV
0LPiVTXHULGRDPLJR HQDPRUDGRV
50/97
DEULUXQYLHMRFXDGHUQRGH SRFRPiVDWUiVLQYDULDEOHPHQWH(V
WDSDVEODQFDVHOPLVPRTXHHQOD TXH(UZLQQRVHOOHYDPX\ELHQTXH
FLXGDGGH0XQLFKTXLVRLUDSDUDUD GLJDPRVFRQODVWDEODVGH
PLVPDQRVGHVGHODVGHXQOLEUHUR PXOWLSOLFDU
DQWLFXDULR±\HOHJLUXQUtRHQHOPDSD 6XVFRPSDxHURVVH
DOHPiQPHGHFLGRSRUHO,VDU LQWHUFDPELDQPLUDGDVSLFDURQDVFDGD
YH]TXHORVYHQDOHMDUVHMXQWRVDOD
,PDJLQRGRVFKLFRV VDOLGDGHODVFODVHV3HURD(UZLQ\D
HQDPRUDGRV 6LONHQRSDUHFHDIHFWDUOHV(VPiVQL
VLTXLHUDORDGYLHUWHQHQWUHWHQLGRVHQ
(OOD6LONHpO(UZLQORVGRV VXVFKDUODVFXDQGRDEDQGRQDQHODXOD
DVLVWHQDXQRGHORV~OWLPRVJUDGRVGH /XHJRUHFRUUHQODVFXDGUDVTXHORV
ODHVFXHODHOHPHQWDO\FRPREXHQRV FRQGXFHQGHVGHODHVFXHODDVXV
DOXPQRVTXHVRQVHVLHQWDQHQORV KRJDUHVFDGDXQRHQVXELFLFOHWD
EDQFRVGHOIRQGRGHODXOD6LONHXQ 6HGHVSLGHQIUHQWHDODUHORMHUtD
GHODFDOOH:LHVHQ(QHVDHVTXLQD
(Q$OHPDQLDVHVROtDXELFDUHQORV 6LONHGHGLFDDVXDPLJROD~OWLPD
SULPHURVEDQFRVDDTXHOORVDOXPQRVTXH VRQULVDGHOGtD\pVWHOHGHYXHOYHXQ
H[LJLHUDQPiVGHGLFDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHO
JXLxR(VRFXDQGRQRHVWiQHQRMDGRV
PDHVWUR\HQORV~OWLPRVDORVTXHQR
SUHVHQWDUDQGLILFXOWDGHVHQHODSUHQGL]DMH SRUDOJXQDWRQWHUtD
51/97
£<FRQWLQXDPHQWHORVVHSDUD (QWUHWDQWRULHJDODVPDFHWDV
DOJXQDWRQWHUtD TXHVHDOLQHDQHQFDGDYHQWDQDGHVX
(QHVHFDVRXQRJLUD FDVD\FROHFFLRQDFXDQWDKRMDRIORU
YHOR]PHQWHKDFLDODL]TXLHUGD\OD HQFXHQWUDFRORFiQGRODVFRQ
RWUDGREODKDFLDODGHUHFKDFDGDFXDO GHOLFDGH]DHQODVSiJLQDVGHVX
UXPERDVXFDVD\FRPRGH KHUEDULR
FRVWXPEUHSHURVLQPLUDUVH &ODURTXHSDUDHOODODVTXHOH
UHJDOD(UZLQVRQODVPiVSUHFLDGDV
6LQHPEDUJRODVSHOHDVHQWUH 0LUDVLQRGHEDMRGHWRGDV
DPERVQRGXUDQGHPDVLDGR(UZLQ DQRWDHOQRPEUHGHODHVSHFLHFRQVX
VDEHTXpKDFHUSDUDTXHORVODELRVGH OHWUDGHOJDGD\GHUHFKLWDSHUR
VXDPLJDVHHVWLUHQHQXQDQXHYD VLHPSUHHVFULEHYDULRVUHQJORQHVDO
VRQULVDVHODVLQJHQLDSDUDHQFRQWUDU SLHGHODVTXHOHREVHTXLDVXDPLJR2
DOJXQDKLHUEDKRMDRIORUTXH6LONHQR ODVGLVWLQJXHFRQEUHYHVULPDVGHVX
KD\DFRQVHJXLGRD~QSDUDDXPHQWDU SURSLDFUHDFLyQ
VXFROHFFLyQpVDTXHUH~QHHQODV (VXQDMR\LWDHOKHUEDULRGH
SiJLQDVGHXQFXDGHUQRGHWDSDV 6LONH<DKRUDYDVDVDEHUSRUTXp
EODQFDV
$HOODOHDSDVLRQDQODVSODQWDV $EURHOFXDGHUQRGHWDSDV
$VHJXUDTXHFXDQGRFUH]FDVHUiOD EODQFDV
PHMRUMDUGLQHUDGHWRGD(XURSD
52/97
³+(5%$5,2'(6,/.(´\ SDSHOFHORIiQIUiJLOHVYLWULQDVTXH
PiVDEDMR³)(/,=1$9,'$'´VH HYLWDQHOGHWHULRUR
OHHHQODSULPHUDSiJLQD6RQODV 6HFDLQPyYLOFRPRXQD
~QLFDVSDODEUDVHVFULWDVFRQOHWUD PDULSRVDGHLOXVWUDFLyQFDGDPXHVWUD
JyWLFD\QRVRQREUDGHODPDQRGH H[KLEHIRUPDWH[WXUDSpWDORVR
XQDQLxD QHUYDGXUDVFRQWRGDFODULGDG$6LONH
/HWUDJyWLFDOHWUDGHIRUPD OHHQFDQWDSDVDUOHYHPHQWHVHGHGR
UHFWLOtQHD\DQJXORVDTXHVHXVDED tQGLFHVREUHFDGDXQDGHHOODV
DQWLJXDPHQWHHQ$OHPDQLDHQ PLHQWUDVHFKDDDQGDUVXLPDJLQDFLyQ
HVSHFLDO SRUORVFDPLQLWRVTXHOHVHxDODQHVWD
VXHUWHGHSHTXHxRVPDSDVYHJHWDOHV
6HJXUDPHQWHODVGLEXMyHOSDSiROD 3RUHVRHVFULEHSRUHMHPSOR
PDPi(VHWLSRGHFDOLJUDItDGHEH
FRVWDUOHWRGDYtDXQSRFRD6LONH 0DUJDULWD
'HVGHODVHJXQGDSiJLQDHQ
DGHODQWHSHTXHxRVUDPLWRVXKRMDV 7LHQHODFDEH]DUXELD\XVD
VROLWDULDVPDQRMLOORVGHIORUHV FLQWDVEODQFDVFRPRXQDFKLFDTXH\R
FKLTXLWLWDVRJUDQGHVHMHPSODUHV FRQR]FR±PHGLMR(UZLQDO
~QLFRVVHVXFHGHQDORODUJRGHFDVL UHJDODUPHHVWDIORU/DKDEtDFRUWDGR
WRGRHOFXDGHUQR(VWiQSUROLMDPHQWH XQUDWLWRDQWHVGHOOHJDUDFODVHD~Q
GLVSXHVWRVGHEDMRGHUHFWiQJXORVGH
53/97
WHPEODEDQVREUHVXVSpWDORVODVJRWDV
GHURFtR $PDSROD
/DVDFXGtSRUTXHPHSDUHFLHURQ
OiJULPDV\QRTXLHURTXHPLVIORUHV £+RODKRODKROD
HVWpQWULVWHV VHxRUDDPDSROD
$TXt\DQRHVWDUiVROD
/DSXVHHQHOYDVRGHPLPHVD 'RVDPLJRVWLHQHDKRUD
GHOX]0HDOHJUyHOFXDUWRGXUDQWH $GLYLQHPLVHxRUD
WRGRHOILQGHVHPDQD ¢$GLYLQD"
£$GLYLQy
+RMDVGHUREOH 6RPRV±HQULPD
(UZLQ\\R
(UZLQODVUHFROHFWySDUDPt
GXUDQWHODPDxDQDGHOGRPLQJR 5DPLWDGHOiUEROGH1DYLGDG
SDVDGRFXDQGRIXHDOERVTXHFRQ GH(UZLQ
3HWHU\)ULW]DEXVFDUOHxDSDUDHO
PDHVWUR -XQWRFRQXQDSXOVHUDKHFKD
0HGLMRTXHORKLFLHURQSRUTXH SRUpOFRQDJXMDVGHSLQR(UZLQPH
HOPDHVWURWLHQHOXPEDJR$PtPH WUDMRD\HUHVWDUDPLWD/DDGRUQpFRQ
SDUHFHTXHHVSHUDQTXHDVtOHVVXED HVWUHOODVUHFRUWDGDVGHOSDSHOGHORV
ODVQRWDVGHPDWHPiWLFDV£-D UHJDORV(VFRPRVLSXGLHUD
54/97
JXDUGDUPHSDUDVLHPSUHXQUHWDFLWRGH KDEHUVHYRODGRGHDOJ~QMDUGtQ
ODKHUPRVD1DYLGDGTXHSDVDPRV YHFLQR<DLQYHVWLJDUpSRUPLFXHQWD
(UZLQTXLVRSUHJXQWDUOHDOPDHVWUR
7XOLSiQ SHURPHRSXVH¢TXpFODVHGHH[SHUWD
HQSODQWDVVHUtD\RHQWRQFHV"
£7DOiQWDOiQWDOiQ (QWUHWDQWRODOODPR³OD
<DWHQJRXQWXOLSiQ PLVWHULRVD´
0LDPLJDDVHJXUD
4XHUR]DHORtGR 5RVD
&DPSDQLWDURMD
7XGXOFHWDxLGR (VWDURVDGHSpWDORV
£7DOiQWDOiQWDOiQ PDUFKLWRV
<DWHQJRXQWXOLSiQ (VWDURVDIORWDEDHQXQ
FKDUTXLWR
+RMDQRLGHQWLILFDGD 0LEXHQ(UZLQODVDOYy
GHOROYLGR
3RUPiVTXHEXVFDPRVHQHO
PDQXDOGHERWiQLFDGHODHVFXHODQR 4XHQRVXQDDpO\\R
SXGLPRVDYHULJXDUDTXpiUERO +R\OHSLGR
SHUWHQHFHHVWDKRMD(UZLQODHQFRQWUy
HQODYHUHGDGHVXFDVD'HEHGH
55/97
+HOHFKR HQFDQWDGRUHJDODUPHWUpEROHVGH
FXDWURKRMDV
8QDDUDxLWDVHSDVHDEDORPiV ¢1RSRGtDVKDEHUHVSHUDGR"
FDPSDQWH ¢7HFUHHUTXHQRORVYR\DHQFRQWUDU"
(VWDLQTXLOLQDWDPELpQHVWX\D ±PHSUHJXQWy
±PHGLMR(UZLQ9DVDWHQHUTXH 0LHQWUDVHVSHURPHORV
EXVFDUOHRWUDFDVDDQWHVGHJXDUGDUHO LQYHQWR±OHFRQWHVWp
KHOHFKRHQWXFXDGHUQR
3XHVVtVHxRUHVODDUDxLWDYLYH 7DOFXDOWHGLMHDQWHV6LONH
DKRUDHQXQDGHPLVPDFHWDV<VLJXH PXHVWUDVXSUHIHUHQFLDSRUODVKRMDV\
SDVHiQGRVHORPiVFDPSDQWH1LVH IORUHVTXHOHUHJDOD(UZLQ$ODVTXH
GLRFXHQWDGHODPXGDQ]D HOODPLVPDKDUHFRJLGRVyORODV
QRPEUD
7UpEROHV $VtVHYDQLQWHUFDODQGR\
VXPDQGR³YLROHWDVGHORV$OSHV´
6RQGHWUHV/DFXDUWDKRMLWD ³KRMDVGHPXpUGDJR´³KLHUEDQR
TXHWLHQHFDGDXQRVHODVDJUHJXp\R LGHQWLILFDGD´³EUH]RV´³FODYHO´
FRQPLVDFXDUHODV(OSREUH(UZLQQR ³DQpPRQD´³D]DKDUHV´
TXHGyGHPDVLDGRFRQIRUPHFXDQGROH ³FDPSDQLOODV´³SHQVDPLHQWRV´
PRVWUpPLWUDEDMR6pTXHOHKXELHUD
56/97
/DFROHFFLyQVHLQWHUUXPSHGH WULVWH(VFLHUWRSRGUtDLQYHQWDUXQ
UHSHQWHFXDQGRD~QTXHGDQSRUXVDU ILQDOIHOL]SHURHVRVHUtDPHQWLUWH
PXFKDVSiJLQDVGHOKHUEDULR&RPRD SRUTXHODYLGDWDPELpQWUDHSHQDV
ODVDQWHULRUHVHOSDVRGHOWLHPSRODV JLJDQWHVFDV
KDDPDULOOHDGRSHURpVWDVDFDVRSRU 9R\DFRQWDUWHHQWRQFHVOR
ORGHVLHUWDVSDUHFHQPiV TXHVXFHGLyPLHQWUDVHOFXDGHUQR
PHODQFyOLFDV TXHGyROYLGDGR3DUDHOOR
+D\TXHOOHJDUDOILQDOGHO
FXDGHUQRSDUDHQFRQWUDUQXHYDPHQWH (OLMRXQUtRHQHOPDSD
