UNIT 8

PRODUCTION

1. Find the following words and word combinations in the text “The Dell
Theory of Conflict Prevention” and translate them into Russian.
1 embedded in supply chains
2 just-in-time deliveries
3 to protect the equity one has built up
4 having your oil wells go dry
5 to disrupt the supply chain
6 to follow the evolution
7 the prosperity and stability smb promoted

2In the text “The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention” find English equivalents
for the following phrases.
1 положительные международные последствия
2 часть глобальной сети поставок
3 вести войну
4 повышающийся уровень жизни
5 получает достаточно уважения за добро
6 рискуя потерей места
7 очень дорого
8 нефть, которая никогда не кончается

3 These words are from the texts of this unit. Complete the table below.

noun verb adjective

depreciation
to deteriorate
excess
prevention
procurement
retention
to stipulate

4. Complete the following passage using the, a/an or the zero article (-), where
necessary.
Few hands make work light
No 1___ other country in 2___ Asia has climbed out of poverty or lower-middle-
income status without a manufacturing boom. Boston Consulting Group has
pointed out that, despite manufacturing's low profile in India, it contributes 3____
much higher share of GDP (16%) than IT does; it is 4___ source of 53% of exports
(compared with 5___ 27% from services); and it is 6___ destination for four-fifths
of foreign investment.
KOEL (Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited) is 7___ maker of mechanical equipment
such as 8___ diesel engines, especially those used in water pumps for 9___
agriculture. In the past financial year its profits increased by 46%. One would have
thought, therefore, that it was generating large numbers of jobs. But apart from
10___ hiring splurge in 1994-95, when it added about 100 people, it has not taken
on workers since 1982. Its success is not 11____ result of the deployment of large
numbers of low-wage Indian workers. It comes from continuous automation and
improvements in
12___ productivity.
KOEL's strategy is the norm for 13____ successful Indian manufacturing as a
whole. With liberalisation in the early 1990s came new competitive pressures.
Overinvestment left some manufacturers struggling with too much capacity. But
that has now worked its way through 14____ system, and the survivors have
emerged leaner and fitter. 15____ manufacturing has enjoyed healthy growth of
over 9% a year in the past two years.
Source: Adapted from “The Economist”.

5. Read the text below and decide which answer (A,B,C or D) best fits each
gap.

Airlines pledge to cut emissions

As boss of British Airways, Willie Walsh 1 _______ more criticism than praise
lately. So he 2 _______ delighted with the headlines he attracted last week.
Addressing the United Nations climate-change meeting in New York, Mr Walsh
promised that by 2050 the industry would cut its carbon emissions to 50% of 2005
levels through technological innovation, more efficient operations and economic
instruments, such as emissions trading. Given that the industry, which is already
responsible for nearly 3% of global emissions, expects to grow by about 5% a year,
it was a remarkable statement. How seriously 3 ______ it ______?
Quentin Browell, an environment specialist, insists that the pledge to make deep
cuts in emissions is both real 4 ______ feasible: “We 5 ______ this commitment
without undertaking a thorough assessment of whether it can work.” In the short
term fuel efficiency is claimed 6_____ by 25% by 2020, 7 ______ new flying
techniques and better air-traffic-control regimes could also produce large cuts in
emissions. The industry is also ready to accept a 8 _____ increase in annual costs
as a result of being brought into a global emissions-trading scheme.
Apart from carbon offsets and efficiency gains, the industry is pinning its hopes on
algae-based fuels as a substitute for today’s kerosene-based ones. Mr Browell says
9 ______ could eventually be responsible for cutting carbon emissions by up to
80%. He points to the success of several test flights 10 ______ biofuels. The
certification of such fuels for aviation next year should lead to a ramping up of
production.
Source: Adapted from “The Economist”

1 A received B has received C receives D will receive

2 A must B must be C mustn’t be D must have been
3 A can … take B should…be C will … take D might … be taken
taken
4 A but B or C and D neither
5 A would not B did not make C had not made D would not have
make made
6 A to improve B improving C to have D improve
improved
7 A but B however C while D although
8 A $5 billions B $5 billions’ C $5 billion D–
9 A these B those C this D that
10 A to use B using C to have used D being used

6. Fill in the missing prepositions in the following text. Use one of the
prepositions from the box, where necessary.

by in to for on

The bubble car is back

Many car designers are convinced that a radical change 1___ automobile
technology is going to be needed 2___ the crowded megacities of the future. By
2030 more than 60% of the world’s population is expected to be living in cities,
and more of them will be able to afford cars. The need to reduce emissions, an
acute scarcity of land 3___ roads and parking, and the prospect of laws restricting
conventional cars all point 4____ the idea that different and smaller types of
vehicle will be 5___ demand. So designers are coming up with things that look like
a vehicle that was familiar more than 50 years ago. Welcome to the return of the
bubble car, cheap personal transport.
Gordon Murray, who designed racing cars, is developing two tiny four-wheel cars.
These cars can carry three people, with the driver sitting in the middle and
passengers behind. The single door hinges forwards and upwards, so such cars can
be parked facing the pavement and close together - indeed, three of them can sit
abreast 6___ a standard parking place.
Mr Murray’s idea is not just to produce vehicles that have a low impact 7____ the
environment but also to use a green and cheap manufacturing system to build
them.
8___ doing away with big, heavy metal presses and assembling 9___ the vehicles
from a simplified tubular chassis, the cost of production could be cut to about a
fifth of that in a typical car factory. He is hoping to license both the design of the
cars and their production process 10___ other carmakers.

