PREPARED BY: ENGR. KAREN M.

ARGENTE
 To know the logical structure of digital
computer
 To know the different classification of
computers
 To know the key types of software
 A computer is a general purpose device that
can be programmed to carry out a set of
arithmetic or logical operations.
 It has the ability to store, retrieve and process
data.
 The two principal characteristics of a
computer are: it responds to a specific set of
instructions in a well defined manner and it
can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions
called a program.
 HARDWARE
▪ hardware is any part of computer that has a
physical structure

 SOFTWARE
▪ is any set of instructions that tells the
hardware what to do
 Input : Keyboard, Mouse
 System unit:
▪ Random Access Memory (RAM)
▪ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Output: Monitor, Printer
 Secondary Storage: Disk Drive
 Instructions for the hardware.
▪ Actions to be performed
 A set of instructions is called a program.
▪ Driving force behind the computer
▪ Without a program – What is a computer?
▪ Collection of Useless Hardware
 2 purposes:
▪ Tell the computer what to do
▪ Tell other people what we want the computer to do.
 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CONTROL ARITHMETIC/
UNIT LOGICAL UNIT

INPUT MEMORY OUTPUT

FILES
▪ is the “receiving" section of the computer.
▪ It obtains information from various input
devices and places this information at the
disposal of the other units so that the
information may be processed.
▪ is the "shipping" section of the computer
▪ It takes information that has been
processed by the computer and places it on
various output devices to make the
information available for use outside the
computer.
 It retains the information that has been
entered through the input unit so that it may
be made immediately available for
processing when it is needed
 The memory unit also retains processed
information until that information can be
placed on output devices by the output unit.
It is often called memory or physical
memory.
 is the "administrative" section of the computer.
 It is the computers coordinator and is
responsible for supervising the operation of the
other sections.
 It tells the input unit when information should be
read into the memory unit, tells the ALU when
information from the memory unit should be
used in calculations and tells the output unit
when to send information from the memory unit
to certain output devices.
a. Arithmetic and Logic Unit - is the
“manufacturing" section of the
computer. It is responsible for
performing calculations. It contains
decision mechanisms that allow the
computer to complete tasks.

b. Control Unit - is a master set of

programs which interprets the user's
programs. It supervises the overall
operation of the computer. It is used to
take advantage of speed and capacity of
other components. The list of
operations, called programs, tells the
control unit what to do. These
operations are read from memory,
interpreted and carried out one at a
time.

 is the long-term, high-capacity “warehousing"
section of the computer
 Programs or data not actively being used by the
other units are normally placed on secondary
storage devices until they are again needed.
 Information in secondary storage takes much
longer to access than information in primary
memory.
 The cost per unit of secondary storage is much
less than the cost per unit of primary memory
SUPER COMPUTER
MAINFRAME
COMPUTERS
MINICOMPUTERS
MICROCOMPUTERS
 is the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensive.
 It was developed in 1980s.
 It is used to process large amount of data and to solve complicated scientific
problems.
 It can perform more than one trillion calculations per second.
 It has large number of processors connected parallel. So parallel processing is
done in this computer.
 In a single supercomputer, thousands of users can be connected at the same time
and the supercomputer handles the work of each user separately.
 Supercomputers are mainly used for:
Weather forecasting
Nuclear energy research
Aircraft design
Automotive design
Online banking
To control industrial units
 World's fastest supercomputer coming to US in 2021
 The "exascale" computing race is getting a new entrant called Frontier, a
$600 million machine with Cray and AMD technology that could become
the world's fastest when it arrives at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in
2021.
 are also large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe
 These are also very expensive.
 The mainframe computer specially requires a very large clean room with air-
conditioner.
 This makes it very expensive to buy and operate
 It can support a large number of various equipments.
 It also has multiple processors.
 Large mainframe systems can handle the input and output requirements of
several thousands of users.
 The users often access the mainframe with terminals or personal computers.
 There are basically two types of terminals used with mainframe systems.
 a. Dumb Terminal does not have its own CPU and storage devices. This type of
terminal uses the CPU and storage devices of mainframe system. Typically, a
dumb terminal consists of monitor and a keyboard (or mouse).
 b. Smart/Intelligent Terminal has its own processor and can perform some
processing operations. Usually, this type of terminal does not have its own
storage. Typically, personal computers are used as intelligent terminals. A
personal computer as an intelligent terminal gives facility to access data and
other services from mainframe system. It also enables to store and process data
locally.