IORUHV(VXQPDQRMLWRGH DOHPiQPHGHFLGRSRUHO,VDU
QRPHROYLGHV6LONHORDQXQFLD
LQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHEDMRDQWHVGH $FDPLQDUMXQWRDVXVRULOODV
HVFULELUODVOtQHDVFRQTXHFRQFOX\HHO YDQ6LONH\(UZLQ(VGtDGH
KHUEDULR H[FXUVLyQ3HURQRYDQVRORVSRU
'HVSXpVYROYHUHPRVDHVWD VXSXHVWRVRQGHPDVLDGRVQLxRV
~OWLPDSiJLQD$KRUDFLHUURHO WRGDYtD+HUU%HUJHUVXPDHVWUR\
FXDGHUQR\WHSLGRTXHSUHSDUHVWX WRGRVORVFRPSDxHURVPDUFKDQFRQ
FRUD]yQSDUDHVFXFKDUHOGHVGLFKDGR HOORV
ILQDOGHHVWDKLVWRULD +HUUVLJQLILFD³VHxRU´HQ
6t7HUPLQDPDO<DWHDGYHUWt LGLRPDDQLPDO
DOSULQFLSLRTXHHVWDQEHOODFRPR
57/97
(UZLQ\6LONHSURQWRVHODV HQFXHQWUDSULPHURXQDIORUSDUDHO
DUUHJODQSDUDTXHGDUXQSRTXLWR KHUEDULR
UH]DJDGRV £7HJDQp(UZLQ±H[FODPDGH
£4XpGHOLFLRVRHVHVFDSDUSRU SURQWR6LONH£)ORUFLWDVFHOHVWHV
XQRVPLQXWRVGHODYLJLODQFLDGHO ¢'yQGH"
PDHVWURVDFDUVHORV]DSDWRV\UHWR]DU £$OOiHQODULEHUD£0iV
GHVFDO]RVVREUHODKLHUED DGHODQWH
£6LQRVYLHUD+HUU%HUJHU £9R\DFRUWDUWHXQUDPLWR
£/RVGRVDORVSULPHURVEDQFRVFRPR <GLVSDUDQGRVDOHHOPXFKDFKR
SHQLWHQFLDGXUDQWHXQDVHPDQD KDFLDHOVLWLRTXHOHLQGLFDVXDPLJD
3HUR+HUU%HUJHUQRORVYH £1R(UZLQ£(VSHOLJURVR
VHJXURFRPRHVWiGHTXHQLQJXQRGH £1RWHDFHUTXHVDOERUGH£0HEDVWD
VXVDOXPQRVVHDWUHYHUiDGHVREHGHFHU FRQPLUDUODVGHVGHDTXt
VXRUGHQGHQRDSDUWDUVHGHOJUXSR 6RUGRDVXSHGLGR(UZLQYD
$XQTXH¢HVTXH(UZLQ\6LONH KDFLDODRULOODGHOUtRKDVWDTXH6LONH
HVWiQHQUHDOLGDGGHVREHGHFLHQGR" QRGLVWLQJXHPiVTXHVXOXPLQRVD
1RVRQFKLFRVVLPSOHPHQWH FDEH]DUXELD
FKLFRVGLVWUDtGRVSRUHOVROFKLFRV &RUUHHOODGHWUiV&DVLOR
HPEULDJDGRVSRUHODLUHOLEUHGHHVD DOFDQ]DHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXHpO
PDxDQDFKLFRVHQDPRUDGRVTXH DUUDQFDXQUDPLOOHWH(QWRQFHVOD
MXHJDQDYHUTXLpQGHORVGRV
58/97
SHQDJLJDQWHVFD(UZLQGDXQWUDVSLp <DSDVDURQWUHVPHVHVVLQ
\UHVEDODDODJXD (UZLQ
/RJUDDUURMDUOHHOPDQRMLWRDVX $\HUDODPDxDQDPDPiPH
DPLJDPLHQWUDVHOPLVPRJULWR OOHYyDYLVLWDUVXVHSXOWXUDSRU
GHVJDUUDVXJDUJDQWD\HOFRUD]yQGH SULPHUDYH]
ODQLxD£1RPHROYLGHV (QFXDQWRPHGLMRTXH\DSRGtD
1RPHROYLGHV³9HUJLVVPHLQ HPSH]DUDOHYDQWDUPHOHURJXpTXH
QLFKW´HQLGLRPDDOHPiQ PHSHUPLWLHUDLUDOFHPHQWHULR
6HOROOHYDODFRUUHQWDGD
6RQLQ~WLOHVORVGHVHVSHUDGRV $OSULQFLSLRVHQHJy7XYHTXH
LQWHQWRVGHVDOYDUORTXHKDFHHO LQVLVWLUPXFKRSDUDREWHQHUXQVt
PDHVWUR $XQTXHPLVSLHUQDVQRHVWiQ
1RPHROYLGHV D~QORVXILFLHQWHPHQWHILUPHV\PH
$ORVSLHVGH6LONHGLVSHUVDV SDUHFtDDQGDUVREUHDOJRGRQHVPH
DTXt\DOOi\VLQVDEHUORXQPRQWyQ VLHQWREDVWDQWHPHMRUGHVDOXGFDVL
GHIORUFLWDVVLOYHVWUHVDFDEDQGH UHSXHVWD
UHFLELUVXQRPEUH 3RUHVRQRHQWLHQGRSRUTXpHQ
¢9ROYHPRVDDEULUHOFXDGHUQR" FXHQWRYROYLPRVDFDVDPDPiPH
6X~OWLPDSiJLQD RUGHQyTXHUHJUHVDUDDOOHFKR'LFH
'HEDMRGHOUDPLWRVHFRVHOHH TXHWRGDYtDQRHVWR\FXUDGDTXHOD
GHELOLGDGPHKDFHYHUFRVDV
59/97
LQH[LVWHQWHV7HOHIRQHyGHLQPHGLDWR (UDHOGpFLPRFXPSOHDxRVGH
DO'RFWRU+HOELJTXLHQPHUHYLVy 6XVL8QDPDULOORGRPLQJRGH
DQRFKH\YROYLyDYLVLWDUPHHVWH GLFLHPEUH
PDxDQD6HDFDEDGHLU/XHJRGH $SHVDUGHODKRUDWHPSUDQDHO
FXFKLFKHDUFRQPDPiHQODVDODPH DLUHSDUHFtDWDQHVSHVRTXH6XVLIXH
UHFRPHQGyPiVUHSRVR\UHIRU]yOD KDFLDHOSDWLRGHVXFDVDDJLWDQGRORV
GRVLVGHORVPHGLFDPHQWRV EUD]RVFRPRVLQHFHVLWDUDDEULU
6LQHPEDUJR\RVpTXHQR FDPLQR6XPDPiODYDEDODURSDHQOD
IXHURQYLVLRQHV SLOHWDYLHQGRHQSRPSDVGHMDEyQ
£&yPRVHUHFRUWHHQWUHHOYHUGH WRGRVVXVVXHxRV(QODVRJD\D
GHDOUHGHGRU JRWHDEDQORVSDxDOHVGH/XLV\ODV
3RUTXHODKLHUEDTXHFUHFH PHGLDVGH,YiQORVKHUPDQRV
VREUHHOOXJDUGRQGHGHVFDQVDPL PHQRUHVGH6XVLODVFDPLVHWDVGH
TXHULGtVLPRDPLJRHVFHOHVWH&HOHVWH 'DUtRXQDxRPiVJUDQGHTXHHOOD\
&RPRHVWDVIORUFLWDVVLOYHVWUHV HOPDPHOXFRGH$QtEDOHOKHUPDQR
TXHEDXWLFp³QRPHROYLGHV´ PD\RUTXLHQ\DKDEtDHPSH]DGRD
WUDEDMDUHQXQWDOOHUPHFiQLFRDSHVDU
6HPLUD\QRVHWRFD GHVXVWUHFHDxRV
6XVLSDVyHQWUHODURSDWHQGLGD
UHFLELHQGRVXVOHYHVFDULFLDVPRMDGDV
'HVSXpVDFHUFiQGRVHOHGHSXQWLOODV
60/97
VREUHVDOWyDVXPDPiDOWLUDUOHGHXQ QRWLFLD\DXQTXHPX\VHFUHWDPHQWH
SOLHJXHGHOEDWyQ/DVHxRUDVHYROYLy KDEtDHVSHUDGRUHFLELUHVHMXHJRGHWp
GHLQPHGLDWR£$KQHQD£)HOL] FRPRUHJDORGHFXPSOHDxRV6XVLVH
FXPSOHDxRVTXHULGD±\WUDVVHFDUVH VHQWtDFDVLIHOL]<GLJR³FDVL´SRUTXH
ODVPDQRVHQHOGHODQWDOODHVWUHFKy D~QOHIDOWDEDQODVIHOLFLWDFLRQHVGH
FRQWHUQXUD(QXQPRPHQWR'DUtR\ *DEULHOGH³*DER´VREUHQRPEUHGH
$QtEDODSDUHFLGRVFRPRSRUHQFDQWR HVHPXFKDFKRSHOLUURMR\KXHVXGR
HVWDEDQDVXODGRDSUHWiQGROHODV FRPRSRFRVTXH~QLFDPHQWHD6XVLOH
RUHMDV JXVWDED$XQTXH¢6yOROHJXVWDED"
1R/RFLHUWRHVTXHORTXHUtD
'LVLPXODQGRODVQXEHFLWDVGH \PXFKRDXQTXHHVHFDULxROR
WULVWH]DTXHOHFUX]DEDQORVRMRVOD PDQWXYLHUDWDQHQVHFUHWRFRPRWRGRV
PDPiGLMR7HGHEHPRVHOUHJDOR HVRVGtDVKDEtDHVSHUDGRUHFLELUHO
QHQD/DVFRVDVQRPDUFKDQGHOWRGR MXHJRGHWp7DQHQVHFUHWR³1L*DER
ELHQ\QRQRVIXHSRVLEOHFRPSUDUWH VHGDFXHQWDSHQVy6XVL\GHVSXpV
QDGD GHGHVD\XQDUEXVFyXQSUHWH[WRSDUD
£&XDQGR\RFREUHPLSULPHU LUDYHUOR0DPLYR\DOOHYDUDLQIODU
VXHOGRWHYR\DWUDHUHVHMXHJXLWRGHWp ODELFL
TXHWDQWRWHJXVWD±H[FODPy$QtEDO ¢2WUDYH]"6LD\HUODOOHYDVWH
PLHQWUDVUHJUHVDEDDODFRFLQDD 7LHQHXQDUXHGDHQOODQWD
WHUPLQDUHOGHVD\XQR$SHVDUGHOD ¢YHV"
61/97
3HURODPDPiQRYLRDWDUHDGD WDQIiFLOSRUTXH6XVLVHORSHGtD
FRPRHVWDEDFRQHOODYDGRGHODURSD FRPRIDYRUWRGRVORVViEDGRV\
\6XVLVDOLyGHODFDVDDUUDVWUDQGROD GRPLQJRV
GHVWDUWDODGDELFLFOHWD/DQRFKH ¢(VWDUiSLQFKDGDODFiPDUDGH
DQWHULRUOHKDEtDGHVLQIODGR DWUiV"'HEHUtDUHYLVDUODXQGtDGH
LQWHQFLRQDOPHQWHODJRPDGHDWUiV pVWRV1RHVSRVLEOHTXHVHGHVLQIOHD
FDGDUDWR±SHQVDED*DEULHO
*DEULHOWDPELpQXVDED PLHQWUDVFLQFKDEDVREUHHOLQIODGRU
PDPHOXFRLJXDOTXH$QtEDO\FRPR FRQHFWDGRDODELFLFOHWDGHVXDPLJD
$QtEDO\DWUDEDMDEDSDUDD\XGDUDVXV 6LSRUORPHQRVWXYLHUDXQ
SDGUHVHQODELFLFOHWHUtDGHOD GHVSHUIHFWRPiVFRPSOLFDGR
HVTXLQD 3RUTXHpOVDEtDWDPELpQ
6iEDGRV\GRPLQJRVHUDQORV DUUHJODUIUHQRVUHSDUDUWLPEUHV
GtDVGHPiVWUDEDMR/RVGHPiV HPSDUFKDUFiPDUDVDFHLWDUSLxRQHV\
FKLFRV³ORVRWURV´FRPRGHFtD UHXELFDUFDGHQDVeVDVVtTXHHUD
*DEULHODSURYHFKDEDQORVIHULDGRV WDUHDVFRQODVTXHSRGUtDDFDVR
HVFRODUHVSDUDSHGDOHDUDJXVWRHQOD ³LPSUHVLRQDUOD´GHPRVWUDUOHTXHHUD
SOD]DFHUFDQD6LHPSUHKDEtDDOJRTXH WDQFDSD]FRPRXQPXFKDFKRJUDQGH
KDFHUHQWRQFHV \WDOYH]ORJUDUGHHVHPRGRTXHHOOD
,QIODUORPiVFRP~QHVRTXH OHSUHVWDUDXQSRFRPiVGHDWHQFLyQ
ORKDFtDVHQWLURUJXOORVRDXQTXHHUD
62/97
