Expression: Visualizing Affective Content
from Social Streams
Ofelia Cervantes
Universidad de las Américas
Puebla
Ex-Hda. Sta. Catarina Mártir
Cholula, Puebla 72810
ofelia.cervantes
@udlap.mx
Esteban Castillo
Universidad de las Américas
Puebla
Ex-Hda. Sta. Catarina Mártir
Cholula, Puebla 72810
esteban.castillojz
@udlap.mx
ABSTRACT
Analysis of social content for understanding people’s senti-
ments towards topics of interest that change over time has
become an attractive and challenging research area. Natural
Language Processing (NLP) techniques are being adapted
to deal with streams of social content. New visualization
approaches need also to be proposed to express, in a user
friendly and reactive manner, individual as well as collective
sentiments. In this paper, we present Expression, an inte-
grated framework that allows users to express their opinions
through a social platform and to see others’ comments. We
introduce the Sentiment Card concept: a live representa-
tion of a topic of interest. The Sentiment Card is a space
that allows users to express their comments and to under-
stand the trend of selected topics of interest expressed by
other users. The design of Expression is presented, describ-
ing in particular, the sentiment classification module as well
as the sentiment card visualization component. Results of
the evaluation of our prototype by a usability study are also
discussed and considered for motivating future research.
CCS Concepts
•Human-centered computing → Graphical user in-
terfaces; •Computing methodologies → Natural lan-
guage processing; Feature selection;
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2824893.2824903
Francisco Gutiérrez Ernesto Gutiérrez
Universidad de las Américas Universidad de las Américas
Puebla Puebla
Ex-Hda. Sta. Catarina Mártir Ex-Hda. Sta. Catarina Mártir
Cholula, Puebla 72810 Cholula, Puebla 72810
francisco.gutierrez ernesto.gutierrezca
@udlap.mx @udlap.mx
J. Alfredo Sánchez Wanggen Wan
Universidad de las Américas Institute of Smart City,
Puebla Shanghai University
Ex-Hda. Sta. Catarina Mártir 99 Shangda Road
Cholula, Puebla 72810 Shanghai, China
alfredo.sanchez wanwg@staff.shu.edu.cn
@udlap.mx
Keywords
Sentiment analysis; sentiment visualization; reactive appli-
cation
1. INTRODUCTION
Public opinion in online social streams has become excep-
tionally relevant. It is because of the content people share on
real-time in social networks that many organizations around
the world are interested in learning what people think about
events, products, services and how opinion about those items
evolves on real-time. It is clear that learning about what
people say gives a lot of feedback and insight on how to
create and offer better services. Organizations are focusing
their attention in what people say, and even people want to
know what others think about a specific topic of their in-
terest. For instance, the public opinion about a politician
[16], the quality of a product [25], the excitement of a live
event such as soccer match [24], among others. Today, peo-
ple around the world are gathering in the Web. Social media
platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube are ef-
fective tools to express publicly their opinions about topics
of interest. As of today’s date, social networks have become
an interaction center where people share ideas and personal
opinions in a spatio-temporal space. Every day, a massive
amount of data is collected in real-time allowing the users
to know their sentiments expressed in their comments.
There are many challenges in applying typical opinion
mining and sentiment analysis techniques to social streams
[2]. While sentiment analysis has been studied for some
domains, the performance on social streams still requires
further research due to specific data characteristics: texts
are usually short (lack of context) and unstructured (very
informal language). Twitter for instance, does not allow a
length of more than 140 characters and many local idioms
can be found amongst the millions of tweets. Nevertheless,
the analysis of this rich textual data gives the possibility
to understand people’s interest and to depict the trends of
social opinion at the individual and collective level.
 The abundance of data must be tackled with efficient
methods to extract the semantic content reflected in people’s
comments. This task is not easy due to the various ways to
express a positive, neutral or negative sentiment. In addi-
tion, to express their own opinions, users like to know which
are the perceptions of other users interested on the same
topic. This involves the need to propose reactive and mean-
ingful visualization techniques that facilitate understanding
the semantic value of collective comments.
In this paper, we present Expression, a framework avail-
able through a responsive application that allows users to
express their comments on selected topics of their interest.
After discussing related work on sentiment analysis algo-
rithms and visualization of sentiment trends, the general
design of our framework is described. The Sentiment Card
is then presented as the key visualization concept around
which users are able to comment and to observe the trend
of various selected topics. The component in charge of sen-
timent polarity classification is explained. Finally, results of
the evaluation of the prototype with a usability study are
discussed and considered for future work.
