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    Θανάσης Δρούγας
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    Pleasure With Profit

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    Θανάσης Δρούγας
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Pleature with Broke : RECREA TIONS Divers Kinbs, viz Numerical, + { Aftronomical, } { Automatical, Geometrical, | | Horometrical, | | Chymical p Mechanical, | Sexptagrapbical, | and Statical, } (Magnetical, | Hiftorical. Publifhed to Recreate Ingenious Spirits ; and to induce them to make farther {crutiny into thefe (and the like) Sagrime SCieNcEs, . 4ND - .To divert them from following fuch Vices, to which Youth (in this Age) are fo much Inclin’d, By WriiiaMm Leysourn, Philomathes. To this Work is alfo Annext, A Treatise of ALGEBRA, According: to the late Improvements, applied to Numerical » Queftions and Geometry; witha New Sarre s for thefpeedy Extra aeerleiglioe as alo a CONVERGING Sariss for all man- ner of adfetted Equations. . By R. Saunt, Matter of the Mathematick School ‘in Adam's- Court, in Brosdfireet, near the Royal Exchange, LONDON, —| LONDON: Printed for Richard Baldwin, and Jol Murtot ; near the Osford- Arms in Warwick Lene: And at the Raven in the Poulsrey. 1694. The Right Hon Mel ¥ Gajrokoe of te Serato rhe | rtaar And, > b wee acsaeg To th INGENIOUS READERS: And principally To fach as are MATHEMATICALLY Inclined. ECREATION, (faith alate Learned Divine) is a fecond CREATION, when Wearine/s hath almoft annihilated our Spirits s Ic-is the breathing of the Soul, which would otherwife be /tifled with con- ~i nse se ag y OEe tinual Bufine/s: - SN And this Interval of Ref or Recreation ¥ — prodiceth the fame Effect, as well in Senfitives and Vegitives, *) as it doth in’Man : According to that of the Scboliaft. x : a Ager Veritanus, 8c: ‘A Field left Fallow fome few years, will yield The Richer Crop,. when it again is Tifl'd: A River topped by 2 Sluice a {pace, Runs after rougher, and a fwifter pace: A Bow a-while wnbent , will after caft . Its Shafts the farther ; and them fix:more faf: A Soldier that a feafon ftill hath lain, . Comes with more fury to the Field again. Evervfo Man’s Body, while to gather Breath, From Reft, to Painagain, at fojourneth ; Ie re-colleéts its Poars, and with Cheer Falls frefh again into its firlt Correer. ‘In the Choice of our Recreations, we ought to be well: fas tisfied, (1. )-In the Lawfulné/s of them: (2.) That they be Ingenious: And (3.) Thee ey bese proportion with the Age, Sex and Conftitution of Body of the Party uling them :- For, Az As Il Toth READER. | As Recreations and Exercifes (whether of Body or Mind) are various : So one Difh of Meat may as well pleafe all Palates as one Recreation fuuit all Difpofitions : And (as | have faid elfe- where upon the like occafton), That, although fome (orpo- real Exercifes may co fome Bodies tend more to Health, and. fortie Mental Labours more to Wealth ; yet none affords the Mirid moie pleafure with lefs repentance, than thofe of the Ma thematicks do. 5 ; For inflance in a few Corporeal Exercifes ; with Reflections up on fome of them. Ringing, | It oft-times makes good mufick on the Bells ; but (being a violkue and boifterous Exercife) puts Mens Bodies ous of tane 1 So that by over-heating of themfelves, they have rung theit own Papi bell. . Fiffing with the Angle, | (an Exercife with which Dr. Whit- taker was much delighted ) is a Recreation relifhing beft with fome; buitsto other Difpoficions moft diftafteful; and rather , a torture than a pleafure ; to ftand an whole‘hour, or more, as anute as the Fifh they hope to take. Hunting] is an Exercife moft delightful, and much in requeft both with the Nobility and Gentry of thisLand ; yet William Cecill, fometime Lord Treafurer of England, took no pleafure in it : For, when fome Noble-men had gotten him to ride with thent a Hunting, and the Sport began to be cold ; What call you this, fays My Lord? Oh! Now, faid they, The Dogs are at a fault. Yea, quoth the Tieafurer, take me again in fuch a Fault, and I'll give you leave to punith me for't. Cornelius Agrippa tetms it a moft deteftable Recreation, and vain Exercife; a Paftime cruel, and totally Tragical: And from the beginning (fays he) was the Exercife of the worft of men ; for Cain, Lamech, Nimrod, Ifomael and.Efau, were mighty Hunters: But in the New Teftament we read not of any one that was given thereunto: Yet Nicholaus the Third, a Roman, and Pope of Rome, was fo extreamly delighted in Hunting, that he inclofed a Warren of Hlares on.purpofe for his Holinefs's Recreation, Fopling, | Ulyfes is faid to be the firft Inventer thereof; . ‘who after the taking of Troy, was the'firft that brought into Greece Birds of Prey manut’d for Game ; to comfort with New Recreations thofe that had loft their Paygnts and Acquaintance in the Toth READER. the Trojan