6LQRIXHUDSRUHVHSUREOHPD 3HUR¢TXpPHSDVD"£8\DKt
GHODUXHGDDSHQDVVLODYHUtD± OOHJD±\HOFRUD]yQHPSH]yDGDUOH
SHQVDED*DEULHOLJQRUDQGRTXHHOOD SXQWDGLWDVGHDOHJUtDGHQHUYLRVLGDG
ODGHVLQIODEDDSURSyVLWR0HMRUQR GHHPRFLyQGHWULVWH]D7RGRMXQWR
VHODUHYLVRDVtWLHQHTXHYROYHU 6XVLHQWUyDOORFDO6XYR]
&ODURTXHHVHGRPLQJRFDVL H[FODPDQGR£+ROD*DER±VH
SUHIHUtDTXHQRVHDSDUHFLHUDSRUDOOt FRQIXQGLyFRQODVHFDYR]GHOWRUQR
±+R\HVVXFXPSOHDxRVUHFRUGDED GHGRQ5DPyQHQIXQFLRQDPLHQWR
1RSXGHFRPSUDUOHQDGD£&yPRPH *DEULHOHVWDEDHQJUDVDQGRXQD
KXELHUDJXVWDGRGDUOHDOPHQRVXQD FDGHQD¢4XpOHGLJR"±SHQVy
FXFKDULWDGHHVHMXHJRGHWpTXHWDQWR WRWDOPHQWHFRQIXQGLGR
PLUDHQODYLGULHUDGHODMXJXHWHUtDGH <HQVHJXLGD+R+ROD6XVL
DOODGR£0DOGLWDSODWD¢<VLYLHQH ¢4XpWDO"¢3RUDTXtWDQWHPSUDQR"
TXpOHGLJR"0HKDJRHO]RQ]RVHUi 6HPHGHVLQIOyRWUDYH]¢7H
ORPHMRU3HURHQWRQFHVYDDFUHHU SDUHFHTXHHVWDUiSLQFKDGD"
TXHHOODQRPHLPSRUWD¢4XpKDJR" 1RFUHR7HUPLQRFRQHVWD
$\RMDOiTXHQRYHQJD1RTXH FDGHQD\WHDWLHQGR0DGUXJDVWHKR\
YHQJDLJXDO ¢HK"
<DPHODVYR\DDUUHJODUVt <KR\HVPLFXPSOHDxRV±
4XHYHQJD OHGLMR6XVLGHVLOXVLRQDGDSRUTXHVX
DPLJRQRORKDEtDUHFRUGDGR
63/97
SRUTXHQRVDEtDFyPRLEDDUHFLELUOD
(OWRUQRHQPXGHFLyMXVWRHQHVH FKLFDHVHUHJDORTXHDpOVHOHDFDEDED
PRPHQWR'HSURQWR*DEULHOVH GHRFXUULUGHUHSHQWHDOUHFRUGDUOD
UHVWUHJyODVPDQRVHQXQWUDSR\VH DOHJUtDTXHKDEtDVHQWLGRHVH
DFHUFyD'RQ5DPyQ¢0HGD DPDQHFHUDOoírlo y verloGHVSXpV
SHUPLVRSDUDVDOLUXQUDWLWR"±OHSLGLy WUHSDQGRDODPHGLDQHUDGHVXFDVD
(OYLHMRORPLUySRUDUULEDGH /OHJDURQDODPLWDGGHODFXDGUD(O
ORVDQWHRMRV'HLQPHGLDWRVXPLUDGD PXFKDFKRVHGHWXYRMXQWRDODWDSLD
VHSRVyHQODFDUDGH³QRHQWLHQGR TXHVHSDUDEDGHODYHUHGDHOJDOOLQHUR
QDGD´GH6XVL(QVHJXLGDGLMR'LH] GHGRxD'RPLQJD
PLQXWRV±\YROYLyDSRQHUHQPDUFKD (VDTXt
HOWRUQR 6XVLYLRODV~OWLPDVUDPDVGHOD
*DEULHOVRQULyFRQWHQWR/H KLJXHUD*DEULHOOHVHxDOy$KtHVWi
JXLxyXQRMRD6XVL\OHDQXQFLy WXUHJDOR
7HQJRXQUHJDORSDUDGDUWH3HURHV
XQUHJDORPX\HVSHFLDOVRODPHQWHVH 3HUR¢ODKLJXHUDGHGRxD
SXHGHPLUDU9DPRV6DOLHURQDOD 'RPLQJD"
FDOOH'REODURQODHVTXLQD £(VTXHHVWDKLJXHUDKR\KD
&DPLQDEDQHQVLOHQFLR6XVL GDGRJDOORVHQYH]GHKLJRV£<VyOR
SRUTXHQRVDEtDTXpSHQVDUWDQWDHUD SDUD6XVDQD
VXVRUSUHVD\VXFXULRVLGDG*DEULHO
64/97
*DEULHOVHDSUR[LPyDODWDSLD\ *DER$ODQRFKHGHERGDVORV
HQWUHOD]yODVPDQRVSDUDIRUPDUXQ OOHYDURQORVSDVRVTXHDPERVKDEtDQ
HVWULER HPSH]DGRDGDUGHVGHDTXHOGRPLQJR
6XEDSULQFHVD±OHGLMR GHVXLQIDQFLD
HQWRQFHV 6LQHPEDUJRDSDUWLUGH
(OODOHREHGHFLy HQWRQFHV\FDGDYH]TXHOOHJDODIHFKD
5HSHQWLQDPHQWHVHHQFRQWUy GHOFXPSOHDxRVGH6XVLDKRUDSRU
DO]DGD6HDIHUUyDODWDSLD VXHUWHPX\IHVWHMDGD\UHSOHWDGH
(QWRQFHVORYLR(UDYHUGDG REVHTXLRVFLQFRJDOORVGHVHQUROODQ
*DERQRPHQWtD(QFDGDUDPDGHOD HQVXSHFKRVXVNLNLULNtVWUD\pQGROH
KLJXHUDXQKHUPRVRJDOORUHWR]DEDDO QXHYDPHQWHHVHUHJDORTXHVRODPHQWH
VRO8QRGRVWUHVFLQFRDODGRV VHPLUD
HTXLOLEULVWDVFRPSUDGRVHOGtDDQWHULRU 6HPLUD
SRUODYHFLQDVLQVDEHUTXHFRQHVD VHPLUD
FRPSUDLEDDDEULUSDUDORVRMRVGH VHPLUD
6XVLODPiVEHOODLOXVWUDFLyQGHXQ FRQORVRMRV\FRQHODOPDDO
FXHQWRPiJLFR PLVPRWLHPSR
+DQSDVDGRPXFKRVDxRVGHVGH
TXH6XVLFXPSOLyORVGLH] 3LFDIORU
¢+DUiIDOWDGHFLUOR"3RUODV
GXGDVORFRQILUPRVtVHFDVyFRQ
65/97
6HGHFtDTXHOR~QLFRTXHOH XQUHODWRIDQWiVWLFRTXHDVXYH]OH
TXHGDEDGHVXVDQWHSDVDGRVHUDHVH KDEtDQFRQWDGRVXVDEXHORVFXDQGR
URVWURDLQGLDGRSHURQRVRWURV HUDQLxR\YLYtDHQHOQRURHVWHGHOD
VDEtDPRVTXHQRHUDDVt $UJHQWLQD
&RQFOXLGDVVXVWDUHDVFRPR
MDUGLQHURHQHOSUHFLVRPRPHQWRHQ (UDXQOLEURYLYRGRQ1LFDQGUR
GRQ1LFDQGURVHVHQWDEDDPDWHDUDOD XQOLEURSDUODQWHTXHJXDUGDEDXQ
SXHUWDGHVXFDEDxDWHQGtDPiVDOOi WHVRURGHOH\HQGDVLQGtJHQDV
GHODVDODPEUDGDVGHODFKDFUDKDFLD $TXHOODWDUGHGHYDFDFLRQHV\R
DKtQRVtEDPRVPLVSULPRV\\RD DFDEDEDGHYHUSRUSULPHUDYH]XQ
SDVDUXQUDWRDVXODGR1RSRUTXH SLFDIORU6XGLPLQXWDKHUPRVXUDPH
IXHUDHVSHFLDOPHQWHFDULxRVRFRQ KDEtDLPSUHVLRQDGR±3DUHFHXQ
QRVRWURV3HURFRQHVHROIDWRGHOD SDMDULWRLQYHQWDGRGRQ1LFDQGUR±/H
LQIDQFLDSDUDHQWHQGHUHOUHYpVGHORV GLMHPiVWDUGH¢&yPRHVTXHH[LVWH
JHVWRVGHORVDGXOWRVVDEtDPRVTXH XQDYHDVt"
QRVTXHUtD (OYLHMRVHTXHGyXQRVLQVWDQWHV
1RVEDVWDEDPHQFLRQDUOHDOJ~Q HQVLOHQFLRFRPREXVFDQGRDOJRHQ
DQLPDORDOJXQDSODQWDTXHKXELHUDQ VXVUHFXHUGRV\VLQGHMDUGHPLUDUD
GHVSHUWDGRQXHVWUDFXULRVLGDGGH OROHMRVQRVFRQWy
FKLFRVGHFLXGDGSDUDTXHpOFRPR ³+DFHPXFKRPXFKRWLHPSR
KDEODQGRSDUDVtPLVPRVHDEULHUDHQ FXDQGRD~QQRKDEtDPRVQDFLGRQL\R
66/97
QLPLVSDGUHVQLPLVDEXHORVHUDQ $VtIXHFRPRHVHERVTXHVH
GRVODVWULEXVTXHRFXSDEDQDTXHOORV FRQYLUWLyHQXQOXJDUYHGDGRSDUDORV
SDJRVTXHGHVSXpVIXHURQORVPtRV LQGLRVGHDPEDVWULEXV8QDPXUDOOD
'RVWULEXVTXHVHOOHYDEDQDODV GHiUEROHV\PDOH]DVTXHQDGLHVH
SDWDGDV(QHPLVWDGRVDPXHUWHYD\D DWUHYtDDSLVDUVLTXHUtDFRQVHUYDUHO
DVDEHUVHSRUTXpORVFDFLTXHVGH SHOOHMR
FDGDXQDKDEtDQSURKLELGRTXHVX 6RODPHQWHDOJXQRVLQGLHFLWRV
JHQWHWXYLHUDHOPHQRUFRQWDFWRFRQOD FXULRVRV\WUDYLHVRVFRPRWRGRVORV
GHODRWUD FKLFRVGHOPXQGRVHDQLPDEDQGH
1XHVWURWHUULWRULROOHJDKDVWD WDQWRHQWDQWRDGHVREHGHFHUODV
DOOt±KDEtDGHWHUPLQDGRXQRGHORV WHPLEOHVyUGHQHV\DOOiLEDQVLJLORVRV
MHIHVVHxDODQGRXQERVTXHTXHVH \GDQGRXQJUDQURGHRSDUDQRVHU
DSUHWDEDHQODVFHUFDQtDV3URKLELGR SHVFDGRVSRUORVPD\RUHVDOOiLEDQD
DWUDYHVDUOR KXQGLUVHHQODHVSHVXUDHQEXVFDGH
1XHVWUDVWLHUUDVWHUPLQDQDTXt KLHUEDVKXHYRVRODJDUWLMDVR
±KDEtDDQXQFLDGRHORWURGHORVMHIHV VLPSOHPHQWHDMXJDUDWUDtGRVSRUOD
PLHQWUDVKXQGtDXQDUDPDHQODWLHUUD HPRFLyQTXHOHVSURGXFtDHOSHOLJUR
PDUFDQGRHOOtPLWHGHODHQWUDGDGHO GHSLVDUXQVLWLRSURKLELGR
PLVPRERVTXHSHURGHORWURODGR 6LVHUiQ]RQ]RVQXHVWURV
SDGUHV±SHQVDEDQ3HUGHUVHHVH
OXJDU
67/97
<ORVSHTXHxRVGHDPEDVWULEXV SDGUH3HURHVTXHXQSHQVDPLHQWROR
UHWR]DEDQDVXVDQFKDVFDGDJUXSR REVHVLRQDED£6HUiQWDQILHURVORVGH
VREUHXQH[WUHPRGHOERVTXHKDVWD ODRWUDWULEX"±<DWUDYHVDEDODV
TXHODSUXGHQFLDOHVLQGLFDEDTXHHUD PDOH]DVDEULpQGRVHFDPLQRDSXQWDGH
PHMRUYROYHUDODVWROGHUtDVDQWHVTXH PDFKHWHFRQODVHVSHUDQ]DGH
VHGLHUDQFXHQWDGHVXDXVHQFLD VRUSUHQGHUDDOJXQRGHVXVHQHPLJRV
1XQFDVHKDEtDQHQIUHQWDGR GHORVTXHVHRtDQFODUDPHQWHODVULVDV
WDQGLODWDGRHUDSDUDHOORVHOERVTXH\ \ORVJULWRVWDQSDUHFLGRVDORVGH
WDQWRHUDHOPLHGRGHWRSDUVHFRQXQ HOORV
HQHPLJRTXHWHQtDQSRUTXH 3HURWDPSRFRVHKDEUtDQ
HQWRQFHV¢TXpKDFHU" HQIUHQWDGRVLQRKXELHUDVLGRSRU
1XQFDVHKDEtDQHQIUHQWDGR\ 7DODXQDLQGLHFLWDGHODRWUDWULEX