 are smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than
mainframe.
 These computers are known as minicomputers because of their small size as
compared to other computers at that time.
 The capabilities of a minicomputer are between mainframe and personal
computer.
 These computers are also known as midrange computers.
 The minicomputers are used in business, education and many other government
departments
 Although some minicomputers are designed for a single user but most are
designed to handle multiple terminals.
 Minicomputers are commonly used as servers in network environment and
hundreds of personal computers can be connected to the network with a
minicomputer acting as server like mainframes, minicomputers are used as web
servers. Single user minicomputers are used for sophisticated design tasks.
 are also known as personal computers or simply PCS.
 Microprocessor is used in this type of computer.
 These are very small in size and cost.
 The IBM's first microcomputer was designed in 1981 and was
named as IBM-PC (International Business Machines
Personal Computer)
 After this many computer hardware companies copied the
design of IBM-PC
 The term "PC-compatible" refers to any personal computer
based on the original IBM personal computer design.
 A desktop personal computer is
most popular model of personal
computer. The system unit of the
desktop personal computer can lie
flat on the desk or table. In desktop
personal computer, the monitor is
usually placed on the system unit.


 Another model of the personal

computer is known as tower personal
computer. The system unit of the tower
PC is vertically placed on the desk of
table. Usually the system unit of the
tower model is placed on the floor to
make desk space free and user can
place other devices such as printer,
scanner etc. on the desktop. Today
computer tables are available which are
specially designed for this purpose. The
tower models are mostly used at homes
and offices
1. LAPTOP COMPUTER
2. WORKSTATIONS
3. NETWORK COMPUTERS
4. HANDHELD COMPUTER
❑ is also known as notebook computer.
❑ It is small size (85-by-11 inch notebook computer
and can fit inside a briefcase.
❑ The laptop computer is operated on a special battery
and it does not have to be plugged in like desktop
computer.
❑ The laptop computer is portable and fully functional
microcomputer. It is mostly used during journey. It
can be used on your lap in an airplane. It is because it
is referred to as laptop computer.
❑ Laptop computer is also available with the same
processing speed as the most powerful personal
computer. It means that laptop computer has same
features as personal computer. Laptop computers
are more expensive than desktop computers.
Normally these computers are frequently used in
business travellers.
❑ Workstations are usually connected with other
computers specifically in the business network
environment, and their high-level tasks are
performed and sharing the important data between
them, controlled by the system administrator.
❑ are special single user computers having the same
features as personal computer but have the
processing speed equivalent to minicomputer or
mainframe computer. A workstation computer can
be fitted on a desktop. Scientists, engineers,
architects and graphic designers mostly use these
computers.
❑ Workstation computers are expensive and powerful
computers. These have advanced processors, more
RAM and storage capacity than personal computers.
These are usually used as single-user applications
but these are used as servers on computer network
and web servers as well.
❑ are also version of personal computers having
less processing power. memory and storage.
❑ These are specially designed as terminals for
network environment.
❑ Some types of network computers have no
storage.
❑ The network computers are designed for
network, Internet or Intranet for data entry or
to access data on the network.
❑ The network computers depend upon the
network's server for data storage and to use
software.
❑ These computers also use the network's server
to perform some processing tasks.
❑ These computers are also referred to as Palmtop
Computers.
❑ The handheld computers sometimes called Mini-
Notebook Computers.
❑ The type of computer is named as handheld
computer because it can fit in one hand while you
can operate it with the other hand. Because of its
reduced size, the screen of handheld computer is
quite small.
❑ Similarly it also has small keyboard. The handheld
computers are preferred by business traveller.
❑ Some handheld computers have a specialized
keyboard.
❑ These computers are used by mobile employees,
such as meter readers and parcel delivery people,
whose jobs require them to move from place to
place.
❑ PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANCE
A PDA provides special functions such as taking notes,
organizing telephone numbers and addresses. Most PDAs
also offer a variety of other application software such as
word processing, spreadsheet and games etc. Some PDAs
include electronic books that enable users to read a book on
the PDA's screen.

2. CELLULAR TELEPHONES
is a web-based telephone having features of analog
and digital devices. It is also referred to as Smart
Phone. In addition to basic phone capabilities, a
cellular phone also provides the functions to receive
and send e-mails & faxes and to access the Internet.

3. H/PC PRO DEVICES

These devices have features between PDAs and
notebook PCs. The H/PC Pro device includes a full-
size keyboard but it does not include disk. These
systems also have RAM with very low storage
capacity and slow speed of processor.
 Software components of a computer
system have no physical presence, they
SOFTWARE are stored in digital form within computer
memory. There are different types of
software, including applications software
and system or support software.