War: And yet he commanded his Son not to make any-ufe thereof. Norwithftanding this and the foregoing Exercifes (tho mean and fervile in themfelves) are now come to be fo far eftcemed, that the Nobility and Gentry, forfa- king other Liberal and Noble Sciences, make thefe their chief Learning. Mr. Barton in his Melancholy, tells a Merry Stor out of Poggins the Florentine, condemning thé folly of thofe Fowlers , which is this. ‘ A Phyfician of Millain (faith he) that ” © cured Madmen and Idiots, had a Pit of Water in his Houfe, «in which he kept his Patients ; fome up to the Knees, fome “ tothe Girdle, and fome tothe Chin, promedoinfania, as they “ were more or lefs affected. One of his Patients, which was “ precty well recovered, ftanding at the Phyficians Gate, and “« feeing a Gallant ride by with a Hawk on his Fit, with his «© Spaniels after him, would needs know to what ule all this “ preparation ferved? the'Gallant made anfwer, To kill Par- & tridges and other Fowl. The Patient demanded again, What “his Fowl might be worth which he killed in a year ; he *¢ reply'd, Five or Ten Crowns: And when he urged him fur- « ther; What his Hawk, Horfe and Dogs ftood him in ? he “told him Four bundred Crowns: With that; The Patient bad * him be gone, as he tendred his Life and Safety: For (faid “he) if our Matter fhould come and hear you fay fo, he would put you into his Pit up to the very Chin. Shooting with the Long Bow'} is a Noble Recreation, and an half Liberal art: There is hardly any comparable to it, for ftir- ring every part of the Body : Ie openeth the Breaft and Pipes 5 exercifeth the Arms and feet with lefs violence than Running, Leaping, and the like. And herein was Domitian the Emperor “fo cunning , that it is reported of him, Thatieta Bey agood diftance off hold up his Hand againft a Wall, and his Fingers abroad, he would /hoot through the (paces without touch- ing the Boys Hand, ot any Finger of ic. And it is reported of Domitian the Emperor, That at two fhoots he fhould fix his’ Shafts in the Front of Wild Beafts like a Pair of Horns. King Edvard the Sixth of England, with the Long Bow (though he drew no Strong one) fhot very well: And once; when Joba Dudley, Dake of Northumberland, commended him fot biti the Mark : You hot better (quoth the King ) when you 9 thy Good Vinde Pee Head. a a Running, Leaping, Dancing and Walking, | are all Excellent Recreations , wled in the Morning ; as we read Mexander and . A 3 Epima» Iv. Toth READER. Epimanondas did. King Henry che Fifth of England was fo fwift, in running, that he, with two of his Nobles (without Bow, ot other Engine) would take a Wild Buck or Doe in a large Park. Alfo Harold, the Son of Canutus the Second, was Sirnamed Hiarefoot for his {wife raming, And Etbus, King of Scotland, was of that fwiftnefs, that he almoft reached that of Stags or - Graybounds ; and was therefore called. Alipes,, or Wing’d-foot. Philippides an Athenian, in the {pace of two days, did run 150 Roman Miles. And one Euclides, another of the fame Countrey, went and returned in one day 125 of the like Miles. But thofe are the beft Exercifes, which {befides the reftefhe ing of the Body) enable men tofome other good Ends: As Bowling, | It teaches Mens Hands and Eyes Mathematical Proe portion : ——And (fora Home-Diverfion) the Play at the Billiard Table hath not its Peer : It exercifes the whole Body moderately ; the firength of the Arm judicionfly : \t direfts the Hand: Geometrically , and the Eye Optically : For the, attaining to be an Exquifite Proficient in playing at it, depends wholly upon putting in praétice that Axiome of Euclid in his Catoptignes 5 which demonftrates, ‘that, The Angles of Incidence and Reflettion ‘are ever more equal. . Swyimming’] hath faved many a nian’s Life, when himfelf hath been both the Ship and the Cargozoo. And fingle Per- fons, by their dexterity in this Art, fave not. faved their own Lives only, but their Countrey alfo. For (as Livie relates) One Horatius Cocles, That, after a long time, he alone, had defended the Bridge over Tyber againft the Hetrufcans, the Roe mans brake it down’ behind him ; wherewith, in his Armour, he caft himfelf into the River, and (notwithftanding a (hower of Darts and Arrows were fent after him): fwam with fafety in- to the City; which rewarded him with a Statue erected in the. Marketplace, and as much Land as he could encompafs with a Plough in one day: ——And as refolute an Attempt was that of Gerrard and Harvey, two Gentlemen of our own Nation, who in the Fight at Sea in 1588. fwam in the Night-time, and pierced with Augres, or fuch like Juftruments, the fides of. * the Spanifh Gallions, and.returned back {afe to the Englifh Fleet And Vincent in his Travails reports, That at Barlavento, Calo and Hifpaniola, he hath feen men ftay under water the fpace: __ of three quarcérs of an Hour ; and hath heard of thofe that would