QRVHKXELHVHQHQIUHQWDGRVLQR IDVFLQDGDSRUODVIORUHV\SRUHOFDQWR
KXELHUDVLGRSRU$JXDUi GHORVSiMDURV
$JXDUi6HFXHQWDTXHHUDXQ &RPRKLSQRWL]DGDVHLQWHUQDED
LQGLHFLWREUDYRDTXpOFRPRGLJQR HQHOERVTXHHQSURFXUDGHYHU\GH
KLMRGHXQRGHORVFDFLTXHVTXHHUD RtUFRORUHV\VRQLGRVLPSRVLEOHVHQOD
FKDWXUDGHOFDPSDPHQWR6XV
FRPSDxHURVDSHQDVVLVHDQLPDEDQD
£0LUHQTXHWHQHUHOFRUDMHGH WUDVSRQHUODVSULPHUDVKLOHUDVGH
GHVDILDUODSURKLELFLyQGHVXSURSLR iUEROHV
68/97
(QWUHWHQLGRVFRPRHVWDEDQORV HQXQDVHPDQDTXHORRtD\QRTXHUtD
LQGLHFLWRVGHDPERVJUXSRVQLFXHQWD SHUGHUVHODRSRUWXQLGDGDKRUDTXHOR
TXHVHGDEDQGHODVPRPHQWiQHDV WHQtDWDQFHUFDGHFRQRFHUDOSiMDUR
GHVDSDULFLRQHVGH7DOLWDRGH$JXDUi TXHHUDFDSD]GHFDQWDUGHHVHPRGR
2FXUULyXQDWDUGH 7DQVXDYHPHQWHVHOHVDSUR[LPDED
7DOLWDYDJDEDSRUHOERVTXH TXHODVDYHVMDPiVKXtDQGHHOODVLQR
WUDWDQGRGHXELFDUTXpSiMDURVHUtD FXDQGRLQWHQWDEDWRFDUODV
DTXHOGHWDQEHOORFDQWR&RQORVRMRV $ILUPyXQSLHHQODUXJRVLGDG
DO]DGRVKDFLDODVFRSDVGHORViUEROHV PiVDOLHQWHGHOWURQFRVHDEUD]yDpO
FRPROOHYDEDQLDGYLUWLyODSUHVHQFLD \\DHPSH]DEDDHOHYDUVHFXDQGR
GH$JXDUi3HWULILFDGRMXQWRDXQRV GHVFXEULyD$JXDUi
DUEXVWRVHOLQGLHFLWRODYHtDDFHUFDUVH 6HGHVSUHQGLyKRUURUL]DGD\
KDFLDDOOtPLHQWUDVHOSHQVDPLHQWROH KRUURUL]DGDFD\yKDFLDDWUiV
DOHUWDED£8QDHQHPLJD±\HO GHVSORPiQGRVHGHHVSDOGDVVREUHOD
VHQWLPLHQWROHVXVXUUDED£4Xp KLHUED£8QHQHPLJRODKDEtD
KHUPRVDHV VRUSUHQGLGR£<FRQPDFKHWHHQ
PDQR'HVHJXURTXHLEDDFRUWDUOHHO
7DOLWDHVWDEDGLVSXHVWDD FRJRWH\DOOHYDUOXHJRVXFDEH]D
WUHSDUVHDXQiUEROVHJXUDGHTXH FRPRWURIHR±0HMRUQRYHUOR±SHQVy
GHVGHHVHOXJDUSURYHQtDQORV 7DOLWD\FHUUDQGRORVRMRVVHUHVLJQy
GHOLFLRVRVWULQRV(UDODWHUFHUDYH] DHQWUHJDUVHDODPDODVXHUWH¢4Xp
69/97
RWUDFRVDSRGtDKDFHUHOODWDQIUiJLO FRPRODTXHKDEtDH[SHULPHQWDGRHQ
IUHQWHDHVHSLFKyQGHLQGLRTXHOD RFDVLRQHVWHUULEOHV
PLUDEDFRQORVRMRVILMRVFRPRORVGH
XQDOHFKX]D" <DWHQGUtDTXHKDEHUPH
2MRVILMRHQHOODORVGH$JXDUi FRUWDGRODFDEH]D±SHQVDED7DOLWD
VtFRPRORVGHXQDOHFKX]DVtSHUR ¢4XpKDFHpVWH"¢3RUTXpVHTXHGD
DELHUWRVVREUHVXFXHUSRFRPRDQWHHO SDUDGRMXQWRDPtVLQGHFLUQDGD"
GHXQDGLRVD (OPLHGRODREOLJyDDEULUORV
+LMDGHODOXQDKDGHVHU±VH RMRV1RVRSRUWDEDODWHQVLyQGH
GHFtDHOPXFKDFKRDOWLHPSRTXHVH HVSHUDU\HVSHUDUVDELHQGRTXHXQ
OHDSUR[LPDED+LMDGHODOXQD£4Xp HQHPLJRHVWDEDDOOtDVXODGR\HQ
KHUPRVD FRPSOHWRVLOHQFLR/RPLUyHOOD
£1LVRxDUFRQPDWDUOD¢&yPR WDPELpQFRQORVRMRVILMRVFRPRORVGH
PDWDUDTXLHQSRUSULPHUDYH]OH XQDOHFKX]D
KDEtDKHFKRVDEHUTXHWDPELpQHUD £6LYDVDPDWDUPHTXHVHDGH
GXOFHWHQHUFRUD]yQ"3HURTXpUDUR XQDYH]±OHJULWyHQWRQFHV
HUDVHQWLUORODWLUDVtDOJDORSHFRPR DWUDJDQWiQGRVHFRQODVOiJULPDV
HQORVPRPHQWRVGHSHOLJUR3RUTXH £¶FKDTXHHVEUDYDODKLMDGHOD
DKRUDQRWHPtDQDGD\VLQHPEDUJR OXQDH[FODPy$JXDUiDVRPEUDGR
VLQHPEDUJROHVDOWDEDHQHOSHFKR SRUODYDOHQWtDGHODFKLFD\VROWyHO
DOLPSXOVRGHXQDHPRFLyQWDQIXHUWH
70/97
PDFKHWHTXHIXHDFODYDUVHDXQRV WHUQXUDIXH<HQEXVFDGHHVDWHUQXUD
SRFRVFHQWtPHWURVGHOSHORGH7DOLWD TXHORVGRVKDEtDQVHQWLGRSRUOD
(OODQLSHVWDxHy(VWDED SULPHUDYH]DPERVLQGLHFLWRV
DFRVWXPEUDGDDODILHUH]DGHORV YROYLHURQDHQFRQWUDUVHGHVGHHVD
YDURQHV\HVDDFWLWXGGH$JXDUiTXH WDUGHHQHOPLVPROXJDUTXHORVKDEtD
GHFLGtDQRKDFHUOHGDxRDSHVDUGH XQLGR(QVHFUHWR
WHQHUWRGRDVXIDYRUQRSURYRFyHQ 'XUDQWHXQRVGtDVWRGRDQGXYR
HOODPiVVHQWLPLHQWRVTXHOD ELHQ(QWUHWHQLGRVFRPRVLHPSUHHQ
DGPLUDFLyQ VXVMXHJRVVXVFRPSDxHURVQLFXHQWD
£1RVR\KLMDGHODOXQD±OH VHGDEDQGHODVGHVDSDULFLRQHVGH
GLMRHQWRQFHVPLHQWUDVVH 7DOLWDR$JXDUi<QLFXHQWDVH
LQFRUSRUDED0HOODPR7DOD1DFtHQ GDEDQWDPSRFRGHOEULOORGLIHUHQWH
ODRWUDWULEX6HVXSRQHTXH TXHLQXQGDEDORVRMRVGHORVGRV
GHEHUtDPRVRGLDUQRV FXDQGRUHJUHVDEDQGHVXVVROLWDULDV
FDPLQDUDVSRUHOERVTXH&RPRGH
¢<ODKLMDGHODOXQDTXp OOXYLHFLWDVPiJLFDV
RSLQD"¢1RVRGLDPRVRQR" &ODURTXHODOOXYLDTXHGH
/DPLUDGDTXHXQLyHQWRQFHV UHSHQWHVHGHUUDPyVREUHHOERVTXH
ORVRMRVGH7DOLWDDORVGH$JXDUiQR XQDWDUGHFHUQRWHQtDQDGDGHPiJLFD
IXHGHQLQJ~QPRGRGHOHFKX]D'H 7DQFRSLRVDHUDWDQGH³VLQRWHYDV
WHUQXUDGHKRQGDHLQH[SOLFDEOH WHDKRJR´HUDTXHORVLQGLHFLWRVGH
71/97
DPERVJUXSRVVHSXVLHURQPX\ WHUULWRULRSURKLELGRSDUDUHVFDWDUDVX
QHUYLRVRV7UDWDEDQGHXELFDUD7DOD\ KLMD
$JXDUiSDUDYROYHUDVXVUHVSHFWLYRV /RVKDOODURQHPSDSDGRVXQR
FDPSDPHQWRVFXDQGRQRWDURQTXHQR HQORVEUD]RVGHORWUR\EDMRHOiUERO
HVWDEDQHQQLQJXQDSDUWH GHOSULPHUHQFXHQWUR
9ROYDPRVVLQ7DOD±H[FODPy <DQRVHRtDQORVGHOLFLRVRV
6HOpQTXHOHWHQtDFHORVDPiVQR WULQRV<DQROORYtD/DOXQD
SRGHUSRUTXHDHOODQDGLHOHGHFtDTXH OXPLQRVDORHQKDULQDEDWRGR
HUDOLQGD /DWULEXDODTXHSHUWHQHFtD
7DOLWDOHLPSXVRFRPRFDVWLJRSRUVX
9ROYDPRVVLQ$JXDUi± GHVREHGLHQFLDFDVDUVHFRQXQLQGLR
H[FODPy3LJpTXHOHWHQtDFHORVD GHVXJUXSRHQFXDQWRFXPSOLHUDORV
PiVQRSRGHUSRUTXHDpOQDGLHOH TXLQFHDxRV(QWUHWDQWRODHQFHUUDURQ
GHFtDTXHHUDEUDYR HQXQDFKR]D
<DPERVJUXSRVGHLQGLHFLWRV (OSDGUHGH$JXDUiFDFLTXHOR
UHWRUQDURQDVXVWROGHUtDV FDVWLJyREOLJiQGRORDYLYLUVRORHQHVH
(VDPLVPDQRFKHHOFDFLTXHGH ERVTXHKDVWDTXHFXPSOLHUDORV
XQDGHODVWULEXVHQYLyXQDSDWUXOODGH TXLQFHDxRV
LQGLRVDEXVFDUDVXKLMRHQHOERVTXH £1R£1XQFDPHFDVDUpFRQ
(VDPLVPDQRFKHODPDGUHGH RWURTXHQRVHD$JXDUi£3UHILHUR
7DODVHLQWHUQyGHVHVSHUDGDHQHO PRULUPH±JULWDEDODQLxD<WDQWR
72/97
JULWDEDTXHXQGtDHOYLHQWRR\yVXV (OFRUD]yQGH$JXDUiVH
TXHMDV FRQJHOy
¢4XpWHSDVD"±OHSUHJXQWy (QWRQFHV¢(VWiPXHUWD"
<7DOLWDOHFRQWy 1R3DUDVDOYDUODPLDPLJRHO
(QWUHWDQWRHOLQGLHFLWR YLHQWRODWUDQVIRUPyHQXQDIORU
HQDPRUDGRDQGDEDGHDTXtSDUDDOOiD ¢(QTXpIORUOXQDHQTXpIORU
WUDYpVGHOERVTXHUHFRUGDQGRDVX VHWUDQVIRUPy"
DPDGD £$\(OYLHQWRHVFLHJR1R
£7DOD£7DOD±JHPtDPLUDQGR SXGRYHUHQTXpIORUHOLJLy
HOFLHOR¢'yQGHHVWiVKLMDGHOD WUDQVIRUPDUVHWXDPDGD$JXDUiVH
OXQD"3HURHOFLHORQROHKDFtDFDVR\ HVWUHPHFLy3HURUHFRUGyHQWRQFHVHO
ODOXQDVHJXtDPXGD\OHMDQDFDGD DPRUTXHVXDPLJDVHQWtDSRUORV
QRFKHDXQTXHFDGDQRFKH SiMDURV\IORUHV\VyORWXYRXQSHGLGR
FRQWHPSODEDHOGRORUGHOFDFLTXLWR \DTXHHOODHUDDKRUDXQDIORU
+DVWDTXHVHFRPSDGHFLyGHpO £FRQYHUWLUVHHQSiMDUR
\GHFLGLyKDEODUOH 4XLHURVHUXQSiMDURGH
$JXDUi±OHVXVXUUy7DOLWD UDSLGtVLPRYXHOROXQDFDSD]GH
HOLJLyPRULUDQWHVTXHFDVDUVHFRQXQ TXHGDUFRPRVXVSHQGLGRFRPRGHSLH
LQGLRGHVXPLVPDWULEXDOTXHQR HQXQOXJDUGHODLUHFDSD]GHDYDQ]DU
TXHUtD \GHUHWURFHGHUFRQHOSXUR
PRYLPLHQWRGHPLVDODV\GH
73/97
ODQ]DUPHHQSLFDGDGHVGHPXFKRV UHFXHUGDTXHSXHGHH[LVWLUXQDDOPLWD