2. RELATED WORK
Uncovering and visualizing affective content from social
streams (e.g. Twitter) result in meaningful and valuable in-
sights about people’s sentiment towards relevant topics of
interest. In this paper, following previous work [19], we
adopted the definition of sentiment as an affective state of a
user towards an object that results from object’s attributes
subjectively interpreted by the user. In this way, the discov-
ery, analysis and visualization of affective content in social
streams provide useful insights about topics of interest to
society.
In this work, we consider two main research approaches
for detecting, analyzing and visualizing affective content in
social streams: sentiment classification algorithms and visu-
alization of sentiment trends.
2.1 Sentiment Classification Algorithms
Detection and classification of sentiment are fundamen-
tal blocks in a sentiment analysis system. There exist sev-
eral approaches to tackle the sentiment analysis problem:
lexicon-based algorithms, machine-learning algorithms and
hybrid approaches. We present relevant existing work on
Spanish sentiment analysis showing the need to continue de-
veloping new improvements.
Lexicon-based approaches [22] use words from previously
(often manually) annotated lexicon and combine their po-
larities using linguistic rules to obtain a score that is defined
as the final sentiment of the text. The benefit of the lexicon-
based approach is high accuracy on well formed text with
known words. But accuracy drops when is used on informal
texts. Additionally, lexicon-based approaches are language
dependant.
Machine learning approaches [15] combine text prepro-
cessing tasks (stemming, stopwords removal, spelling correc-
tion, etc.) with classifiers (support vector machines, Bayesian
classifiers, decision trees, etc.) to infer sentiment polarity.
The advantages of machine learning approaches are that
they do not depend on lexicon and can obtain fair accu-
racy results. However, they need large tagged corpora to
train the classifiers.
Hybrid approaches combine lexicon-based and machine
learning approaches to enhance sentiment analysis. Cur-
rently, Expression uses a hybrid approach: first, a heuristic
evaluation of the text is used to detect sentiment and to
assign it a score, this process is similar to [22]. Then, a
model is created using part-of-speech tags as features and is
trained with support vector machines. Our work combines a
lexicon-based approach with machine learning as in [10, 23].
The main advantage of our approach is that we do not use
bag of words to construct the feature vector, therefore, the
dimensionality of the vector is reduced. A more detailed ex-
planation of sentiment analysis algorithm used in Expression
can be found in [13]. Once the affective content is detected
and classified, a visual interface is needed to stimulate the
user to gain insight and to collaborate in the opinion trends.
2.2 Visualization of Sentiment Trends
Das et al. [8] propose a 5Ws structure (who, what, where,
when and why) of sentiment visualization to provide a com-
plete contextual information regarding sentiment analysis.
Moreover, Das et al. [8] state that sentiment aggregation is
necessary in order to minimize mental load and enhance un-
derstanding. Dasgupta and Ng [9] contrast two aggregation
levels: topic-wise vs sentiment-wise. Fukuhara et al. [12]
propose temporal sentiment analysis that aggregates sen-
timent in both kinds of aggregations. In this manner, we
can remark that for an end user, a sentiment visual inter-
face should include enough contextual information (5Ws)
and should provide both types of aggregation: topical and
sentimental.
2.2.1 Aggregating, Adjusting and Collaborating
A visual interface should provide users with an overview
of the information and should facilitate exploration. Ad-
ditionally, an interface can provide means of collaboration
among users. We present a brief review of sentiment visual
interfaces from this perspective.
Duan et al. [11] present a system of data analysis and vi-
sualization called VISA. In VISA, authors analyze customer
reviews in the travelling domain. VISA has three visual com-
ponents: sentiment trends overview through a streamgraph
visualization, a dashboard view (interchangeable between
pie, histogram and other charts), and a snippet document
panel. Streamgraph visualization used in VISA is capable of
summarizing sentiment content from topical and temporal
perspectives. VISA provides interaction such as temporal
navigation, brushing and filtering. No collaboration tools
are reported as part of the interface.
Brooks et al. [7] constructed a tool (Agave) that supports
collaborative exploration of twitter events focused on sen-
timent. Agave supports temporal visualization through a
scatter plot and stream graphs. Agave provides filter tools
and snippet components of relevant tweets, users and key-
words.