continue an whole Hour. The forementigned Exercifes are fach as are generally ufed, . ; - and To the READER, and do tend to the-health of Mens Bodies ; and-for the pre: vention of feveral Maladies to which byNature they are ittclin’d: But there are other Corporeal Exercifes which are more Heroical, , and fic only for the Recreation of Princes, and {uch Noble Heroes, whofe principal Ambitions tend to the- defence of their King .and Countrey: And fuch are, Horfemanfhip, Tilting, Tornamente ings Threwing the Bar, Wiping 8 OF which ltances might be given of many Emperors, Kings and Generals; who have per- formed great Exploits thereby. But leaving thofe of the Body, Ifhall proceed to fuch Recreations asadorn the Mind ; of which thofe of thé Mathematicks ate inferior to rione. , _Now the Hzcellency of any’ Science ({ays the Philofopher) may be judged of, (1.) By the Excellency of the Objet: And . (2,) by the Certainty of its Demonftrations: Firft, For the Objeé ; It is no lefs tlian the whole World : Not only of the Terreftrial, but the Cele part thereof alfo. So . that in this refpeé it far exceeds all thofe empty and barren eculations about Materia Prima, ot Univerfale: In the Study of which fo many do mifpend their Younger Years. Secondly, For the Demonftrations of thele Sciences, they are as infallibleas Truth it elf: And for this reafon alfo doth it ex- ceed all other Knowledge which depend upon Conjefures and Uncertainty. - Since therefore in thefe refpetts, it is one of the mot Excellent Sciences in Nature, it may beft become the Indu- firy of Man, who is one of the belt Works of Nature. And for that end washe made with an Elevated Afpeét, with Head and Eyes exalted: And for whiat reafon, the eet cells you, Os Homini fublime dedi, Celumgue tueri Juffit, eo ereftos ad Sydera tollere. vultus. © God gave-to Man.ah upright Face, that He : Might view the Stars, and learn A/tronomy. ‘And thus the Kingly Prophet David, Pal. 8. ». 3, 4. falls out * into this Admiration, When I confider the Heavens, the Works of thy Fingers ; -the Moon and the Stars which thou baft created ; What is Man, that thou art mindful of bim, and the Son of Man that. thon oft tim! Upon which Text, Sandys thus excellently Para- phrafes. When I pure Heaven, thy Fabrick fee ; The Moon and Stars, create by Thee ' . ° vi To th READER: O! what is Man, and his frail Race; That Thou fhould'ft fuch a fhadow grace! Now thefe Sciences being fo excellent in themf€lves, and of fuch benefit tous, we cannot {pend our leifure hours better, than in thefe Sublime Sciences, It was fo with Julins Cefar, who atnongft the Broils and Tumults of the Camp, made choice of chis for his Recreation : As Lucan fays of him, Lib.10. —— Media inter prelia femper Stellerum, Celigne plagis, fuperifqne vacavit. He always leifure found amidft his Wars, ‘To mark the courfe of Heaven, ‘and learn the Stars. And for this reafon likewrife did Seneca,amidft the continual ~ Noife andBuftle of the Court, betake himfelf co this Recreation. O quan juvabat, &e. O what a Pleafure was it to Sur Natures Chief Work, the Heavens 1 Where we may View the alternate Courfes of the Sun, : ‘The Sacred Chariots, how the World does run : ‘The Moon's bright Orb, when fhe’s attended by Thofe featrered Stars, whole Light adorns the Shy. And thus let what Ihave already {aid concerning theExcellen« oy,Utility and Benefit of thefe Mathematical drts fuffice. It may be expected fhould fay fomething concerning thofe which I have feleéted in the following Traftates: But for that{ refer you only to the Table of Contents Following + And for the ufing of them, make them as Ballaft toa Ship ; to fix it, not to flalhit ; foas to juftle out its other Cargo of Hf weight, though of greater im portance to Muxdane fubffteace. But I willdeter thee (Reader)uo - Fonger in the Porch, but invice chee into the Jamer Rooms; tans which Lagredere xt Proficias: And fo, for chic time, Farewell. The The Tasiz of CONTENTS, and: Order of the Wholé Boo x.. TRACT. J, Namerical Recreations. F Digit, Article; Mint, Square and ee Raabe, aed fone Obferva- of Compuaive "Rides, or of the Ein of Numbers in Quantity. Of Arithonedcal, Geometrical and Mulical pe portions 4 emerical Theorems. Concerning the Golden Rule, both Simple “ ‘Compound. Of the Ines of Swine, Corn, Sheep, dre. 2: 33 Of Changes in Bells, Mulical Initraments , Voices, de. 1 Of Nemericat Verttying. : Of Numbers showgbt wpon, ‘Numerical Enigmatical Problems. Of Extratling rig Se Re of a) Naw witbow Mateptcation eeu Compendio ication, of Rade of | Ceres and Virginutn, Numerical Devices. TRACT. IL. Geometrical Recreations. P. Geometriest Definitions , and Pradfical Problems. Pag. How ( withost fer) baving gly o common Fon, nd ¢ Pliny por mary lee Sent Geometrical Conclutions. Coated hthtmetck inal is Ral, 38 Moheaded wo of made $ Higher, Depths 9 OF Altimesca sw of be Maaferation of wet of eins Oro Mofo oe of Bana Or of te ming of at Baw 10 pion, armale Plot of any pee Ground mafized x sforfidy sad ofa the Quantity shewof in Actes, Rods and Perches. st Heights, Depths and Diftances, OF te ane gh, Dents xd Dita tances, ing of Land more atfcialy by set ficaments, omy «Ploand cat aptbe one theef. 