PHWURVGHDOWXUD±&RQFHGLGR HQDPRUDGDHVFRQGLGDTXLpQVDEH
3HUR¢WRGRHVRSDUDTXp"±OH GyQGH\TXHVyORKD\TXHWHQHU
SUHJXQWyODOXQD FRPRpOHOGHVHR\ODHVSHUDQ]DGH
HQFRQWUDUOD
¢(VTXHQRHQWLHQGHV"1RVp
FXiOHQTXpIORUHQFRQWUDUD7DOLWD±
JLPLy$JXDUi<VLHQGRDVtFRPRWH
SLGRSRGUpPLUDU\EHVDUYHOR]PHQWH
ODVFRURODVGHFXDQWDVIORUHVGHVFXEUD
GXUDQWHPLYXHORVLQSHUGHUWLHPSR
(QXQDGHHOODVVHHVFRQGHPLDPRU
<HQWRQFHVODOXQDSLDGRVD
OXQDORFRQYLUWLyHQXQSDMDULWR
GLPLQXWRGHEHOOtVLPRSOXPDMH
'HFRORUHVEULOODQWHVGHDODV
SXQWLDJXGDV\SLFRODUJROLEDQGRVLQ
FHVDUODVFRURODVGHWRGDVODVIORUHVHQ
EXVFDGHODVX\DDVtDQGDGHVGH
HQWRQFHVHOSLFDIORUSRUPRQWHV
VHOYDVSDUTXHV\MDUGLQHV1RV
74/97
8QDPRUYRODGRU HOPDOHWtQGHPDQRPiVGRVRWUHV
UHYLVWDV\XQDQRYHODDGTXLULGDVSRFR
6LKXELHUDTXHHVSHUDUHQHO DQWHVGHPLSDUWLGDGHO+RWHO'DPRQ
DHURSXHUWRGH2UO\RHQHOGH=XULFK 'HWRGRVPRGRVODEUHYH
SRGUtDPRVHQWUHWHQHUQRVPLUDQGRORV HVWDGtDHQXQDHURSXHUWRLQWHUQDFLRQDO
HVFDSDUDWHV±PHGLMRODVHxRUD VLHPSUHPHUHVXOWDLQWHUHVDQWHPH
HVSDxRODTXH\RDFDEDEDGHFRQRFHU EULQGDODSRVLELOLGDGGHREVHUYDU
IUHQWHDOGHVSDFKRGHHTXLSDMH±SHUR JHQWHWDQGLVWLQWD(QILQTXLHUR
HQHVWHVLWLRQRVDEXUULUHPRVFRPR GHFLUTXHVDOYRSRUHOFDORU
KRQJRV DEUXPDQWHGHDTXHOPHGLRGtDJULHJR
$OJRGHUD]yQVtSXHVWRTXHHO HVHDWUDVRGHWUHVKRUDVHQHOGHVSHJXH
DHURSXHUWRGH$WHQDVQRWLHQHSXQWR GHPLYXHORKDFLD$UJHQWLQDYtD
GHFRPSDUDFLyQFRQORVTXHHOOD )UDQNIXUWQRPHGLVJXVWDED
PHQFLRQDED6LQHPEDUJRORTXHD GHPDVLDGR
PtPHPROHVWDEDGHHVDGHPRUDHQOD &RPSUpFLJDUULOORV\PHGLULJt
VDOLGDGHOYXHORHUDHOFDORUTXH KDFLDHOEDU
GHEtDVRSRUWDUSRUTXHSDUD £8I$SHVDUGHORVYHQWLODGRUHV
HQWUHWHQHUPHFRQWDEDFRQODV HOEDUHUDXQKRUQR5HVLJQDGDWUDWp
SXEOLFDFLRQHVGHO&RQJUHVRGH GHXELFDUXQDPHVDOLEUHSHURSRUOR
/LWHUDWXUDLQIDQWLOTXHVHKDEtD YLVWRFDVLWRGRHOPXQGRKDEtDWHQLGR
FHOHEUDGRHQ$WHQDV\TXHOOHYDEDHQ ODPLVPDLGHDTXH\RGHKXLUGHOD
75/97
VRIRFDQWHVDODGHHVSHUD\DTXHQR 6LQHPEDUJRHVWR\VHJXUDGHTXH
TXHGDEDOXJDUGHVRFXSDGRHQDTXHO QLQJXQRGHORVGRVROYLGDDTXHO
LQILHUQLWR ³URPDQFLWRVREUHODVQXEHV´HVH
¢3XHGRFRPSDUWLUODPHVDFRQ SHTXHxR³DPRUYRODGRU´TXHORVXQLy
XVWHGHV"±OHSUHJXQWpHQWRQFHVDXQ GXUDQWHXQDVKRUDVGHVXLQIDQFLD\
PDWULPRQLRVGHEUDVLOHxRVTXHHVWDED GHOTXHIXLWHVWLJRFDVXDO
FRQVXPLHQGRVDQGZLFKHV\UHIUHVFRV
MXQWRDVXSHTXHxRKLMR/HVVREUDED 6RPRVEUDVLOHxRVSHURGH
XQDVLOOD RULJHQJULHJR±PHH[SOLFyPiVWDUGH
$VtIXHFRPRFRQRFtD ODPDPiGH&RQVWDQWLQR9LQLPRVD
&RQVWDQWLQR\KR\SXHGRHVFULELUHO FRQRFHUODWLHUUDGHQXHVWURVDEXHORV
UHODWRGHXQHSLVRGLRGHVXQLxH]WDQ <RQRVpSDUDTXpWDQWRYLDMHVLFDVL
KHUPRVRFRPRIXJD] WRGRORTXHIXLPRVDYHUHVWDEDURWR
¢3RUFXiOFDOOHFLWDGH5tRGH ±H[FODPyHOFKLFRGHUHSHQWH
-DQHLURDQGDUiHQHVWHPRPHQWR 6XVSDGUHV\\RUHtPRVFRQ
&RQVWDQWLQR" JDQDVUHFRUGDQGRORVWUHVHO
¢%DMRTXpSDOPHUDGH6HQHJDO 3DUWHQyQHOWHPSORGH'HOIRV\WDQWDV
ORUHFRUGDUi/\QQGHSURQWR" RWUDVUXLQDVGHOJORULRVRSDVDGR
$PERVVHUtDQDKRUDGRV KHOpQLFR\\RORVSDUHVGH]DSDWRV
FUHFLGRVDGROHVFHQWHV1RORVKH GHORVTXHKDEtDTXHEUDGRORVWDFRV
YXHOWRDYHUQLWHQJRQRWLFLDVGHHOORV GXUDQWHODVH[FXUVLRQHVVREUHDTXHOODV
76/97
KLVWyULFDVSLHGUDVJXLDGRVSRUXQ GLIXQGLGDDWUDYpVGHORV
DJHQWHGHWXULVPRTXHSDUHFtDTXHUHU DOWRSDUODQWHV
VRPHWHUDORVH[WUDQMHURVDXQ
YHUGDGHURPDUDWyQ7DPELpQ³OD $OUDWR\DHVWiEDPRVWRGRV
FXOSD´IXHPtRGHSXURFRTXHWDQR FyPRGDPHQWHLQVWDODGRVHQHODYLyQ\
TXLVHUHQXQFLDUDOXVRGH]DSDWRVDOWRV RWURUDWRGHVSXpVYRODQGRUXPERD
HQYH]GHFDO]DUPHPiVFyPRGDV $OHPDQLD
DOSDUJDWDV ,QGXGDEOHPHQWHHOYXHOR
/DVFDVLWUHVKRUDVGHHVSHUDVH HVWDEDSUHGHVWLQDGRDWHQHU
PHSDVDURQHQXQVRSORGLYHUWLGD LQFRQYHQLHQWHVSRUTXHOD
FRPRHVWDEDFRQODVDQpFGRWDVGH FRPELQDFLyQFRQHORWURDYLyQTXH
YLDMHGHOPDWULPRQLR'HPLWUySXORV\ QRVOOHYDUtDKDFLD6XGDPpULFD\DO
VREUHWRGRFRQ&RQVWDQWLQRXQ TXHGHEtDPRVDERUGDUHQ)UDQNIXUW
PXFKDFKLWRUHDOPHQWHVLPSiWLFR WDPELpQHVWDEDGHPRUDGRGHELGRDQR
,QIRUPDTXHHOYXHOR VpTXpGLILFXOWDGHVWpFQLFDV
FRQGHVWLQRD)UDQNIXUWSDUWHDODV 5HVXOWDGRRWUDVGRVKRUDV\PHGLDGH
6HUXHJDDORVVHxRUHV HVSHUDHQHODHURSXHUWRJHUPDQR
SDVDMHURVSUHVHQWDUVHDQWHODSXHUWDGH WLHPSRGXUDQWHHOFXDOODIDPLOLD
HPEDUTXHQ~PHURGRV6XDWHQFLyQ 'HPLWUySXORV\\RDSURYHFKDPRV
SRUIDYRU±<RWUDYH]HODQXQFLRGH SDUDVHJXLUFKDUODQGR\WRPDUQRV
ODVDOLGDGHOYXHORGHPRUDGR XQDVFHUYH]DVPLHQWUDV&RQVWDQWLQR
77/97
UHWR]DEDGHDTXtSDUDDOOiHQWUHODV DFXHUGRDODVFRVWXPEUHVGHVX
PHVDVGHODFRQILWHUtD SXHEORODUJRDWXHQGRPXOWLFRORU\
)XHGXUDQWHXQRGHHVRVLUHV\ HPSLQDGRWXUEDQWH
YHQLUHVFXDQGRWURSH]yFRQ/\QQ
/\QQXQDGHOLFLRVDQLxLWD &XDQGRVXELPRVDOMXPERTXH
QHJUDRMRVHQRUPHVQDUL]GLPLQXWD\ QRVFRQGXFLUtDDQXHVWURVUHVSHFWLYRV
SHORSHLQDGRHQGHFHQDVGHWUHQFLWDV SDtVHVGHGHVWLQR/\QQ\HOQHQH\D
UHPDWDGDVHQFXHQWDVGHFRORUHV SDUHFtDQDPLJRVGHWRGDODYLGD
,JQRURFyPRORJUDURQ 7DQWRHUDDVtTXHHOVHxRU
FRPXQLFDUVHGHLQPHGLDWR\DTXH 'HPLWUySXORVFRQVXOWyDODVSHUVRQDV
&RQVWDQWLQRVyORKDEODEDSRUWXJXpV\ TXHVHVHQWDEDQHQODVGRVEXWDFDVGH
XQSRFRGHFDVWHOODQR\/\QQVH PLL]TXLHUGDSDUDDYHULJXDUVL
H[SUHVDEDHQLQJOpVPDWL]DQGRVX DFFHGtDQDFDPELDUVHGHXELFDFLyQ
FRQYHUVDFLyQFRQDOJXQRVYRFDEORVHQ WURFDQGRHVRVVLWLRVSRUORVGHVXKLMR
XQGLDOHFWRDIULFDQRTXHQRVXSH \ODQLxD
LGHQWLILFDU1RREVWDQWHDPERV 3RUVXHUWHSDUDORVFKLFRVOD
KDEODEDQJHVWLFXODEDQ\VHUHtDQD JHQWHDFHSWyHOFDPELR\VHXELFyXQR
G~R HQXQDGHODVKLOHUDVGHDVLHQWRVGHO
'HVGHXQDPHVDSUy[LPDDOD PHGLRMXQWRDOPDWULPRQLR
QXHVWUDQRVVDOXGyODPDPiGH/\QQ 'HPLWUySXORV\HORWURSUy[LPRDOD
XQDYROXPLQRVDPXMHUYHVWLGDGH
78/97
PDPiGH/\QQTXHQRKDEtD YXHOWDDOKRJDU8WLOL]DQGRODVKRMDV\
FRQVHJXLGRGRVWLFMHWVFRQWLJXRV SRVWDOHVPHPEUHWDGDVTXHODHPSUHVD
8QDVKLOHUDVPiVDGHODQWH\ DpUHDSRQtDDGLVSRVLFLyQGHORV
VREUHHOVHFWRUGHODL]DTXLHUGD SDVDMHURV\XQDFDMDGHFUD\RQHVTXH
UHVHUYDGRSDUDIXPDGRUHV ODQHQDVDFyGHVXFDQDVWDHOOD\
&RQVWDQWLQRODPRUHQLWD\\RQRV &RQVWDQWLQRVHSDVDURQODUJRWLHPSR
GLVSXVLPRVHQWRQFHVDLQLFLDUHOYLDMH LQWHUFDPELiQGRVHGLEXMLWRV
UXPERDÈIULFD
$FODURHODVXQWRGHO³VHFWRU ,GLRPDXQLYHUVDOPHGLDQWHHO
SDUDIXPDGRUHV´SRUTXHVLQRIXHUD GLEXMRVXSHUDURQORVFKLFRVWRGD
TXHQRORJURDEVWHQHUPHGHIXPDU GLILFXOWDGGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ\DVt
GXUDQWHORVYXHORVGHEXHQDJDQD SXGHWDPELpQ\RHQWHUDUPHGHTXHHO
SRGUtDKDEHUPHFDPELDGR\RPLVPD SDSiGHODQHQDWUDEDMDEDHQXQ
GHDVLHQWRFHGLpQGROHHOPtRDOD EDQFRTXHVXPDPiHUDGLVHxDGRUD