APPLICATION SYSTEM
SOFTWARE SOFTWARE
❑ Applications software (also
known as "apps') are programs
written to accomplish particular
tasks.
❑ There are many different types
of applications software.
❑ Standard applications products
are generally purchased from
an outside source.
❑ Some applications that are
unique to the organization are
generally developed internally.
❑ Support/System software provides
computing environment that is
easy and efficient for humans to
use
❑ It enables applications programs to
be carried out. It ensures that
computer hardware and software
are used efficiently.
❑ The most important type of
support/system software is the
Operating System.
❑ Support/system software are
almost always purchased from a
hardware vendor or software
house.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. KAREN M. ARGENTE
 To know the components of a file
 To know the number system
 To know other methods and computation in
number system
 When we type some letters or words, the
computer translates them in numbers as
computers can understand only numbers.
 A computer can understand positional
number system where there are only a few
symbols called digits and these symbols
represent different values depending on the
position they occupy in the number.
 BIT - The smallest unit of physical data is a bit. A bit is
represented by 0 or 1
 BYTE:- Byte is a group of binary digits which contains 8
binary digits.
 WORD - A group of bits considered as an entity.
 FILE - Collection of records
Binary Number System
Base 2. Digits used: 0,1

Octal Number System

Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7

Hexa Decimal Number System

Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9. Letters used: A-F
 The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the
decimal number system
 Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to
9.
 In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left of
the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and
so on.
 Each position represents a specific power of the base (10)
 For example, the decimal number 1234 consists of the digit 4 in
the units position, 3 in the tens position. 2 in the hundreds
position. and I in the thousands position, and its value can be
written as
 (1x1000)+ (2x100)+(3x10)+(4x1)
 (1x103)+ (2x102)+ (3x101)+(4x100)
 1000 + 200 + 30 + 4
 1234
 Characteristics
 Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
 Also called base 2 number system.
 Each position in a binary number represents a
0 power of the base (2). Example. 20
  Binary Number: 101012
BINARY
STEP NUMBER DECIMAL NUMBER
1 101012 ((1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + ( 1x 22) + (0 x 21) + ( 1x 20))10
2 101012 (16+0+ 4+0+1)10
3 101012 21
 Characteristics
 Uses eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3. 4. 5. 6. 7
 Also called base 8 number system.
 Each position in a octal number represents a
0 power of the base (8). Example 8°
  Octal Number: 125708
OCTAL
STEP NUMBER DECIMAL NUMBER
1 125708 ((1 x 84) + (2 x 83) + ( 5x 82) + (7x 81) + ( 0x 80))10
2 125708 (4096+1024+ 320+56+0)10
3 125708 5496
 Characteristics
 Uses ten digits and six letters: 0, 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,
7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
 Letters represent numbers starting from 10. A =
10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F =15
 Also called base 16 number system.
 Each position in a hexadecimal number
represents a 0 power of the base (16).
Example,160
 Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16

Hexadecimal
STEP NUMBER DECIMAL NUMBER

1 19FDE16 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + ( F x 162) + (D x 161) + ( E x 160))10

2 19FDE16 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + ( 15 x 162) + (13 x 161) + ( 14 x 160))10

3 19FDE16 (65,536+36,864+ 3,840+208+14)10

4 19FDE16 106,462
 ASCII
 METHODS
 COMPUTATION
POWERS OF 2

VALUE
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 •The largest value that can be stored in a byte with eight bits is 255
POWER OF 2
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
VALUE 32,768 16,384 8,192 4,096 2,048 1,024 512 256

POWER OF 2 215 214 213 212 211 210 29 28 •Two bytes are used for larger numbers; maximum value is 65535

CHAR ASCII CHAR ASCII CHAR ASCII

@ 64 U 85 p 112
A 65 V 86 q 113
B 66 W 87 r 114
C 67 X 88 s 115
D 68 Y 89 t 116
E 69 Z 90 u 117
F 70 a 97 v 118
G 71 b 98 w 119
H 72 c 99 x 120
I 73 d 100 y 121
J 74 e 101 z 122
K 75 f 102 ACII BINARY
L 76 g 103 I 73
M 77 h 104 E 69
N 78 i 105
O 79 j 106
P 80 k 107
Q 81 l 108
R 82 m 109
S 83 n 110
T 84 o 111
 BINARY
ADDITION MULTIPLICATION
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 0 carry 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 + 1 + 1 = 1 carry 1 x 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
decimal binary 1 0 1 1 1 0
decimal binary 1 1
1 1 1 1
+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
2 --> 10 3 --> 11
1 1 1 0 0 1 1

c1 c1

1 1 1 0 0
+ 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 0 0 1

SUBTRACTION DIVISION
0 - 0 = 0 1
1 - 0 = 1 11 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 - 1 = 0 -
0 - 1 = 1 borrow 1 -
-
1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 -