8 TRACT. HL Mechanical Recreations, O'R 2, by bp of mb vy Great raed wi fall Brength. Pages Proclea: Of she Pulley. f the Tnclining Plain. 5 Caneus + Of Wola 4 Of the Crane, Capten, or Whetl, ibid. Gecblen Of Wheel. 5 Of the Leaver. . 7 ofA ‘Archimedes bis Water-Screw. 9 From thence a Perpetual Motion attempted. 1° A Mechanical Paradox. Of ober Engines forte mcving of Heavy Bodies ‘and aber for Violent Motions. 14 Of Engines of War. as OF Automata : Or Self-Movers. 16 Of don Me Magnificent Works of be Ancients. 20 eight of feoeral Obelisks, Steeples, Pyramids and Pillars in she World, according fo ox Bag lth Meafure, Of fore fuch admirable Pieces of Work fom hinds, as bave ben made by Axtills both Ancient Modera. 24. TRACT. IV. Statical Recreations. F the Art Stitical, Pag. Conceraing the Ballance, ibid. Ssstical Theorems. 3 Of the Ballance of Signeer Galileo Galilei. 4 ix Ssatical Theorems of Archimedes , tekyn + frombis Trattate, De Incidentibus Aqua. 8 The Compan of frat Metals in Quang and 0 of i Rotman end Englith Foot. The dan oman Weg, ono Enel ‘The srntight of Sphetesop Several Metal compared, 3 Of the worth, weight, magnitude, or, fom Metals end Liquors. Of the weight of Water and ober things in weight: and mie me et A Comparative Table of the weight # Meni Grains, Ligours, oe. Faris Weights and Metis cmporad with the 18 Seatica Bxperinents 20 4 Pofifetip, a3 “TRACT. V. Afronomical Recreatioos. Brif View of Afronomy. Pag. t. Of « Material Sphere, tbe Circles err al she Tro Principal Syitetns of the World, Pt OF enean ead Copericans 2 Gat The Prolomean Syfiem argued for, sd msi, and the Copernicin Arguments ogainft it “: Socred. ‘The String Arguments (6) ‘Objeétion th Menace ee Ponce Sen bap ‘again tbe Copernican Syfiem:: With the Ane [res tbe Copetlcans gle mis thaw. at Of the Ecliples of the San and Moon, the Caufes tems and bo, and wi ty happen, 28 pes th CONTENTS. Type Aft Sia and Mom's Elite ecg ty Prolomy. Tyee ? he Sin and ‘Moon's Eclipfe wv ifthe Palfons of the Planets 3 ‘The Rudiments of Aftronomy,in plain Rhyme. 32 (Of the Confltion ofthe Fixed Stars giving an Ac- cous of the Englits, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Arabich Calder, Syriac Turki's Names and of thy moft Eminent Scars in cach of thew ab te Poctcal Fables dering Low tft Aftcrifins came tobe placed in the Heavens 5 and alfo of the Galaxia. 35 TRACT. VI. Horometrical Recreations. (© make an Horizontal Dial in any Latitude, Pag n Of North end South Dials. Of Eaft, Welt and Polar Dials. 5 Of Declining Dials. i Of Dialling Mechanical. Of Projetive Diss Ee Of Retieéted Dials. Mechanicaly, to infcribe she Equino@ial Tropics, ‘ad ne Peale “f Declnston, spon al forty of Sun-Dials: Apd olfo tbe Azisorbs,Almican> ters, Ore. cE OF fea Night Dials, bor to mak nd i - 18 Horometrical Tables of the Sun and Stays. 21 ether Mache ay 4 make RefcBive Die 2 ‘FRACT. VIL. Crytographical Recreations. F fime Ancient waye of Stary Lamveysnce. Paget By the nalts ¢f te Conn Aish oi By Tenpolition ofthe Alphabet, 7 By Alironomical Charaéters. 9 By Knots tiad wpoa a String. ibid. Wy 4 New Chander tafp to Lean diffete 10 decipher ; and yet Legible by tbe Motion of the Fingers. 1" Ocber mays of Secret, Writing, 3 TRACT. VIM Mapoetial rier oO; the Magnet, its Name, ee. ‘het Magnetical Virtue may be infufad ito trom ito the bel of tieLoshchane Of the Mitra omtae of theLopd- one. ibid Antipathy thereof. 5 ing of Load-ftones. To find the Poles of « Load-ttone. Of feueral Attempts shat have beam made to contrive 4 Pefpesal motion by Magnetic Virtue 7 Of Magnerical Inclination, -and thereby to it tne wailed TRACT. 1K. Chymiel Receations. F dnifciel Repretentations Paget Of the Fire of Velials, 2 Of the Philofophet’s Tree : Tomales, ibid. Of ibe Re-animation of Sirples. ibid. Of she reprfentation of the Great World, 3 Of « famams Perpetual motion, invested by Cor~ elias Dreble 5 aad made for K. James be Firft of 4 Of she making of Gold. ibid, Of the Nate of Gold. Of embfil Fax? Ora Soifeny whic wil rot be confamed by Fires ibid. Of Subterraneous Lamps, 3 TRACT. X, Aatomatical Recreations. OP testers ad of ie making of Costs, Watches, and orber Movements, Pag.t Concerning Pend eae ae Movement. & Clock oF ibid. 10 ar dia for the fame. TRACT. Xl. Hillorical Recreations. F the Mealares and Proportions of the feve. ral Members of Man’ Body. . OF Men, o Giants rodigions Statues. Of Deve and Pipe oe 3 OF Monliers, oi. $ Of the Length of Age mich Men Lied in former Tom, tly eer te Creaons, nd of be 1 Of beta bors of ows fas aves, ‘That she whole Globe of the Earth bth Sau 13 Magoetical Virtue. 