Alper et al. [1] present the OpinionBlocks visualization
which provides a concise summary of customer reviews, namely,
it is possible to easily derive overall sentiment. They use pro-
gressive disclosure to reduce the mental work load of users
and present details on demand. OpinionBlocks aggregates
topics in color blocks through horizontal axis and sentiment
through vertical axis. Summary of opinions is presented as
histogram of keywords.
Bjorjelund et al. [5] use a Google map as main visualiza-
tion and draw over it colored circles on hotel locations to
indicate positive or negative reviews. Additionally, they use
a timeline series to show changes in sentiment. They use a
time series line chart to perform a complex analytic task.
Sundberg et al. [21] present several visualizations: bar
chart, stacked bar chart and a stacked line graph. But more
important, they use a common color scheme familiar to end
user: semaphore metaphor.
None of previous visualizations provide means for users
to externalize their opinions in some topic of interest. Few
of them [1, 7, 11] provide interaction tools to adjust and
explore data more in detail. In Expression our focus is to
address aggregation by providing users with an overview of
the sentiment trends (topic aggregation). We also address
adjusting by allowing users to explore each topic and ob-
taining detailed information about sentiment. Finally, in
contrast to previous visualization tools, Expression provides
to users means to participate in sentiment trends.
3. EXPRESSION
Today people contribute to the social media by creat-
ing and sharing content. Affective content found in social
streams can drive evaluation and decision making [20]. We
decided to create Expression, a tool where people can share
either positive or negative opinions about a topic of interest
and see what others are saying on real-time.
3.1 Sentiment Classification
Sentiment analysis tries to cope with polarity identifica-
tion of affective content. Detection of sentiment polarity
facilitates understanding of general opinion trends. Expres-
sion uses a hybrid approach to detect polarity of short texts
from social streams (tweets, Facebook posts, Foursquare
reviews, etc.). Hybrid approach combines a lexicon-based
heuristic together with supervised learning classification. In
addition to the sentiment detection approach, Expression
uses a natural language processing library to clean and pre-
process text, obtain keywords and scale sentiment detection
up to millions of comments per day.
3.1.1 Hybrid Approach
We applied a lexicon-based approach combined with a su-
pervised learning methodology to solve sentiment identifica-
tion in social streams. We performed a five step process:
1. Creation of Spanish corpus: Semi-automatic collection
and tagging of opinion comments.
2. Creation of Spanish lexicon: Semi-automatic collection
and tagging of polarity words.
3. Feature selection: Selection of main text discriminant
features that help in sentiment polarity identification.
4. Learning process: Apply the support vector machine
algorithm in order to construct a classification model,
taking as input the features selected and the comments
of the step 1.
5. Classification: Identify sentiment polarity in unseen
comments based on the classification model.
Figure 1 shows the supervised-learning process used by
Expression. A detailed explanation of sentiment detection
process, algorithms and data used to construct the classifi-
cation model is described in our previous work [13].
Figure 1: Supervised-Learning in Sentiment Analy-
sis Module.
3.1.2 Sentiment Analysis Module (SAM)
Sentiment Analysis Module implements the sentiment clas-
sification and the data collection from social streams. SAM
can be seen as a social listener since it gathers data from
users and detects the sentiment related to this data. Cur-
rently, SAM is connected to Twitter streaming API1 and
to Expression front-end, but it can be easily extended to
another streaming or RESTful APIs. SAM design followed
reactive manifesto as well, namely, SAM collects and pro-
cess data in asynchronous reactive manner. SAM was im-
plemented using the Scala Play Framework. It was tested
with short comments (less than 300 characteres) and accu-
racy was validated using 5-fold cross validation.
3.2 Sentiment Card Visualization
A Sentiment Card (see Figure 2) is a live representation
of a topic of interest (topical aggregation). This is the el-
ement of Expression where users can send their comments
(collaboration), join the conversation and see the sentiment
trend about a topic (adjusting).
Sentiment cards serve as a reactive statistics center where
users can see the average of the sentiment score by just look-
ing at the color of the card (i.e., the color of the sentiment
card shows the impact of positive, negative and neutral com-
ments), what is being said about a topic of interest in a word
cloud (Figure 2g), and see it in a map visualization (Figure
2c) how the sentiment is evolving among different locations
on real-time.