7. Insert the suitable words into the gaps (two words are odd).

to arise export refining wholesale developing credit

hoarding developed insurance input to grow boom

A natural crisis
The problem of rising food costs and grain supply issues has become urgent.
Costco, a popular American 1 ______ grocer, is asking California consumers to
limit rice purchases in an effort to reduce 2 ______.
Economists continue to explore the roots of the crisis. So far, the list of culprits
includes bad weather, 3 ______ restrictions, growing demand, and biofuel
production. That last item has come in for particular scrutiny in America, where
government incentives have led to a 4 _____ in ethanol production and have
helped to tie movements in energy costs to those in food markets.
But the connection between energy and food prices doesn't stop there. Petroleum is
an 5 _____ to farm machinery, and dear petrol adds to the cost of food shipments.
And fertiliser is overwhelmingly produced from natural gas. Petroleum 6 _____
also comes to industrial use of natural gas in the United States. With booming
energy costs, fertilizer manufacturers are opting to close their doors and instead
sell their natural gas supplies. Interestingly, this creates another link between
biofuel production and food costs. Fields planted repeatedly in corn require an
especially large dose of nitrogen fertiliser.
Nitrogen fertilisers deserve much of the 7 _____ for the modern boom in food
production, which has enabled humanity 8 _____ to 6.5 billion. Ultimately food
demand will prove more inelastic than energy demand, suggesting that markets
will eventually reallocate more natural gas back to fertilisers. But advanced nations
can take high food prices much more easily than the poor in food-importing 9
______ nations. The process of pushing food and energy prices up high enough to
reduce
10 _____ nation consumption is extremely painful for those already devoting a
huge share of their annual incomes to food.

8. Render the following text.

Сократить сроки амортизации

Сроки амортизации оборудования будут сокращены. По мнению экспертов,
если такое решение будет принято, оборотные средства предприятий
вырастут. Однако на решение компании об обновлении основных фондов
влияет не столько наличие или отсутствие налоговых льгот, сколько
производственная необходимость.
Сегодня амортизация в ускоренном порядке предусмотрена скорее как
исключение из общих правил. Она может применяться для основных средств,
используемых в условиях агрессивной среды, для оборудования,
применяемого только для научно-технической работы, а также основных
средств, взятых в лизинг. Кроме того, механизмом ускоренной амортизации
имеют право воспользоваться сельскохозяйственные организации
промышленного типа и резиденты промышленно-производственной или
туристско-рекреационной особой экономической зоны.
Сокращение сроков стимулирует сроки обновления оборудования. Таким
образом, предприятия будут больше заинтересованы в приобретении нового
оборудования, что напрямую влияет на качество производимой ими
продукции.
Принципиально решение о сокращении сроков амортизации для
большинства российских предприятий уже принято. Сейчас обсуждаются
технические детали, то есть, как быстро можно амортизировать, по каким
группам товаров и номенклатурам. Чиновники обещают, что поправки
коснутся большинства отраслей.
Источник: Ирина Колодина (в сокращении)

Vocabulary
arise /v/ возникать, появляться
bid for /v/ пытаться добиться, получить
boom /v/ быстро расти
breakage /n/ авария, повреждение
cost savings снижение себестоимости
credit /n/ зд. доверие, хорошая репутация
deem /v/ думать, полагать, считать
deliver /v/ доставлять
depreciation /n/ снижение стоимости, обесценивание
deteriorate /v/ ухудшать(ся)
determined /adj/ зд. назначенный, установленный
disrupt /v/ прерывать, разрывать
disruptive /adj/ разрушительный, опустошительный
economies of scale экономия, обусловленная ростом масштабов
embed /v/ внедрять, вставлять
enormously /adv/ весьма, чрезвычайно
equity /n/ справедливость
excess /adj/ избыточный
exponentially /adv/ экспоненциально, показательно
facilities /pl.n/ оборудование, аппаратура; здания (заводa)
flat /adj/ плоский, ровный
handle /v/ управлять
impact /n/ сильное воздействие; влияние
insufficient /adj/ недостаточный
insurance /n/ страхование
just-in-time синхронная работа (всех звеньев производства),
строго по производственному графику
lead time время разработки, подготовки, проведения
lean production маломощное производство
location /n/ местоположение
obsolescence /n/ неупотребительность; устарелость
opportunity cost альтернативная стоимость
prevention /n/ предотвращение, предохранение
procurement /n/ поставка, снабжение
prosperity /n/ преуспевание, процветание
retention /n/ удерживание, сохранение
reverse auction аукцион на обратном принципе
risk premium премия за риск
shipment /n/ погрузка; отправка; перевозка (товаров)
shortage /n/ нехватка, недостаток; дефицит
stipulate /v/ ставить условием, обусловливать
stock /n/ запас; инвентарь; основной капитал; фонды
storage /n/ хранение
strike /n/ забастовка, стачка; бойкот
striking oil бьющая ключом нефть
supply chain сеть поставок, поставщиков
under-utilize /v/ использовать с низким коэффициентом
wealth /n/ богатство, состояние
weave (wove, woven) сливать(ся), соединять(ся), сплетать(ся)
/v/ рабочая сила
workforce /n/