3 THE END ERRA.T A. ‘In Numerical Recreations, Pow. line 40, read dqubled. a : the under ) ‘M is wanting. p.ag. 416 nere€l Scheme Fepeniele ag-In the ander mee ing. p.31. L43, points P.and S._. ‘molt Scheme the Letters © and D 2 ee place. p37-16,end9. 7. A,B,Cand D. p38. TheLee terM i, wanting in theScheme "7.39: /alt.r-a97.4in- ches 2 Lagraiteer CD 243 [sa rasbigeX 24g 13. tie ling ON. pag. ls. whereon. 4 Sint Wid onforalplac fr 14 25635. 7.16956 7.in the Scheme 828 ig wanting. p5104 6.1, I RyeaepErG ne hehe Ft pcr Whecks wee ropmanted. ps. Th ag. t4, Lenn Whesls were cogmented 15. Ths Schemes belonging to Se®. 4. in that Page is omiceds vd pg haar Atomate, 928.13 276 Apert IV) In Satjeal Recrestions.* Page 3, line 26.» Pe Page 35. line 22. read Galaxia. Tn Horomeri time 8. ton ; st Ni ghe, and Page. fine 8 read (ote 9, ton TY at Nigh, an 53/5 in che Morning) pad’ Lig’r.Qudtat, or de ‘ibid igen, Day? And being In. ‘Recreations. Mi Page 2, fine 25. read Cynolura, 9.4. Lage rit will there hold its p.'9, & wer. in this Zab, Aris and Sciences Matin MaTicat :» Profeffed.and Taught by the Aut Hor. Oo bose and fra@ions, =. a Getmofi in Dei garithms, : Meitimntetiet, — Qinimencliy by Deceal ads Napiers Bones’: And co exit the Square and Cube Roots by lofpedtion. Parts of 284¢ 4 "are 10 are, ai Tay ‘ . | 3 Whole Sum is 220 Loi Whole Sum is 284 XL of RECREATIONS XI. Of the Article Numbers, to, 100, roco. If you would multiply any number by 10, 100, oF 1000, ee. itis done by adding of fo many Cyphers towards the right hand of 'the given number, as there are Cyphers in the Article number by which you are to multiply: So 365 10 650 If youate to multiply 47642 Bby Qroo > "Me PraduBd,g.5.0 96421) Crooe: 96421000 ' Onthe contrary, any number may be divided by an Article Member, cutting off from the given number fo many figures towards the right Eee are Cpt the article Number By which you are eo di vide: So 7628 10 76208 | Ifyou would divided 34086 Pby<100 Prhe Quotient will beq340. 3 9320737 "1000. 932. ‘And the like of any other. XI. Of the Numbers 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 175. 18, and 19. If you would muleply any number by any of thefe numbers that hath 4 Unitin the Tenth lage, afer the metbod following, where you may fet down the Produét in one fingle line ; asin the Margeat ; 786 Let 786 bed number given tobe multiplied by x2 ; fet 12 them down asin the Margent, and fay, Two times 6is 12; = fer down 2, and keep x inmind: ——Then, a times® is 16, 9432 and rin mindis x7, and 8 over the 1, is 235 fet down 3, andbear ain mind:’ Then, 2 times7 is 14, and 2 in mind is 16, and8 over r is2q : oa i ei mod ; which 2 add to the laft figure 7, it makes 9 ; fo that 786 multiplied by re, lu- ces 9432. And fo of others 5 Siatsmples pls 4264 60304, 16 19 68214 1145776 XII of NU:MERICAL. XII. Of Square and Cube Numbers. eis obferved before, that no Square Number, can terininate in any of thelé four Digits 2, 3, 7, or 8: Notwithftanding, ‘there are’ many fubele Propettiés in Square Numbers: As, 1. If from an Unite you do fucceffively add the next odd digit num- ber, the fiam of thofe ewo Numbers fhall produce Square Numbers: ~As;-if to x you add 3, the next i a odd number, the Sum is 4, a r 3 ae ‘Bauare, Number to which if 4 ‘you add Se the naa odd Digit, © “| 9 Ie makes ‘9, a Square Number ; to which if yoused 7, the. next ;For-4 5 and tt § ‘oaks 4 ‘odd Digit, it makes 16,a Square , 36 Number; and fo.08, as in this, Pp ‘little Table, , A a © 9. IF a Seri cha ‘Squarg Nand “another, the term cing gare of ofthe the ‘ing ‘of the afk {hall be the ea te firft number be a 85 ang added gees, do make gs “Alf, if you leaveout the latter (95, and take the two extreamss fceivly nd add them ogeter, every of cher ams thal be equalto 9. 8 I ) and areall of them equal to 9. 5 4 IL. Of she Digit 2: In the Addition of the Produéts of the Multiplication of this Distt, you have one of every of the Nine Digits, tho not orderly difpoled, they ftand fo, that if you add the two extreme terms equidiftant Kom the middle term together, che Sum of each of them fhall be equal to (1x J. 2 sa i are each of them equal to rz. 6 4 And if you leave out the laft term g, then every. ewo extream terms taken together, fhall be equalto (9) the laftterm, 2 7 5 As’ ga ech ; r : ; And again, If you add the numbers in the fourth row under this Di- git together, you will find Cy them tobe 45, which multiplied . y ms A0 REGREATIONS by the Digit (2) makes go, equal tothe Sum of the Produ@ts of all the akiplications of this Digit, which ftand in the third Row under Digit II. TIL. Of the Digit 3. . Inthi Disc fon nay oblerve (atin ‘ll he reft) thatthe, Produds ‘Uf che feveral Multiplications do proceed in an Ariehmetical Progreffion the Common Difference beiag that of the Digit: Soin this of the Dt (3). Wherefore if you add any two terms equidi(tant from the middle term, theSum of chole two terms fall be equal, and the double of the middle term equal thereunto alfo: So in this 3 27 3 = 9 and 21p areall equal to 30. In 1 By 15 doubled ~ In this Digityou may obferve, that all che Additions of the Produéts areoneof thele three Digits, viz. 3,6,0r g3 and nowif you multiply every one of thefe {everally by (33 the common differeace, the Pro. dus of cach of them will be 9, 18,27 which added together do make 45, Which isequal to the Sum of the fourth Row under this Digit ( 3 ). And in this fourth Row of Additions, if you add the two extream terms, as 3 and together, their Sum will be x2, to which che middle term (6) doubled, isalfo equal. IV. Of the Digit 4. Inthe fourth Row under this Digit (4) you have all the 9 Digits pro- duced ; andif you omitthe laft term, every two of the reft added roge~ ther fhallbe equal to 9; and the Sum of all that Row added together makes 45 ; which if you multiply by the digit (4), the Product will be (180) equal cothe third Row of all the Produéts added together. Vz Of the Digit 5. This Digit hath all the-Nine Digits in che fourth Row of Additions (2s the Fitlt, Second, and Fourth Bad), and therefore hath the fame alifications ; for omitting the laft term, every two figures taken equi diftanefrom theextreams, ‘all be equal to /), and the Sum of all that Row fll be (4594 which mliptied By the common difference 5) she Product fall be ( 225 ) equalto he Sum ofall che Produtts of the Multiplications in the third Row. In which Row allo, if you add the ewo extream termstogeter (+ and 45,the Sum of them (50), and is equal tothe double of the middle serm { 25) Andfoalfoin the fourth Row, if you add the two extream Digits (9 and 5) cogether, their Sum ('r4) thall be equal to the double of the middleterm (7), VI. of NUMERICAL. VIL. Of the Digit 6. a This Digithath the fame qualifications as had the Digit ( 3), for all the fourth Row of Additions are one of thefe Digits 6, 3. 0g: And omitting the laft term, every two terms taken equidiftant from the ex- treams, fhall be equal to 9, and the fum of all of them equal to 54, ual to the laft number of the third row : And in the third row, if you add any two numbers equidiftant from the two extreams, their fam will be 6o, equal to the double of the middle term (30). And farther ; the fam of the fourth row being (54), that multiplied by (5 ), a number lefs by one than (6). the common’ difference, (becaule j1 ceeds 5), the Produ& will be 270, equal to the fumiof ail the Produ inthe third row. ; acicar VIL. Of the Digit-7. In this Digit (asin all the reft) the third row, which ‘proceeds by raultiplying of che Digit 7 into all che other Digits, defends ia Arish- metical Progreffion, the common differeace being (7); and.oif-you add the two extream numbers together, a8 (7) and (63 J, the fumaf them will be (70), which will be equal to the double of che middle number (35). Andthe like willbe by the addition of any twoof them equidiftane fromt the ewo extreams, or from the middle number, . £ 14 | 56 as and 46 areall of chem equal to 70. 8H ‘And fois the double of 35the middle term alfo) equalto yo. :* in 5 the laft numberin the third being ( 63 ) multiply it by.(; a ance oy than tes a Sr ce? ad the Prod Ot be 315) equal to the fim of all the Produéts in that third row added togeiber. VILL. Of the Digit 8. In this the third Row increafés by an Arithmetical Progreffion,-the common difference being (8); fothat the two extream terms (8 and 72.) being added together, do make (80 ), equal co the double of the middleterm ( 40), and fo any two that are equidiftant from the middle term: And forthe {am of them, multiply the lat term (72) by ( $) and the Produé willbe ( 360)’ equal co the fur of all the ProduGts in the third row : And for the fourth row, they all defend till they come to (0) the laft being (9) asit isin all the other Unites. IX, Of she Digit 9. ‘The third row under this Digit proceeds inan Arithmetical Progreffi- on, forhat the two extream terms (Band 81)’ make (go), equal co the double of (45) the middle term ; and {6 do any twa’ of the reft that are taken equidiftant from both Cy extreams, or from the middle 2 term 12 RECREATIONS : term (4$): And for the fam of the numbers in this third row, the laff umbe'< 3x) ‘multiplied by (5) gives (405) for the fum of all that row. Asfor the numbers Cor Sums ) inthe fourth row, they are all equal one tothe oeber, namely (9), and they being all added toge- thet) cheir furn is equal to the Inft teri in the third row. , CHAP. I Of Comparative Arithmetick ; or of the Relation of Numbers in Quantity. . Ow parative Arithmetick is performed by Numbers, asthey are con. red to have relation one to another in arty or Quality. 