ABSTRACT:-

INTRODUCTION
Edge computing represents the fourth major paradigm shift in modern computing.For
example, a person may choose to back up her smart phone using Apple’s iCloud. She can
then retrieve her smart phone data via another internet-enabled device, such as her desktop
computer, by logging into her account and connecting to the cloud. Her information is no
longer confined to the capacity of the internal hard drive on her smart phone or desktop But
centralized cloud computing is not ideal for all applications and use cases. Edge computing
provides solutions where traditional cloud infrastructure may fall short. In our data-heavy
future, with billions of devices connected to the internet, faster and more reliable data
processing will become crucial

Cloud computing, given its centralized nature, has proven cost-effective and
flexible over recent years, but the rise of IoT and mobile computing has put a strain
on networking bandwidth or how much data can be transferred across a network in
a given period of time. Edge computing enables data to be processed closer to
where it’s created (i.e. motors, pumps, generators, or other sensors), reducing the
need to transfer data back and forth between the cloud. put it another way, rather
than storing and processing vast amounts of data in large, centralized data centers
that may be hundreds or even thousands of miles from a device on the network,
edge computing relies on a larger, distributed network of much smaller data nodes
to reduce latency and increase speed and responsivenes
Edge computing enables connected devices to process data closer to where it is
created — or the “edge.” This can be either within the device itself (i.e., sensors),
or close to the device, and provides an alternative to sending data to a centralized
cloud for processing. Some of the biggest players in tech — including Amazon,
Microsoft, and Google — are exploring edge computing, potentially giving rise to
the next big computing race.
BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE SURVEY
HISTORY
The origin of edge computing can be traced back to the 1990s, when Akamai
launched its content delivery network (CDN).
The idea back then was to introduce nodes at locations geographically closer to the
end user for the delivery of cached content such as images and videos.

OBJECTIVES OF EDGE COMPUTING

The Edge delivers distributed application services, provides intelligence to
the end-point, accelerates performance from the core and collects and
forwards data from the Edge end-point sensors and controllers.
Edge can be the size of sensors and controllers, a small number of
network/server racks, a container full of equipment or a large
air-conditioned data center.
Edge locations are ‘lights out’, with no local skills or support requiring the
use of technology that is highly resilient/fault tolerant to provide remote
monitoring and control.
Edge locations are highly distributed with highly diverse equipment
requiring the use of technology that can scale, monitor and manager
heterogeneous environments seamlessly with minimal effort.
Edge environments demand a high-level of physical, network, systems
and data security.
Edge locations require the ability to track and guide physical change,
support and maintenance.
BENEFITS OF EDGE COMPUTING
Speed/Data -Stream-Acceleration:- ability to process and store data
faster, enabling for more efficient real-time applications and no latency.
Data processing Lower costs: Enterprises spend less on data
management solutions for local devices than for cloud and data center
networks.
Less network traffic: With an increasing number of IoT devices, data
generation continues to rise at record rates. As a result, network
bandwidth becomes more limited, overwhelming the cloud and leading to a
greater bottleneck of data.
Increased application efficiency: With lower latency levels,
applications can operate more efficiently and at faster speeds.
Data-stream acceleration, including real-time data processing without
latency.Better data management,Reliable,Scalable.
WORKING OF EDGE COMPUTING
1)Terminal Layer :-The terminal layer consists of all types of devices connected to the edge
network, including mobile terminals and many Internet of Things devices (such as sensors,
smartphones, smart cars, cameras, etc.). In the terminal layer, the device is not only a data
consumer, but also a data provider. In order to reduce the terminal service delay, only the
perception of the various terminal devices is considered, not the computing power.
As a result, hundreds of millions of devices in the terminal layer collect all kinds of raw data
and upload it to the upper layer, where it is stored and calculated

2)Boundary Layer:- The edge layer is the core of the three-tier architecture. It is located at
the edge of the network and consists of edge nodes widely distributed between terminal
devices and clouds. It usually includes base stations, access points, routers, switches,
gateways, etc. The edge layer supports the access of terminal devices downward, and
stores and computes the data uploaded by terminal devices. Connect with the cloud and
upload the processed data to the cloud .Since the edge layer is close to the user, the data
transmission to the edge layer is more suitable for real-time data analysis and intelligent
processing, which is more efficient and secure than cloud computing.