Sentiment cards include a trend opinion component where
users can see how the sentiment was about a topic of interest
in the past and compare it with the present or any other
date. It is important to mention that comments in sentiment
cards have a lifespan of 24 hours. This threshold can be
adjusted according to the topic of interest. However, this
is always intended to show relevant and fresh data of what
is happening in the real world, wheter users decide to see
things that happened in the past or use the opinion trend
module (see Figure 2d) between certain dates.
Users have the option to share sentiment cards in social
networks, so other users who are interested in a topic have
the opportunity to visit Expression and share their own ideas
and opinions. Thanks to our architecture design, a Senti-
1
https://dev.twitter.com/streaming/overview
Figure 2: Sentiment cards about different topics of interest, a) Sentiment Card Title, b) Top Comments, c)
Map Visualization, d) Launches opinion trend component, e) Share Sentiment Card, f ) Launches Comments
component, g) Top words on this topic, h) Sentiment bars, i) Indicates data source (Twitter).
ment Card has the flexibility to use other data sources (see
Figure 2i) (e.g. a Twitter stream, comments in a database)
to track comments about a topic of interest. Sentiment cards
are presented in different sizes embedded in a responsive lay-
out to support different screen resolutions.
As it has been seen, a Sentiment Card consists in a set
of visualization components such as a module of comments
where people can see others opinion and leave their com-
ments (Figure 2f), a map visualization where location of
comments appear on real-time, an opinion trend module
where a user can look for what is being said in the past
about the topic, and finally, the possibility to flip the Sen-
timent Card to see the top words (Figure 2g) being said
about the topic and quickly look for sentiment percentages
represented in a bar chart (see Figure 2h).
3.2.1 Map Visualization
Visualizing map analytics is widely used in social media
[14], map visualization enables users to navigate in a geolo-
cated map to show the distribution of comments and see
the positives and negatives [4]. In our visualization compo-
nent comments are displayed in the map as simple dots that
reveal the location with an estimate of the position where
the comment was sent (see Figure 2c). Comments are col-
ored with an opacity to identify dense areas, according to
their sentiment comments are colored: positives as green,
negatives as red, neutrals as yellow. However, users in Ex-
pression have the possibility to send completely anonymous
comments with no user name and/or geolocation informa-
tion.
3.2.2 Comments
The comments component in Expression (see Figure 3) is
a full screen interface where comments appear on real-time,
each comment describes its source (e.g. Twitter, Web), au-
thor (if the user is registered in Expression), the sentiment
score and keywords of the comment. Comments can be fil-
tered by sentiment (i.e., filter positives, negatives or show
all) (see Figure 3a). There is no need to be registered in the
application to send comments and geolocation is completely
optional. Comments are limited to 280 characters, this is the
double of the maximum characters in a Tweet, so users can
say more things and we can give a better sentiment score.
3.2.3 Sentiment Bars, Term Tags, Share and Watch-
list
Keeping the Sentiment Card with a simple design in mind,
we designed the possibility to flip a card to see more infor-
mation in the backside. This interaction allows users to get
an on real-time quick look of what is happening in a topic
without the need of diving into the comments.
Sentiment bars show the global opinion about the topic
of interest (see Figure 2h) represented in five bars of sen-
timents: very negatives, negatives, neutrals, positives and
very positives. The bars respond reactively growing in height
for each new comment in the topic of interes. They are used
to identify quickly how the sentiment is about the topic of in-
terest. If the user clicks on any sentiment bar, the comments
component is displayed to see what is being said about that
sentiment.
Term Tags contain the most relevant keywords that ap-
pear in the comments (see Figure 2h). These keywords are
calculated in Sentiment Analysis Module as each comment
arrives where data is filtered to get only the most relevant
terms, if the user clicks on any term the comment component
is displayed with related comments.
The sharing module allows users to spread the word about
the topic of interest (See figure 2e). We are giving them this
Figure 3: (Left) Comments about a topic of interest, a) Filtering options, b) User comment and profile picture,
c) Comment input d) Topic title and sentiment score overall, e) Topic keywords, f ) Comment sentiment score,
g) Send a comment (Right) Opinion trend component, h) Opinion statistics, i) Topic title and visualization
options, j) Line chart of sentiments.
flexibility, so any other person in the world can come to
Expression and share their own opinions and ideas. On the
other hand, registered users in Expression are allowed to
”pin” a sentiment card to a watchlist where they are notified
about the opinion trend as the sentiment changes in the
topic.