1s Relation iw Quantity ] is the reference or refpeG that the Nurabers themfecives have one to another : As when the comparifon is made’ be- tween 6 and2, or 2 and 6; —— sand 3, or 3 ands. And here the numbers propounded are always two, whereof the firftis called the dm Secedent, ‘and the fecond the Comfeynews ; fo in the Grlt Excample 6 is the Ancecedent, und g the Coxjequent ; and in the fécond, 2 isthe Antecedent, and 6 the Cosfequent. * 2. Relation in Quality}, confilts either in the Difference, or elfe inthe Rate or Reafon that is found between the Terms propounded. 3. Difference.) The Difference of wo aumbers is the remainder which is left after SubtraCtion of the leffer out of the greater 3 fo 6 and 2 being the Terms propounded, 4 is the Differesce between them, for 2 fubera- ed from 6, the remainderis 4. : 4. Rate ot Resfon. } The Rate or Reafaw between two numbers, is the Quotleetof the Antecedent divided by the Confequent: So if it be demanded what Rete or Refow 6 hath tos ; the Anweris, Triple Res: Jon ; for if you divide the Antecedent 6, by the Confequent , the ‘Quotient will be 3, 2 being contained in 6 juft three times like manner is there fub-tripte Reafon between 2 and6 ; fc you di- vide by 6, the Quotient ist, or }, becaulé6 being not found once in 2, there remains a for Numerator, 6 the Divifor being the Denominator. This Rave or Resfon of Numbers is either Epsal, or Unequal. ‘5. Equal Resfan | Is the relation thee equal numbers have.one to ano- ther, as 5 to 5;--—6 t0 6,—-e—==7 t0 7, Gc. For here, onebeing di- vile by the other, the Quotient is always un Unite ; for if it be de- eel how often ¢ may behad io 5, cheanfwerwill be, 1, or Unity. 6. ‘Unequal Reafon } isthe relation that unequal numbers have one un- to another ; and this is either of the Greater tothe Leffer, or of the Les to the Greater. emg Resfon of the Greater to the Leffer }, is, when the greater term is Antecedent, as of 6 to2, or gto 7, andthe like ; for ae the Quotient of the Pe aeneeend the Confe~ queat, is always grearer: Inity ; foGdivided by 2, the Quotienris 3, and 9 divided by 7, is 13, ———But Cequal Reafan of the Leffer to the Greater}, is, when the lelfer term is Antecedent, as of 2106, of 7 9,00 ——-» And here the Quotient of the Antecedeut divided by d NUMERICAL. the Confequent, is always lef than Unity ; fo 2 divided by 6, the Quo- tient is %, or}, and 7 divided by 9, is 3 Eachof thefe kinds of ‘Unequal Rea/ow is again fubdivided into Five + other kinds or varieties; whereof the three firftare Simple, and the "other ewo are Mixt. ——The Simple kinds of Unequal Resfon are, (1.) Manifold. (2.) Siperperticular. (4.) Saperpartient, 7 Manifold Reafon of the Greater to the Lefi}, is when the Conte. ‘quent is contained in the Antecedent divers times, without any part re- maining ; as 4t02, 8to 4, 16 to 8; which is called Double Res/om, ~becaufe the Lefg is contained twice in the Greater ; fo 6 to2 is Triple Reafow, and.8 to 2 Fourfold Resfon, os. And here, the Quotient of tt on is ésfinitum. ———Or in thefe Numbers Fo. 9 27, 81, 243,ce. where the Common Multiplier is (3.] And this Ascalled Geometrical Progreffion. ‘ OF both thefe kinds of Progreffion I have: inferegd Tables. Arichmetical Progreffion, the Common Difference be i ig - ee SIs SF) FPS P IB) are late EL LF LE |e] FL? , 6 ~E 10 |! Cella ele apalal sl 18) $12) | 5) 8) 3) el at By Eq] 8]12] 16] sof 2 3 4 5 sl 20 i 24] 357 40) 45 “| 6x2] 1 24-30 36 | 48| 8 ee q|rq}ar| 2 42| 49 0 || | 433 24 2 H al 56 ¥| at 04 {3,2 | 361 as| 54 8] Z| 81 ool 10] 20] 30] 40] so] 601 70] 80] go| 100)' [i 227 33]-441 55 | zl 88 33 | #0 fra) 3g 36| 48 6 aI 841 964 108 | x20 [3 6 139 53| 65} 78] 93 | 2044 1171 130 a x12] 126 | 140 | Hal selse] S| Gl st] oplee Bsey |i jal 48) 6 so] 96 | xx2 | 1284 144] 160 4 Za{ | ol 85 x08 | 139 136 153 ye 18] 363.541 72] 901 108 | 126 | 144 {162 | 180] 18] e i | sara 133 | a§2t 1 1] 190 20| 40| 0] Bo} x00 | 120 | 140 | x60] 180) 200 at) 42; 63 HH 105 126 | 147 168) 189 | 210 1 alta | si seo | syn) nga 178 198 | 320 | 93 | 46 691 ga | rag) 138 x61] 184] 207| 230] | 24148472] 96) 120) 144 168 | 192 | 216 ete { \25} 50.75] x00] ras4 350 | 175 | 200 | 235 1250 : ” Geo ag 16 RECREATIONS Geometrical Progreffion. 17649 1953025 10,651,776 491353607 T 7 7 8 9 10 6 8r 100 si ns 1,900 4096 6560 te000 32,768 595049 100,600, z eee finals soiece ose eee 1,000,000,000 x0 100 1,900 10,000 100,000 1,900,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000 410 000,000,000 1100,0004000,000 1,000,000,000,000 116}900,000,000,000 1100,000,000,000;000 1,0004200,000 900,000 110,000,000,000,000,000 1100,200,000,000,000,000 .4,000,000,000,000,000,000 11¢,000,000,000,000,000,000 1100,000,200,000,000,000,c00 4,000,000,000,600 000,000,000, 170,000,000,000,000,000,060,000 100,000 ,000,000,000,000,000,000 114200,000,060,000,000,000,000,000 14,008 000,000,000,000 000,000,000 Geometrical Progre/fion. suosffasSoag prrerauynay Tn o fl NUMERICAL Tn this Progreffion it is