PDPiGH/\QQ$XQTXHFRQILHVR GHPRGDVTXHYLYtDHQXQDDPSOLD
TXHSUHIHUtDODFRPSDxtDGHORV FDVDFHUFDGHOPDUTXHWHQtDWUHV
FKLFRV KHUPDQRVPD\RUHV\TXH
3DUDJUDQSDUWHGHOSDVDMH &RQVWDQWLQROHJXVWDEDPXFKR
6HQHJDOVHUtDVyORXQDHVFDODDQWHVGH PXFKR
FRQWLQXDUKDFLD$PpULFDGHO6XU3DUD 'HHVWR~OWLPRPHGLFXHQWDQR
/\QQ\VXPDGUHVLJQLILFDUtDOD VyORSRUODVPLUDGLWDVGHFDULxRFRQ
79/97
TXHORHQYROYtDQVLQRWDPELpQSRUOD FDGDXQDHQXQDFXHQWDTXHHUD
FDQWLGDGGHGLEXMRVFRQTXHOR HYLGHQWHPHQWHXQSUHWH[WRSDUDOD
UHSUHVHQWy FDULFLD
&RQVWDQWLQRFRQVXDEXQGDQWH 6HSUREyWRGRVORVDQLOOLWRVGH
FDEHOOHUDRQGXODGD /\QQ
&RQVWDQWLQREDLODQGRFRQHOOD /HUHJDOyXQIROOHWRFRQ
XQDGDQ]DDIULFDQD SDLVDMHVEUDVLOHxRV
&RQVWDQWLQRGLVIUD]DGRGH (VFULELyVXQRPEUHLQILQLGDG
FRPLVDULRGHDERUGR GHYHFHVURGHiQGRORFRQIORUFLWDV
&RQVWDQWLQR\HOODGHODPDQR SiMDURV\FRUD]RQHV
VREUHHOYHUGHGHXQFpVSHGTXHWDQWR $ODVGRVKRUDVGHYXHORHUD
SRGtDVHUHOGHXQDSOD]DVHQHJDOHVD SDUDPtREYLRTXHHQWUHHVDVGRV
FRPRHOGHDOJXQDFDULRFD FULDWXUDVKDEtDQDFLGRXQFiOLGR
3RUVXSDUWHHOFKLFRQR VHQWLPLHQWRWDQUHDOFRPRODVQXEHV
GLVLPXODEDODDOHJUtDGHWHQHUWDQ TXHVREUHYROiEDPRV1RELHQORV
HQFDQWDGRUDFRPSDxHUDGHYLDMH<VH HYRFRVXVULVDV\YRFHFLWDVYXHOYHQD
ORGHPRVWUDEDGHPXFKDVPDQHUDV\D FDPSDQLOOHDUHQPLVRtGRV\ODV
³VXPDQHUD´ PLUDGDVTXHDQXGDEDQVXVRMRVEULOODQ
DQWHORVPtRVFRPRKLOLWRVGH
/HFRQWyODVWUHQFLWDV OHQWHMXHODV&RPRJHQHUDOPHQWHQR
GHPRUiQGRVHPiVGHORQHFHVDULRHQ FRQVLJRGRUPLUPHGXUDQWHORVYLDMHV
80/97
SRUPiVODUJRVTXHpVWRVVHDQSXGH SUHJXQWDUPHVLQRPHPROHVWDEDQ
FRQWHPSODUORVDHOORVGRVGRUPLGRV 0LHQWUDVORVGRVFKLFRVVHKDEtDQ
/DFDEHFLWDGH/\QQUHFOLQDGDVREUH ROYLGDGRGHOPXQGRGHOYLDMHGHVXV
HOKRPEURGH&RQVWDQWLQRPH SDGUHV\GHPtDEVROXWDPHQWH
JXVWDUtDVHUSLQWRUDSDUDUHSURGXFLU FRQFHQWUDGRVHQVXVMXHJRVHQVX
DTXHOODLPDJHQKHUPRVD0RUHQLWD UHODFLyQHQVXVVXHxRV
XQDFDEH]DUXELDODRWUDWDQ 6XDWHQFLyQSRUIDYRU
LQRFHQWHVODVGRVORVODELRVGHHOOD &RPXQLFDPRVDORVVHxRUHVSDVDMHURV
HQWUHDELHUWRVORVGHGLWRVPDQFKDGRV TXHGHQWURGHYHLQWHPLQXWRV
GHSLQWXUDGHpO/\QQGHVWDFDGDSRU DWHUUL]DUHPRVHQHODHURSXHUWRGH
YDSRURVRYHVWLGREODQFR&RQVWDQWLQR 6HQHJDO/DWHPSHUDWXUDDFWXDOHVGH
JUDFLRVRFRQVXMDUGLQHURYHUGH JUDGRV(VSHUDPRVTXHTXLHQHV
+DVWDODVD]DIDWDVVHHQWHUQHFLHURQ FRQFOX\HQVXYLDMHDTXtKD\DQ
FRQHVDSDUHMLWDTXHSDUHFtDVRxDUXQ GLVIUXWDGRGHOPLVPR(OFDSLWiQ
PLVPRVXHxR\SDVDURQYDULDVYHFHV 7KLHOH\VXWULSXODFLyQORVVDOXGDPX\
VyORSDUDPLUDUORV FRUGLDOPHQWH/HVUHFRUGDPRVQR
ROYLGDUHIHFWRVSHUVRQDOHVDERUGR
'HWDQWRHQWDQWRORVSDGUHVGH *UDFLDV
&RQVWDQWLQRRODPDPiGH/\QQVH ,QIRUPDPRVDORVVHxRUHV
DFHUFDEDQDQXHVWURVDVLHQWRVSDUD SDVDMHURVTXHSURVLJXHQHVWHYXHOR
FRQWURODUORVDHOORVRSDUD FRQGHVWLQRD5tRGH-DQHLUR\%XHQRV
81/97
$LUHVTXHVHKDUiHQ6HQHJDOXQD VHODVHQWUHJyD&RQVWDQWLQRFDVLVLQ
HVFDODWpFQLFDGHWUHLQWDPLQXWRVSRU PLUDUOR\TXHpOOHGLRVXSDxXHOR
ORTXHOHVVROLFLWDPRVTXH DXQTXHQXQFDVDEUpFXiOGHORVGRVOR
SHUPDQH]FDQDERUGR*UDFLDV QHFHVLWDEDPiVHQDTXHOPRPHQWR
(VWiEDPRVWHUPLQDQGRGH 8QDGHVSHGLGDVLQDGLRVHVQL
GHVD\XQDUFXDQGRODYR]GHXQD SURPHVDVGHIXWXURVUHHQFXHQWURVIXH
D]DIDWDDQXQFLyORTXHDFDERGH ODGH/\QQ\&RQVWDQWLQR
FRQWDUWH /DPDGUHGHODQLxDYLQRD
/RTXHVpTXHQRQHFHVLWR EXVFDUODFDUJDQGREROVRQHV\
FRQWDUWHHVODUHDFFLyQGH/\QQ DEULJRV\SURQWR\DHVWDEDQODVGRV
FXDQGRVXPDPiVHOHDFHUFySDUD SUy[LPDVDODSXHUWDGHGHVHPEDUTXH
DYLVDUOHTXHVHSUHSDUDUDSDUDEDMDU &RQVWDQWLQRDSUHWDEDORVSXxRV
7DPSRFRHVQHFHVDULRGHVFULELUOD \DSDUHQWDEDPLUDUGLVWUDtGDPHQWHD
FDULWDTXHSXVR&RQVWDQWLQRHQFXDQWR WUDYpVGHODYHQWDQLOOD
VHHQWHUyGHTXHVXFRPSDxHUDKDEtD £&RQVWDQWLQR/\QQWHHVWi
FRQFOXLGRHOYLDMH VDOXGDQGR±OHGLMHDOYHUTXHODQHQD
VHYROYtDSDUDGHGLFDUOHDTXHOOD
¢4XLpQQRSXHGHLPDJLQDUORTXH ~OWLPDPLUDGDDQWHVGHGHVFHQGHUGHO
VHQWLUtDQORVFKLFRVDOWHQHUTXH DYLyQ/RVKLOLWRVGHODVOHQWHMXHODV
VHSDUDUVH"6yORYR\DGHFLUWHTXHHOOD EULOODURQHQWRQFHVPiVTXHQXQFD
GHVSUHQGLyXQDVFXHQWDVGHVXSHOR\
82/97
&XDQGRHOMXPERGHVSHJyGHO (OQXHYR
DHURSXHUWRGH6HQHJDODTXHO
³URPDQFLWRVREUHODVQXEHV´HPSH]yD )HGHULFR5DQNH/HRQDUGR
VHUUHFXHUGR *LPpQH]\&ULVWLQD%RORJQLQLR
³4XLQFKR´³&DxLWD9RODGRUD´\
³$UEROLWRGH1DYLGDG´FRPRORV
DSRGDEDQORVFRPSDxHURVGHJUDGR
³4XLQFKR´SRUTXH)HGHULFRWHQtDHO
SHORSDML]RGXUR\SDUWLGRHQUD\DDO
PHGLRFRPRDELHUWRDGRVDJXDV
KDVWDUR]DUOHODVRUHMDV6XFDEH]DOHV
SDUHFtDHOPLVPRWHFKRGHXQ
TXLQFKR
³&DxLWD9RODGRUD´SRUTXH
/HRQDUGRHUDIODTXLWR\UpTXHWH
PRYHGL]R1RVHHVWDEDTXLHWRXQ
VHJXQGR
¢<TXpRWURVREUHQRPEUHPiV
DGHFXDGRTXH³$UEROLWRGH1DYLGDG´
SDUD&ULVWLQD£4XpFDQWLGDGGH
DGRUQRVVHSRQtD8QRRGRVDQLOORV
83/97
HQFDGDGHGR3XOVHUDVGHPRVWDFLOOD ³/RVWULOOL]RV´FRPRWDPELpQOHV
GHDFUtOLFRSODWHDGDVGHEURQFH GHFtDQSRUTXH)HGHULFR/HRQDUGR\
FLQWDVHQODVPXxHFDV\DOUHGHGRUGHO &ULVWLQDHUDQDPLJRVLQVHSDUDEOHV
FXHOOR&DGHQDVFRQGLMHV8QD GHVGHTXHKDEtDQLQLFLDGRHOMDUGtQGH
KHELOODGHVWUDVVVREUHODWUHQ]D LQIDQWHV\KDVWDHVHDxRHQHOTXHOHV
GHUHFKD\RWUDGHFDUH\VREUHOD IDOWDEDSRFRSDUDWHUPLQDUODHVFXHOD
L]TXLHUGD SULPDULD3HURXQDWDUGH
£/R~QLFRTXHWHIDOWDHVXQD (UDODILHVWDGHODSULPDYHUD
HVWUHOODJUDQGRWDHQFLPDGHOIOHTXLOOR (QHOHVFHQDULRGHODHVFXHOD&ULVWLQD
±OHGHFtDQVXVFRPSDxHURV UHFLWDEDXQLQDFDEDEOHSRHPDGH
ELHQYHQLGDDODHVWDFLyQ6HODQRWDED
£&RQHFWDGDDXQDSLODSDUDTXH UDGLDQWHHQFDQWDGDFRPRHVWDEDFRQ
VHSUHQGD\VHDSDJXHFRPRODGHORV ODVWLUDVGHKRMDVGHSDSHOFUHSpYHUGH
iUEROHVGH1DYLGDGDJUHJDEDQ \ODVIORUHVPXOWLFRORUHVTXHOD
EXUORQHV3HURORFLHUWRHUDTXH FXEUtDQGHSLHVDFDEH]D
QLQJXQRHVWDEDVHJXURGHTXHXQGtD 'HVGHODFXDUWDILODGHEXWDFDV
FXDOTXLHUD&ULVWLQDQRIXHUDFDSD]GH XELFDGDVHQHOVDOyQGHDFWRVGRV
FRORFiUVHOD\DSDUHFHUVHFRPR SDUHVGHRMRVODFRQWHPSODEDQ
VLHPSUHORPiVFDPSDQWH H[WDVLDGRV&RPRVLIXHUDODSULPHUD
³4XLQFKR´³&DxLWD9RODGRUD´\ YH]TXHODYHtDQ
³$UEROLWRGH1DYLGDG´HQWRQFHVR 8QSDUGHRMRVFDVWDxR
84/97
(ORWURJULV ¢<FRQHVR"<RODFDQWp
/RVRMRVGH/HRQDUGR\ SULPHURSLEHDVtTXH&ULVWLQDPH
)HGHULFRTXHVLQVRVSHFKDUORKDEtDQ WRFDDPt
HPSH]DGRDVHQWLUH[DFWDPHQWHOR 9HUHPRV
PLVPR ¢4Xp³YHUHPRV´"
&ULVWLQDPHJXVWDPXFKR/HR $FXiOGHORVGRVHOLJHHOOD
±OHGLMRXQDWDUGH)HGHULFRDVX 3RUPtYDPRVDSUHJXQWDUOH
DPLJRPLHQWUDVVDERUHDEDQORV DKRUDPLVPR
DOIDMRUHV\ORVUHIUHVFRVTXHKDEtD %XHQR£4XHWHYD\DELHQ
UHSDUWLGRODFRRSHUDGRUD £&RSLyQ£&RPRHQODV
SUXHEDV£6LHPSUHFRSLiQGRWHGHPt