3.2.4 Opinion trend
As mentioned before, comments in sentiment cards have
a lifespan with a default threshold of 24 hours. However,
users have the possibility to see past comments using the
opinion trend component (see Figure 3), users can choose a
predetermined time from last 24 hours, this week, last two
weeks, last month or select between custom dates. A line
chart for the last 24 hours is displayed by default and it
is updated on real-time given the selected time scope (see
Figure 3j). The line chart shows positive, negative and neu-
tral sentiments according to the comments in the topic of
interest. At the bottom of the visualization (see Figure 3h)
complementary statistics are shown about positive, neutral
and negative comments with their respective percentage of
apparition and a term cloud with the most relevant words
during that time.
3.3 Design and Implementation
Expression was designed with the idea of creating a plat-
form where people could express their opinions anonymously
while seeing how the opinion and sentiments evolve over the
time. We started designing low fidelity prototypes with a
simple visualization design, where sentiment statistics were
presented in a compact card module. After seeing the po-
tential of having many of these sentiment cards reunited,
we started creating more cards holding trending topics from
Twitter with a live streaming of data. Then, we asked some
users to share their opinions about those topics trough Ex-
pression.
We designed an architecture (see Figure 4) around these
ideas with the flexibility to choose from different data sources
(e.g., SQL databases, NoSQL databses, Social Media Streams,
RESTful APIs) giving independence to Expression to have
full control of all visualization components (see Figure 4a),
while in the background Sentiment Analysis Module (see
Figure 4c) keeps running in an independent server built with
Play Framework2 attending requests and analyzing com-
ments from different data sources reactively [18].
We created Expression with a reactive design3 in mind.
Reactivity allows us to stream data from the database to
users on real-time, comments are processed by the Senti-
ment Analysis Module as soon as they are sent to the data
base (see Figure 4f), and at the same time they are pushed
back to the sentiment cards (see Figure 4e), the polarity is
calculated and displayed, statistics are reflected immediately
in our visualizations (see Figure 4d).
4. EVALUATION
We organized a usability test using a think aloud method-
ology and qualitative assessment of posterior questionnaires
2
https://www.playframework.com/
3
http://www.reactivemanifesto.org/
Figure 4: Expression Architecture, a) Expression Front-end b) Social Data Manager, c) Sentiment Analysis
Module.
following the usability quality of components described by
Jakob Nielsen [17], our usability test was complemented by
asking the participants to fill a system usability score (SUS)
questionnaire [6].
4.1 Participants
Usability was evaluated in a real life scenario, we selected
six graduate and undergraduate students (1 female and 5
male, between 18-30 years old) that have not seen or heard
from the project in the past.
4.2 Scenario
We selected topics of interest that were Mexican trend-
ing topics at the moment of the test in Twitter. We were
streaming tweets from the selected topics on real-time to our
sentiment cards. Also, we created two sentiment cards with
no data streaming at all based on popular topics in that
time. The average time for the usability test was 25 min-
utes per user. We prepared a set of tasks for the users. The
tasks were focused in interaction and perception of the com-
ponents, especially the ones related with a sentiment score.
We gave a brief introduction to the users about Expression
and we let them explore the app with the assigned tasks.
4.3 Evaluation Results
We tested all the components in the Sentiment Card, In
general the sentiment card caused a good impression with
users (See Figure 5). The overall SUS was 75 out of 100.
Based on [3], this score rates Expression as good regarding
usability.
4.3.1 First impressions
The sentiment card was the first element that users no-
ticed at the time they sit and view the application. The
users seemed interested in the topics and in the map view
at first moment, we asked them to give their first impres-
sions. They quickly separated positive topics from negatives
by just scrolling the application and comparing colors. Sen-
timent cards seemed intuitive for activities such as sharing,
commenting and looking for past comments. It was easy for
them to know what other users were talking about just by
looking at the random comments in the front of the card.
For instance, a user looked for the Sentiment Card with the
topic ”Frida Kahlo” (A popular Mexican woman painter),
then when we asked to flip the card, the user noticed the
sentiment bars and knew the sentiment was positive overall.
The user focused his attention to the topic word tags and
knew that people were talking about ”Frida Kahlo’s birth-
day” and also that people on Twitter were mentioning many
popular quotes from her. The user immediately proceeded
to watch the comments component.