3)Cloud Layer Among the federated services of cloud-edge computing, cloud computing is
still the most powerful data processing center. The cloud computing layer consists of a
number of high-performance servers and storage devices, with powerful computing and
storage capabilities, and can play a good role in areas requiring large amounts of data
analysis such as regular maintenance and business decision support. The cloud computing
center can permanently store the reported data of the edge computing layer, and it can
also complete the analysis tasks that the edge computing layer cannot handle and the
processing tasks that integrate the global information. In addition, the cloud module can
also dynamically adjust the deployment strategy and algorithm of the edge computing
layer according to the control policy.

EDGE COMPUTING VS CLOUD COMPUTING

The traditional computing paradigm built on a centralized data center and
everyday internet isn't well suited to moving endlessly growing rivers of
real-world data. Bandwidth limitations, latency issues and unpredictable
network disruptions can all conspire to impair such efforts.

Cloud Lay

CHALLENGES OF EDGE COMPUTING

Geographic Disparities: Fewer Network Devices And Skilled Implementers
Cost And Storage Capacity Needs
Loss Of Data With Potential Energy
Greater Difficulty Preventing And Monitoring Security Breaches.
Security challenges are high in edge computing due to huge amount of data.

APPLICATIONS OF EDGE COMPUTING

Autonomous vehicles operate with edge computing in many ways to reduce
latency and avoid bandwidth issues that would be present if those vehicles relied
on the cloud for all functions.
Internet-of-things sensors are critical to monitoring the safety and security of, such
as in oil and gas manufacturing. In cases of equipment failure or maintenance
needs that need immediate attention, there’s a benefit to using edge computing that
allows data to be analysed and reported on in real-time.

Many sensors and IoT devices are being deployed in today’s smart cities to help
with traffic management. Data can be processed on the local hardware that can also
philtre out non-essential information. By only sending some information to the
cloud, operating and storage costs are reduced.
Energy use and management, such as the case with the UK smart grid, is also a great
place to deploy edge computing. With smart metres monitoring usage and identifying
opportunities to adjust use energy more efficiently, edge computing allows real-time
actions to be taken.

Moving the initial analysis to edge computing can help solve many digital healthcare
problems that make edge computing a focus for many healthcare organisations.

Edge computing might give retail brick-and-mortar locations the ability to provide a
better shopper experience in store as they compete with online offerings.

Telecommunications companies such as Verizon are also testing edge computing

solutions and seeing positive results

TECHNOLOGIES IN EDGE COMPUTING

The more processing Amazon can do on your local

Echo device, the less your Echo has to rely on the
cloud. It means you get quicker replies, Amazon’s
server costs are less expensive, and conceivably, if
enough of the work is done locally you could end
up with more privacy

Google also is getting smarter at

combining local AI features for the
purpose of privacy and bandwidth savings. For instance, Google Clips keeps all your data
local by default and does its magical AI inference locally. It doesn’t work very well at its
stated purpose of capturing cool moments from your life. But, conceptually, it’s
quintessential edge computing.

Edge computing and 5G

have given advanced driver
assistance systems (ADAS)
a new position in
autonomous vehicles. For
instance, Mercedes uses
edge servers and 5G
wireless communication to
reduce latency and increase
bandwidth for sensors with
real-time authentication to
ensure their cars don't get
hacked
Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) – formerly known as mobile edge computing – is a
type of edge computing that extends the capabilities of cloud computing by bringing it to
the edge of the network. MEC was borne out of the ETSI (European Telecommunications
Standards Institute).

MEC allows processes to take place in base stations, central offices, and other
aggregation points on the network.
By shifting the load of cloud computing to individual local servers, MEC helps reduce
congestion on mobile networks and decrease latency, enhancing the quality of experience
(QoE) for end users.
5G is the next generation cellular network that aspires to achieve substantial
improvement on quality of service, such as higher throughput and lower
latency. Edge computing is an emerging technology that enables the evolution
to 5G by bringing cloud capabilities near to the end users (or user equipment,
UEs) in order to overcome the intrinsic problems of the traditional cloud, such
as high latency and the lack of security

RESEARCH PAPERS TIMELINE

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
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