vilible, how Addition and Subtraction in Arith- anetical Progrefion, anfwers to Multiplication and Divifion in Geometrical Progreffion. —— For, As in Geometrical Prigreffion, 1000 multiplied by 100,000, produces 100,000,000: So if Arithmetical Progrelfons the nuinbers an! ivering to 1000, and 100,000, are (3) and (5,) which being added together make (8,) which anfwers to this Produst “100,006,600. —And again, As in Geometrical Progreffion (100, 000, 000) being divided by (100,000) the Quotient is (1000.) ° So in Arithmetical Pro- grefion, Xf Yrom the correfpondent number, belonging to che former Produit 100,000,000, (viz.8,) you fubtra& any of the other corre{pon- dent numbers, va. (5,) the remainder will be the other correfpondent umber (viz. 3,) which anfwers to 1000. IIL Of Mufical Proportion, Mafcel Proportion or Habitade,) is, when the firft aumber hath the fame proportion to the third, which the difference between the firft and fecond hath to the difference between the fecond and the third, ‘Asin thefe numbers [3, 4, 65] whereas 3 isthehalf of 6: Sox, which is the difference berween 3 and 4 the half of CHAP. IV. Numerical Theorems. L. If Numbers (how nany foever) exceed one another by au equal Interval ;“ she Tnterval between the Greatelt and she Lealt, is Multiplex of thet equal \nterval : according to the multitude of the Nunibers proposnded, Left by One. ET the numbers propoféd be thefe four 15 3, 5, 7, whofe common Interval is 2. Then (by the Hyporhrfis) 6 is the Interval between the Greateff 7, and the Leaf’ 1. —-And likewife the three numbers 2,2, 2, are every of them equal to the common difference, and equal one tothe other, And-the mulritude of them (viz. three) equal to the mul tirade of the number given, (viz, four) lefs by One. —And laftly, The Aggregate of thefe three numbers (vx. fix) is equal to the Interval be- tween 7 the Greatef, and x the Left, viz. 6. “HL. If Numbers (bow many foever) contain the one the other by an equat Ratio, shew she Greatelt of thofe Numbers, ix Multiplex of she Powers of the Desominaton ofthe nal Ratio maliplie bythe Leatt ;-accor- ding t0 the Muttitade of the Nambers given, le(s by One. BT the Nambers givenbe theft four, viz.2,6, 18, 54. Andler che "Denomination of the Ratio be 3.. ‘Then (by the Fypotbefi) the Gk multiplied by 3 (the equal Ratio) is equal to the fecond (vis. 6,) and che multiplied by (3) is equal tothe third (vic. 18) and the chird mul- tiplied by (3) is equal tothe fourth (ozs. 54.) Be, 8 th a REGCREATIONS (rik fe} ( Secand 6 | 2 le ints 3. (The firk Power of che ool lel essence {nig £8 4181 G-) sino g, into. (The econd Power of | the Hatio, or dhe Ratio fquared. Vrounn! | sf nog no 3 (The ted Power tof £5) | ofehe Rai, os the Ratio Cubed. i Or, let the four Numbers be 1, 3y $07 and the common difference 2, rae z wi8ar ‘ second $3 -q Jz more by 2. naa ERE EEE. aes Fourth 7). "x moreby 2, mone by 2, more by 2, Here the Greatelt Term (7) is equal to the Leaft (1,) and as may differenesas there are more Terms befides the Lee? (viz. fix) And refore the Greatef# Term 7, lefSby the Leaft 1, (vie. 6) is Multiples: ofthe Difference, according to the number of Terms lefs by One. IIL. If shere be three Numbers iw Arithmetical Proportion ; he Sum of * the two Extreams is equal s0 the dowble of the Means. ET the three Nambers be 2,4, 6, whole common difference is 2° len, The firft Term a, is only 2: . The fecond Termis 2, more by the difference once (viz. 4.) ‘The third Term is 2, ‘more by the difference twice (viz 6,) And fo it is evident, that twice (2) the firft Term, more by twice the difference (4) is equal both ro the Sum of the firft and third. Terms ; and alfo to the double of the meanterm (4,) for 2 and 6 is 8 ; and fo alfois the double of 4... - IY. Af three Numbers Se iw Proportion, the Number contained under the ‘Bxtreams, is equal to the Squate made ofthe Mean: And if she Nom- ber coptained wader the Extreams, be equal to the Square of she Mean, shofe three Neombers foabe: jo proportion, ET the three. Numbers be (2, 6, 18.) ‘And let the common Ratio be (3.) ‘The firft Term is (2.) ‘The econd Termis ainto 3 (oie 6.) . Thethird Term is 2 intothe Square of 3 (viz. 9) equal to 18, And from hence it is evident, That the firft Term drawn into-the third (viz, 2 into x8,) is equal to 2 into (vis, 4,) aod chat intothe Square of 3 the common Ratio (viz.9) For 2 into Wis equal t0(36.) And fo is 4 the fquare of 2, into 9 the fquare of 3 equal to 36, There. fore, the Produé&t of the firft mul ipled by the ‘third, is equal to the fquare of the Mean. vr “V. I NUMERICAL. V. If there be four Numbers in Arithmetical Proportion ; she Sum of she firf and fourth, is equal to che Sum of che fecond and third. . Ef the four Numbers be in continual Proportion, as thele 4; 12, L 20, 28, wholé common difference is (8.) >

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