£4XpQRYHGDG £7HQHPRVXQPRQWyQGHFRPSDxHUDV
1R1RPHHQWHQGLVWH+R\PH \TXpFDVXDOLGDGYDVDILMDUWHHQOD
GLFXHQWDGHTXHPHJXVWDPXFKtVL TXHPHILMp\R
PRPiVTXHXQDDPLJD&RPRXQD £<DPHKDEtDILMDGR£3HURQR
QRYLDTXLHURGHFLU WHORFRQWp£1RVR\FRPRXQRTXH
£1RSXHGHVHUWXQRYLD FRQR]FRXQHVWyPDJRUHVIULDGRTXH
¢(VWiVORFR"¢3RUTXp" QXQFDSXHGHFDOODUVHODERFD
£3RUTXHDPtWDPELpQPH £$KRUDYDVDYHUFyPRWHKDJR
JXVWD YRODU&DxLWDVHFD
85/97
£1RWHWHQJRPLHGR4XLQFKR HQHPLJRV&ULVWLQDQRHQWHQGtDSRU
UHSOHWRGHYLQFKXFDV TXp\DTXHQLQJXQRGHORVGRVVH
6XVJULWRVDWUDMHURQDDOJXQRV DQLPDEDDFRQILDUOHORTXHSDVDED<
FRPSDxHURV¢/HRQDUGR\)HGHULFR FRPRORVTXHUtDDDPERVSRULJXDOQR
SHOHiQGRVHFRPRSHUUR\JDWR"¢< WRPDEDSDUWLGRQLDIDYRUGHXQRQL
OODPiQGRVHSRUHVRVDSRGRVTXHWDQWR GHORWUR/RVVHJXtDWUDWDQGRGHO
ORVHQRMDEDQ\TXHMDPiVVHGHFtDQ PLVPRPRGRDSHVDUGHOHVIXHU]RTXH
HQWUHHOORV" KDFtDQHOORVSRUORJUDUODH[FOXVLYLGDG
GHVXFRPSDxtD
(QVHJXLGDWRGRVORVURGHDURQ )HGHULFR\/HRQDUGR\DQRVH
VRUSUHQGLGRV KDEODEDQ$SHQDVVLVHPLUDEDQGH
(QWUHHOORV&ULVWLQDWDQ UHRMR(VDVLWXDFLyQFRQWLQXDEDGRV
VRUSUHQGLGDFRPRORVGHPiV VHPDQDVGHVSXpVGHODSHOHDFXDQGR
<MXVWRFXDQGRFRPHQ]DEDQD OOHJyDTXHOYLHUQHV\FRQpO7KRPDV
WURPSHDUVHHOPDHVWURVHLQWHUSXVR\ :LOOLQJWRQXQQXHYRDOXPQR
ORVVHSDUy 7KRPDV:LOOLQJWRQHUDHOKLMR
£5DQNH£*LPpQH]£$ODXOD GHXQGLSORPiWLFRGHODHPEDMDGD
ORVGRV EULWiQLFDDOTXHDFDEDEDQGHWUDVODGDU
DOD$UJHQWLQD(OPXFKDFKRTXHD
'HVGHDTXHOODWDUGH/HRQDUGR GXUDVSHQDVFKDSXUUHDEDHOFDVWHOODQR
\)HGHULFRVHFRQYLUWLHURQHQ VHLQFRUSRUyDOPLVPRJUDGRDOTXH
86/97
LEDQORVH[³WULOOL]RV´DSHVDUGHTXH (VPiVVHPRVWUDEDFDXWLYDGD
WHQtDGRVRWUHVDxRVPiV FRQHOQXHYRFRPSDxHUR
$SDUWLUGHHVDWDUGH)HGHULFR
\/HRQDUGR\DQRVHPLUDEDQGH
/RVFKLFRVQRSHUGLHURQWLHPSR UHRMR£1LVHPLUDEDQ'HUHRMR
SDUDSRQHUOHXQVREUHQRPEUH&ODUR PLUDEDQORVGRVD&ULVWLQD\DHVH
TXHQRVHHVIRU]DURQGHPDVLDGRSDUD ³&KHVSLU´TXHSDUHFtDKDEHU
EXVFDUOHHODSURSLDGR/DPLVPDWDUGH FRQTXLVWDGRHOFRUD]yQGHVXDPLJD
HQTXHLQJUHVyHQODHVFXHOD7KRPDV /RVLQJOHVHVVLHPSUHIXHURQ
:LOOLQJWRQ\DHUD³&KHVSLU´SDUD SLUDWDV±SHQVDED)HGHULFRPXHUWR
WRGRV GHUDELD
³&KHVSLU´LQFRUUHFWD /DHVWiFRORQL]DQGRODKDFH
SURQXQFLDFLyQGHODSHOOLGR KDEODUHQsu LGLRPD±SHQVDED
6KDNHVSHDUHIDPRVRHVFULWRULQJOpV /HRQDUGRDORtUODVIUDVHVHQLQJOpV
QDFLGRHQ\IDOOHFLGRHQ TXHVHGHFtDQ&ULVWLQD\³HOWDO
:LOOLQJWRQ´IXULRVRSRUTXHDYHFHV
%XHQRSDUD³FDVL´WRGRV QRODVHQWHQGtD
SRUTXH&ULVWLQDOHGLMR³7RPP\´GH ([WUDQMHUL]DQWHHVWD&ULVWLQD
LQPHGLDWR\IXHOD~QLFDTXHQRVHULy (PEREDGDFRQORVDUWtFXORV
GHODPDODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHO LPSRUWDGRV±SHQVDEDQORVGRV
LQJOHVLWR
87/97
(OFROPR %DK%DKWRGDVODVFKLFDV
&ULVWLQDDSDUHFLyXQDPDxDQD VRQLJXDOHLV¢QRXHVFLHUWRX
HQODHVFXHODFRQXQDSDWLQHWD /HRQDUGRX"±GLMR)HGHULFR
LPSRUWDGD±(VWHVNDWHPHORUHJDOy UHPHGDQGRODSURQXQFLDFLyQGH
7RPP\±VHSDYRQHDEDPiVWDUGHHQ ³&KHVSLU´
HOSULPHUUHFUHR7HQtDGRV<FRPR /DVULVDVTXHHQWRQFHVORV
VRPRVPX\IULHQGV KLFLHURQFyPSOLFHVURPSLHURQHO
6NDWHSDWLQHWD
HQRMRTXHORVKDEtDGLVWDQFLDGR
)ULHQGVDPLJRV
GXUDQWHWDQWRVGtDV
/DVFRPSDxHUDVGHVOXPEUDGDV 1RXYDPRVDLRUDUSRUHLD
³6NDWH´GLFH³VNDWH´¢WHGLVWH /HRX
FXHQWD"±/HRQDUGRQRSXGRVRSRUWDU 1LORXSLHQVHVER\
%R\PXFKDFKR
PiVHOVLOHQFLRGHVXDPLJR³HQ
GHVJUDFLD´FRPRpO\VLQDGYHUWLUOR ¢4XHLWHSDUHFHLVLHO
VHHQFRQWUyGHUHSHQWHFRGHDQGRD GRPLQJRXGHVDILDPRXVDO7RXPLHQ
)HGHULFR$PERVSDUDGRVFRPR XQDFDUUHUDFRQHVTXHLWV"
SRVWHVDXQRVPHWURVGH7RPP\\GH £)DQWDVWLFRX)HGHULFRX
&ULVWLQDVHPRUGtDQORVODELRV
$VtVHPRUGLHURQWDPELpQVXV £+LFLHURQODVSDFHV£3RUILQ
FHORV\VXVJDQDVQRFRQIHVDGDVGH KLFLHURQODVSDFHV±H[FODPy&ULVWLQD
HVWUXMDUDOLQJOHVLWR
88/97
FRQWHQWtVLPDDOYHUORVEURPHDUWDQ $KRUDVR\ODQLxDGHODWULVWH]D
GLYHUWLGRV 0HURQGDQORViQJHOHVGHODSHQD\GH
DUDWRVOORUDQFRQPLJRD\XGiQGRPHD
(VHGRPLQJR/HRQDUGR\ DSODVWDUVREUHODDOPRKDGDHVWHGRORU
)HGHULFRSDWLQHWDVHQPDQRVH TXHVLHQWRSRUSULPHUDYH]PHKDEtD
GLULJLHURQKDFLDODH[SODQDGDGHOD VHQWLGREDUULOHWHJDYLRWDMHW
3OD]D)UDQFLDGRQGHORVHVSHUDEDQ LPSXOVDGDSRUXQVHQWLPLHQWR
7RPP\&ULVWLQD\RWURVFKLFRV GLVWLQWRVDWRGRV
(QOD]DGRVGHORVKRPEURVLEDQ ¢$TXLpQFRQWDUOHFLHUWDVFRVDV
FRPREXHQRVDPLJRVTXHHUDQ VLQRDPLGLDULR"
7HQGUtDTXHKDEODUFRQPDPi
&KDX SHURPHGDYHUJHQ]D3RUHVROHGLMH
TXHPHKDEtDSHOHDGRFRQ6DQGUD1R
9LHUQHVGHQRYLHPEUHVLHWH PHKL]RSUHJXQWDV(OODVDEHTXH
GHODWDUGH 6DQGUDHVPLPHMRUDPLJDHQWHQGLy
HQWRQFHVPLVOiJULPDV\HQWHQGLyTXH
+DVWDKDFHGRVKRUDV\RHUDOD \RTXLVLHUDHVFRQGHUODSHQDHQPL
QLxDGHODDOHJUtDODGHORVRMRV SURSLRFXDUWR
WUDQVSDUHQWHV\ODVRQULVDDELHUWDSDUD
FDGDXQDGHWXVPLUDGDV /HPHQWt0HGXHOHHOHQJDxR
SHURKR\QRSXHGRFRQILDUOHORTXH
89/97
UHDOPHQWHPHVXFHGH1RSXHGR ¢'HPRGRTXHHVXQDODVWLPDGRUD
$FDVRPHDQLPHPDxDQDRSDVDGR LQYLVLEOH"
3RUTXH +DFHGRVKRUDVPHGLMLVWHFKDX
¢4XLpQPHMRUTXHPDPiSDUD 0DULDQRSHURXQFKDXGLIHUHQWHQR
FRPSUHQGHUPH"$HOODOHEDVWD pVHGHVJDQDGR\TXHHVWLUiEDPRV
PLUDUPH\ FRPRXQFKLFOHSDUDHVWDUMXQWRVXQ
&DVLSRGUtDDVHJXUDUTXH UDWRPiVFXDQGRQRVGHVSHGtDPRV
DGLYLQyWRGRSHURVLHPSUHGXOFH FDGDWDUGHDOVDOLUGHODHVFXHOD7X
PDPiVDEHHQFRQWUDUHOPRPHQWR FKDXGHKR\VLJQLILFyTXH\DQR
RSRUWXQRSDUDKDEODUPH<GHEHGH YDPRVDVHUDPLJRVKDVWDODPXHUWH
KDEHUVHGDGRFXHQWDGHTXHQRHUD 'HUHSHQWHVRSODVWHODOODPLWDTXH\R
pVWH FUHtDTXHKDEtDPRVHQFHQGLGRHQWUH
$FXUUXFDGDVREUHORVSLHVGHOD ORVGRV&UHtD
FDPDODJDWDPHHVStDFRPRVL /RFLHUWRHVTXHVyOR\ROD
TXLVLHUDPDXOODUPH KDEtDHQFHQGLGR
<RWHDFRPSDxR,QJULG <DKRUDWDPELpQWHGLJRFKDX\
¢'HPRGRTXHpVWDHVOD OHGLJRFKDXDWRGRORKHUPRVRTXH
WULVWH]D"¢'HPRGRTXHHVXQDPDQR YLYLPRVDG~R
KHODGDTXHDUDxDODJDUJDQWD\EDMD
WHORQFLWRVGHQLHEODVREUHORVRMRV" 3HURDQWHVGHGHVSHGLUPHYR\DKDFHU
XQDOLVWLWDGHODVFRVDVTXHWHGHMR\
90/97
RWUDGHODVTXHPHOOHYRDXQTXH\DQR /DYHQWDQDGHHVHUDVFDFLHORV
WHLPSRUWHQQLODVXQDVQLODVRWUDV HVWLORFLHQFLDILFFLyQTXHYLPRVHQXQD
7HGHMR UHYLVWDH[WUDQMHUD\GHVGHGRQGH
/RVSDSHOLWRVHQORVTXHWH tEDPRVDIHVWHMDUPLFDEH]DHQWX
FRSLpWDQWRVYHUVRVpVRVGHDPRUTXH KRPEURODOOHJDGDGHODxR
HVFULEtDPLPDPiGXUDQWHVX 0LDOHJUtDWRGDHQWHUDQRPH
DGROHVFHQFLD\TXHSXVRVREUHPL TXHGDQLXQDSL]TXLWDSDUDPt
PHVDGHOX]VLQGHFLUPHQDGDHOGtD 0HOOHYR
HQTXHFXPSOtORVGRFH\OHFRQWpTXH /DHPRFLyQGHOSULPHU
PHJXVWDEDV HQFXHQWUR\HOFRORUGHODVLHVWDGH
(OFKRFRODWHDPHGLRWHUPLQDU SULPDYHUDTXHQRVYLJLODEDHQWUHORV