1 0 1 1

Ans 11001 r.10

1 1 0 0
- 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
- 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

OCTAL HEXADECIMAL
1 1
2 7 4 1 1 1 1
+ 7 2 4 A B C 1 2 3
1 2 2 0 + 4 5 6 D E F
F 1 2 F 1 2
ANS 1 2 2 0
F 1 2 F 1 2 ANS
 DECIMAL TO BINARY BINARY TO DECIMAL
DECIMAL NUMBER 29 BINARY NUMBER 11101

OPERATION RESULT REMAINDER BINARY DECIMAL

29/2 14.5 14 1 MSD 11101 (1X24)(1X23)(1X22)(0X21)(1X20)10
7 7 0 11101 (16+8+4+0+1)
3.5 3 1 11101 29
1.5 1 1
0.5 0 1 LSD

BINARY NUMBER 11101 DECIMAL NUMBER 29

OCTAL TO BINARY BINARY TO OCTAL

OCTAL NUMBER 25 BINARY NUMBER 10101

OCTAL DECIMAL BINARY OCTAL

25 ((2X81)+(5X80))10 10101 010 101
25 (16+5)10 10101 28 58.
25 21 10101 25

DECIMAL NUMBER 21 OCTAL NUMBER 25

OPERATION RESULT REMAINDER

21/2 10.5 10 1 MSD
5 5 0
2.5 2 1
1 1 0
0.5 0 1 LSD

BINARY NUMBER 10101

HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

HEXADECIMAL NUMBER 15 BINARY NUMBER 10101
HEXADECIMAL BINARY BINARY HEXADECIMAL
15 110.510. 10101 0001 0101
15 00012 01012. 10101 110.510.
15 000101012 10101 15

BINARY NUMBER 10101 HEXADECIMAL NUMBER 15

PREPARED BY: ENGR. KAREN M. ARGENTE
 To know the guidelines in evaluating a
program
 To know the steps in programming by using
▪ Pseudocode
▪ Flow chart
1. UTILITY
➢ The very first question that should come to mind is whether
the application does what it is supposed to do.
➢ If it does not, there is no need to evaluate it further. But this
happens rarely
➢ Utility also means that the program meets its objectives.
Sometimes it falls short, or at other times. it has much 'add-
ons' so that it distracts the user from the objective.
➢ For example, an educational game could be more of a game
than an educational technique or approach
2. Audience appeal and suitability
 Next, you will have to identify the target
audience of the application and ask whether
the content (including multimedia content)
and language (e.g.. directions) are
appropriate and would appeal to the target
audience.
 For example. Sponge Bob may not be
appealing nor suitable to a target audience
thirty years and older.
3. Ease of use
 Translated as user friendliness.
 It should be easy to navigate around the application.
 Also, the skills needed to operate it should be within
the capabilities of the target audience (i.e., use of
larger, easier to hit icons for younger children).
 Most importantly, it should not lockup or crash your
system because of inappropriate input. In other
words, it should be able to survive abuse from an
inept user or a beta tester who wants it to fail.
 Programmers usually follow a routine in
developing a computer program. As
programmers. it is important to familiarize
ourselves with the steps in creating a
program.
Program Specification

Defines the scope of the program you want to

make. It answers the question "What will it do
exactly and for whom?
Algorithm

is a sequence of instructions that clearly

specifies how to do a task in a linite number of
steps. There are two ways to create an
algorithm:

a. Pseudo-coding
b. Flowcharting
writing the commands in somewhat broken
English
 drawing a diagram (a.k.a flowchart) showing
the operations and sequence of execution of
computer dictions and data flow

 Narrative - used English phrases within the

various geometric shapes
 Structured -used variables, notations,
formula within the geometric shapes.
Encoding