4.3.2 Comments Component
This component was the immediate choice of the users
after exploring the Sentiment Card. They wanted to see
the flow of the conversation from Twitter. Users could dif-
ferentiate from positive and negative comments. Using the
option to filter comments seemed straightforward to them
when asked to look for positive comments only. Keywords
displayed in the top of the Sentiment Card seemed difficult
to read, but they immediately associated those keywords to
the topic of interest.
4.3.3 Opinion Trend Component
Due to our scenario limitations with live trending topics
and data streaming, we analyzed the impressions of users
with this component showing them data from last 24 hours,
they seemed impressed by the simplicity of the component.
Some users suggested doing a better use of color in typog-
raphy but they understood the intention of the line chart.
The word clouds seemed relevant, they can quickly see the
comments being said about a topic in positive, neutral and
negative in the same screen and see how sentiment is chang-
ing on real-time as comments are streaming.
4.3.4 Usability test results
It seems that the application was interesting for almost
all of the participants. Some participants asked for senti-
ment cards with topics related to their personal interests,
instead of geolocated (nearby topics) or trending topics. We
discovered that the attractiveness of the sentiment card is
tightly related to the topic of interest. However, for this
early stage of development we focused only on popular top-
ics from Twitter because of our approach on data stream-
ing. Some users asked for the possibility of attaching media
content or sending links. Sentiment analysis on graphical
content is out from the scope of NLP, but it could be inter-
esting as a way to engage users to our network. Moreover,
some participants seemed interested in the potential of shar-
ing the card with their friends to join Expression and discuss
together topics of interest. Although users liked the feature
of being notified when the sentiment tendency changes on

Figure 5: Expression usability test results.
real-time from Twitter, the opinion trend interface seemed
confusing at first sight, some users asked for a help button,
and suggested that could be useful to add some tool tips
over the graphical interface.
On the other hand, regarding the interaction with compo-
nents, some users had problems when we asked them to flip
the sentiment card to see more detailed information. Never-
theless, after a short demonstration users seemed instantly
familiarized with the interaction of the whole application
when asked to repeat the interaction with other sentiment
cards, the interaction was easily memorable due to the sim-
pleness of the navigation. The card layout and the reactive
interaction seemed to be clear and give to users the real-time
experience, being these the most liked features.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
We reported an approach for understanding affective con-
tent in social media. In addition to sentiment analysis tools,
understanding requires interaction services to express indi-
vidual user comments as well as visualization services for
facilitating the interpretation of aggregation and summa-
rization operations made on those comments. All those fea-
tures are available in the Expression framework presented: a
front-end component that interacts with users through sen-
timent cards, a sentiment analysis module that evaluates the
polarity of each comment allowing to build opinion trends
and a social data manager, responsible of storing comments
with their polarity and when possible, geolocation and user
profiles. A usability test was accomplished to evaluate main
Expression features. We were interested on receiving feed-
back from users about their perception of affective content
through the Sentiment Card which is the key concept or our
proposal. The Sentiment Card offers to users in the same
simple and reactive space, the possibility to reflect their own
sentiments as well as to know the collective perception about
hot topics of interest.
Considering the feedback provided by users in the usabil-
ity test, we propose further work in two main directions:
User interaction
• Even though maps were very well accepted by users,
further experimentation needs to be pursued for pro-
viding more dynamic interaction. Maps are an excel-
lent resource for facilitating fast and clear understand-
ing of opinion trends in different zones or regions.
• Event detection resulting from the Sentiment Analysis
module could be incorporated at the user experience
level, allowing to know automatically, relevant events
related to hot topics of interest.
Sentiment Analysis
• Disambiguation is one of the main challenges in senti-
ment analysis on which more research needs still to be
accomplished. In our case, we will continue exploring
ways to extend the lexicon to become better adapted
to specific domains and/or different languages.
• More extended and deeper experimentation is required
to evaluate the performance of this module when pro-
cessing greater volumes of social data.
• Taking advantage of the modular architecture of Ex-
pression, new modules of sentiment analysis could be
integrated in the framework for comparing results pro-
duced with different approaches on the same data.
All those proposed extensions will be explored and applied
to comments available in smart city applications.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We express our gratitude to participants in the usability
test who provided insightful comments and suggested inter-
esting future work. This work was partially supported by
the following projects: CONACYT-OSEO No.192321 and
CONACYT-PROINNOVA No. 198881.
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