TXHTXHGyHQXQEROVLOORGHWX iUEROHVGHO-DUGtQ%RWiQLFR
FDPSHUDOD~OWLPDYH]TXHIXLPRVDO /DWLELH]DGHWXPDQRHQOD
FLQH¢6HKDEUiGHUUHWLGRFRPRWX PtDFXDQGRPHODHVWUHFKDEDVFRQOD
FDULxR"¢+DUiVXQEDUTXLWRSDUDRWUD H[FXVDGHTXHVR\XQDGHVSLVWDGDSDUD
FKLFDFRQVXHQYROWRULRDQDUDQMDGR" FUX]DUODVDYHQLGDV³SRUTXHWHQJRTXH
(OGLEXMRVREUHODSDUHGGHWX FXLGDUWH,QJULGWDQWRHFXHVWD
FDVDHVHSiMDURGHWL]DTXHGHFtDV HQWHQGHUORVVHPiIRURV"´
QRVLEDDOOHYDUYRODQGRDOUHGHGRUGHO (ODQLOOLWRGHGREOHKLOHUDGH
PXQGRHOGtDHQTXHIXpUDPRV FDQXWLOORVpVHTXHHQKHEUDURQWXV
JUDQGHV GHGRV\TXHSXVLVWHHQXQRGHORV
91/97
PtRVFXDQGRYROYLPRVDYHUQRV ¢<DTXLpQSRGUpYROYHUDGHFLUOH³HO
GHVSXpVGHODVYDFDFLRQHVGH VROHVWX\R´GHVSXpVGHHVWDWULVWH]D"
LQYLHUQR (QWXSDWLR\DHVWDUi
7RGDWRGDHVWDWULVWH]DSRUTXH DQRFKHFLHQGR\DXQTXHHOPLVPR
HV~QLFDPHQWHPtD DWDUGHFHUFiOLGRVHHVWiUHFRVWDQGR
5HSDVRXQD\RWUDYH]ORV VREUHORVEDOFRQHVGHPLFDVDPH
LQVWDQWHVTXHFRPSDUWLPRV0DULDQR SDUHFHTXHWRGRHOIUtRVHKXELHUD
¢4XpSDVy"¢(VFLHUWRTXHWH GDGRFLWDDTXt
YDVGHPLYLVD"¢(VFLHUWRTXHPHYDV
DGHMDUVLQORFHOHVWHGHWXVPLUDGDV" 'RPLQJRGHQRYLHPEUH
¢4XpKDJR0DULDQR"¢(VSRVLEOH FLQFRGHODWDUGH
GREODUORVUHFXHUGRVTXHULGRVFRPR
SDxXHORV\ROYLGDUORVHQXQFDMyQGHO $\HUDODQRFKHQRSXGHPiV\
SODFDUG"¢4XpKDJRFRQWDQWRV KDEOpFRQPDPi/HFRQWpWRGR0H
FDUDFROLWRVFRPRVHTXHGDUiQ HVFXFKyDWHQWDPHQWH1RVpFXiQWR
SULVLRQHURVHQODSXQWDGHPLOiSL] WLHPSROORUpDEUD]DGDDVXGXO]XUD
SRUTXH\DQRYROYHUpDGLEXMiUWHORV" 'HVSXpVPHGLMRTXHODV
8QDSRUFDGDVRQULVDWX\DWHGHFtD SHUVRQDVVRQFRPRSHTXHxRVSDtVHV
XQRSRUFDGD¢/RVUHFRUGDUiV SHURTXHQRH[LVWHQJXtDVGHWXULVPR
DOJXQDYH]"¢<DTXLpQOHYDVDGHFLU SDUDHQVHxDUQRVDUHFRUUHUODVSDUD
³PLVROFLWR´GHVGHDKRUDHQDGHODQWH" FRQRFHUODVDIRQGR3RUHVRDYHFHV
92/97
ODVVRUSUHVDVWULVWHV0DULDQR<RWUDV 'LFHQH[DFWDPHQWHORTXHVLHQWR
ODDOHJUtDGHHQFRQWUDUWHUULWRULRV 3DUHFHXQDPDJDPLPDPi
SDUHFLGRVDORVTXHQRV
LPDJLQiEDPRVRKDVWDLJXDOHVDORV 5RPDQFHGHOSDtVTXHQR
TXHVHxDODEDQQXHVWURVVXHxRV FRQRFt
(VWDPDxDQDDSHQDVPH
GHVSHUWpPHWUDMRHOGHVD\XQRDOD 1RFRQRFtHOSDLVLWR
FDPD3DUDPLPDUPH<GHEDMRGHO 'HGRQGHW~OOHJDEDV
SODWRGHODPHUPHODGDPHKDEtD /REXVTXpHQFDGDPDSD
HVFRQGLGRXQVREUHFHOHVWHGHpVRV 3HURQRILJXUDED
TXHHOODVRODPHQWHXVDFXDQGRWLHQH 3RUHVRDOYHUWXVRMRV
TXHHVFULELUOHXQDFDUWDDDOJXLHQ <RPHORLPDJLQDED
LPSRUWDQWH/RDEUt\HQFRQWUpHVRV &RQXQUtRFHOHVWH
YHUVRVTXHSHJXpHQPLGLDULR\TXH 2OHDQGRHQVXVPDxDQDV
\RPLVPDKXELHVHHVFULWRVLIXHUD ¢)XHHOUtRHOTXHWHSXVR
JUDQGH\SXGLHVHH[SUHVDUPHFRPROR GHDJXDODPLUDGD
KDFHPDPi \HVDPDQHUDGXOFH
<DFDVLPHORVVpGHPHPRULD GHDSR\DUODHQODQDGD"
0DULDQR\DFDVRORVFRSLH\WHORVGp 1RFRQRFtHOSDLVLWR
PDxDQDFXDQGRWHYHDHQODHVFXHOD 'HGRQGHW~OOHJDEDV
3RUHVRDORtUWXULVD
93/97
<RPHORGLEXMDED 6LQSDORPDDQLGDGD
&RQXQDWRUUHDOWD 6LQOXJDUSDUDXQEHVR
+HQFKLGDGHFDPSDQDV 6LQOXFHVQLJXLWDUUDV
¢)XHDOOtGRQGHDSUHQGLVWH 3RUHVRQRSRGtDV
DDO]DUODFDUFDMDGD 6HQWLUTXHPHKDFtDVIDOWD
\HVHPRGRGHGDUOD 1LEHEHUGHDSRTXLWR
VRQRUDODUJDFODUD" (OFRORUGHPLOiJULPD
1RFRQRFtHOSDLVLWR 3RUHVRQRSRGtDV
'HGRQGHW~OOHJDEDV $WDUWHDPLVSDODEUDV
7RTXpWXSLHO\GLMH /DPLWDGHQWUHULVDV
9LHQHGHGRQGHVHDPD <ODRWUDOORUDGDV
3RUHVRIXLWXDPLJD (QYDQRWDQWRVYHUVRV
'HSXURHTXLYRFDGD 'HVLHVWDDPDQ]DQDGD
4XHKR\VpTXHQRKDEUtDUtR (QYDQRWDQWRVYHUVRV
0LVLOHQFLRH[WUDxDEDV
QLWRUUHQLFDPSDQDV 3RUHVRQLVLTXLHUD
)XLVWHXQVXHxRDSHQLWDV 'HFLUPHTXpSDVDED
<HUD\RTXLHQVRxDED (QXQGtDFXDOTXLHUD
7DQVyORKDEtDWXSHFKR 0HGHMDVWHROYLGDGD
&RQODSXHUWDFHUUDGD 4XpWULVWHHVGHVSHGLUWH
6LQULQFyQGHFDULFLDV 3DVDMHURGHPLDOPD
94/97
7XUHFXHUGRPHVLJXH 0LHQWUDVXQDFHUWH]D
&RPRXQSiMDURHQOODPDV 6HHQFLHQGHHQPDGUXJDGD
1RSRGtDVTXHUHUPH 1RSXGLVWHTXHUHUPH
+R\ORHQWLHQGR\PHGDxD (VRHVWRGR4XpOiVWLPD
3HURVpTXHHVODYLGD
/DTXHDQXGDRVHSDUD $KRUDVt
&KDX0DULDQR
1RFRQRFtHOSDLVLWR
'HOTXHWHGHVSHJDEDV
1LWDPSRFRW~HOPtR
&RORUHDGRGHLQIDQFLD
¢$TXLpQFXOSDUHQWRQFHV
GHHVWDVFRVDVTXHSDVDQ"
0HOOHYRPLVROFLWR
/HVREUDDHVWDQHYDGD
0L~OWLPDPXxHFD
0LUD\QRHQWLHQGHQDGD
0L~OWLPDLQRFHQFLD
(VOiJULPDHQODDOPRKDGD
<DDSDJRORVUHSURFKHV
&RPRDSDJRPLOiPSDUD
95/97
6HJXQGDFDUWDDORVFKLFRV $KRUDTXLVLHUDKDFHUOHVXQD
HQDPRUDGRV DFODUDFLyQ\IRUPXODUOHV\RXQ
SHGLGR
'LJRTXHpVWDHVODVHJXQGD /DDFODUDFLyQ
SRUTXHODGLULMRHVSHFLDOPHQWHD &RQWHVWp\FRQWHVWRFDVLWRGDOD
XVWHGHVDORVFLHQWRVGHOHFWRUFLWRV SLODGHFDUWDVTXHUHFLEt\TXHUHFLER
TXHFRQWDQWRDIHFWR\FRQILDQ]D VHPDQDOPHQWH\TXHQLxRV\JUDQGHV
UHVSRQGLHURQDODVXJHUHQFLDTXHOHV WDPELpQPHHQYtDQ<GLJR³FDVL´
KLFHHQODSULPHUDTXHOHVHVFULEtPH WRGDSRUTXHVpTXHDOJXQDVTXHGDURQ
UHILHURDODFDUWDTXHDSDUHFHLPSUHVD RTXHGDUiQVLQUHVSXHVWDPX\DPL
DOSULQFLSLRGH³(//,%52'(/26 SHVDU(OPRWLYR£DKFKLFRVGHEHQ
&+,&26(1$025$'26´\PH FRQVLJQDUVXGRPLFLOLRFRPSOHWR
LQXQGDURQHOHVFULWRULR\HOFRUD]yQ FyGLJRSRVWDOLQFOXLGRHQOR
FRQVXVSDODEUDVGLEXMLWRV\ SRVLEOH
IRWRJUDItDV3RUTXHHVGHELGRD
XVWHGHVDVXVSHGLGRVTXHHQFDUpOD (QFLHUWDVRSRUWXQLGDGHVQRSXHGR
FUHDFLyQGHHVWHYROXPHQGHFXHQWRV UHVSRQGHUOHVGHELGRDTXHWDOHVGDWRV
TXHKR\ILQDOL]RFRQODHVSHUDQ]DGH VRQLOHJLEOHVHQRWUDVSRUTXHFRORFDQ
TXHORKDJDQVX\RWDOFRPRDORWUR ~QLFDPHQWHODSURYLQFLDRHOSDtVGH
RULJHQHQHOUHPLWHQWHFRPRHQHO
FDVRGHXQDQHQLWDGH0HQGR]DRHO
96/97
GHXQDGROHVFHQWHFRUGREpVRHOGH $³ORVQXHYRV´DORV
XQDPXFKDFKDYHQH]RODQDSDUDFLWDU OHFWRUFLWRVTXHQRFRQRFHQ³(/
WUHVHMHPSORVTXHUHFXHUGRHQHVWH /,%52'(/26&+,&26
PRPHQWR(QWRQFHVVLPHHVFULEHQ (1$025$'26´\TXHDKRUD
QRROYLGHQFRORFDUPX\FODUDPHQWHVX DFDEDQGHOHHUHVWDGRFHQDGHFXHQWRV
GRPLFLOLR\DVHDDOILQDOGHODFDUWDR OHVGR\ODELHQYHQLGDDHVWHWHUULWRULR
DOGRUVRGHOVREUH GHODPRUQLxRTXHKDQWUDQVLWDGR\
(OSHGLGR HVSHURTXHORVWH[WRVDTXtUHXQLGRV
8QSRTXLWRGHSDFLHQFLDVLHV KD\DQVLGRFRPRHVSHMLWRVGHDOJXQDV
TXHGHPRURHQFRQWHVWDUOHV1RHV GHVXVSURSLDVVHQVDFLRQHVGHVXV
TXHPHGLVJXVWHUHFLELUWUHVRFXDWUR PiVHQWUDxDEOHVVHQWLPLHQWRV
FDUWLWDVGHXQPLVPROHFWRU\HQHO
PLVPRPHVFRQHOUHFODPRGHXQD $XQRV\RWURVORVVDOXGRPX\
SURQWDUHVSXHVWDSHURVXFHGHTXHHQ FDULxRVDPHQWH\PHGHVSLGRFRQXQ
YHUGDGDYHFHVPHUHVXOWDLPSRVLEOH PRQWyQGHEHVRV£LUURPSLEOHV
UHVSRQGHUOHVGHLQPHGLDWReVDHVXQD
GHODVGHVYHQWDMDVGHVHUXQDSHUVRQD +DVWDSURQWR
PD\RUPXFKRWUDEDMREDVWDQWHV (OVD
SUREOHPDV\HVFDVRWLHPSROLEUHSDUD %RUQHPDQQ
GHGLFDUORDODVFRVDVTXHDXQDPiVOH
JXVWDQ
97/97