translates the algorithm into the preferred

programming language
Testing

this involves running a compiler to convert your

program to executable file and inning the
executable file on test data to see if the
computer does what you intended it to do
Debugging
 means fixing the error (a.k.a. bugs) in your codes.
 When computer didn't do what you wanted it to do,
there must be something wrong with your
instructions and you need to go back to the previous
steps.
 Some compilers are extremely helpful, they point out
where in your sequence of statements the error
occurred and why.
 Debugging also involves running the program again to
see if the changes you have made work.
Types of error:
 a. Syntax error - physical error found in the code. If syntax error
occurred, you may go back to Step 3 or Step 4. Does not conform
to the rules of the programming language (incorrect grammar,
typo)
 b. Semantic error - logical error in your code. If semantic error
occurred, you should go back to Step 2. Yields nothing meaningful
 c. Logical Error - Causes the program to operate incorrectly, not
crash. The syntax is correct, but executes without performing the
intended action, may produce incorrect output or unintended
behavior
 D. Runtime error - Happens when running the program,
generates an exception that terminates the program with an error
message
Types of error:
 Syntax refers to the rules that define the structure
of a language. Syntax in computer programming
means the rules that control the structure of the
symbols, punctuation, and words of a
programming language.
 Without syntax, the meaning or semantics of a
language is nearly impossible to understand.
 If the syntax of a language is not followed, the
code will not be understood by a compiler or
interpreter.
BETA TESTING
 involves having a sample of your intended users
try out the program. These are called beta
testers.
 The main purpose of beta testing is to identify
bugs you may have missed in Steps 4-6, as well
as to allow your future users to give you
feedback on how they can make better use of
your program (e.g., make it user-friendly).
Final Release
 Once you've incorporated all the concerns raised by
your beta-testers, then you're ready to deliver the
final release version to the target audience (your
program Version 1.0).
 Once released, users may find other bugs or
recommend more changes. If you incorporate the
changes in your program and re-release it, that's
when you have Version 1.l of your program. If the
changes are major, you have version 2.0.
1.Algorithm
2.Pseudocode
3.Flowchart
ALGORITHM AND
PSEUDOCODE
 PROGRAMMING
ALGORITHM
Set of instructions/Rules to be followed
by a computer program. Which should
contain an INPUT,PROCESS and an
OUTPUT.
Depending on the Problem to be
solved.
 IPO MODEL

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Type words to Computer Printed document

computer. generates what the
user have done
VARIABLES
MATHEMATICS

A letter that can represent any

number

PROGRAMMING
A letter/word that serves as
temporary storage that can
represent any value
 Programming problem
Create a program that will display the sum of 2 numbers inputted by the user

ALGORITHM
1.
Declare 3 variables,2 for
Addends and 1 for sum

2.
Let the user input the
addends.

3.
Perform the addition
between the addends and
assign it to the sum

4.
Display the sum
PSEUDOCODE For this reason,
programmers find it helpful
Since we all know that each programming language has to write their programs in
strict rules, known as syntax, that the programmer must pseudocode (pronounced
follow when writing a program. “sue doe code”) before they
write it in the actual code of
If the programmer writes code that violates these rules, a a programming language.
syntax error will result and the program cannot be
compiled or executed.

When this happens, the programmer has to locate the

error and correct it.
Because small mistakes like misspelled words and
forgotten punctuation characters can cause syntax errors,
programmers have to be mindful of such small details
when writing code.
 A METHOD THAT
ALLOWS THE
PROGRAMMER TO
PSEUDOCODE REPRESENT THE
ALGORITHM IN A
The word pseudo means fake, so pseudocode is MORE
fake code. PROGRAMMING
RELATED WAY
It is an informal language that has no syntax rules, and is
not meant to be compiled or executed. Instead,
programmers use pseudocode to create models, or
“mock-ups” of programs
Because programmers don’t have to worry about syntax
errors while writing pseudocode, they can focus all of
their attention on the program’s design.
Pseudocode are also called false
Once a satisfactory design has been created with codes because it tends to look like
pseudocode, the pseudocode can be translated directly to a programming language but can
actual code. still be understood by a person that
has little understanding in
programming
DO: DON’TS:
DON’T MAKE IT ABSTRACT

PROPER NAMING CONVENTION

DON’T MAKE IT GENERALIZED

SIMPLE AND CONCISE

 Example 1
Create a program that will display a sum of 2 numbers inputted by the user

Let num1=0,num2=0 and sum=0

Input num1 and num2
Sum=num1+num2
Output sum
 Example 2
Write pseudo code that performs the following: Ask a user to enter a number. If the
number is between 0 and 10, write the word blue. If the number is between 10 and
20, write the word red. If the number is between 20 and 30, write the word green. If it
is any other number, write that it is not a correct color option.

Let A=0
Print “Please input a number.”
Input A
If 0<A AND A<10, then
output “blue”
else if 10<A AND A<20,then
output “red”
else if 20<A AND A<30, then
output “green”
else output “That is not a correct color option”
End if
 Example 3
Create a program that will display PASS if the average is greater than or equal to 50 otherwise will
display FAIL.

Let
num1=0,num2=0,num3=0,num4=0,ave=0
Input num1, num2, num3, num4
Ave= (num1+num2+num3+num4)/4
If (Ave>=50)then
Print “PASS”
else
Print “FAIL”
endif
 Terminal/Terminator is used to
indicate the beginning and
ending points of a flowchart.
(Start/Stop: Begin/End)

 Input/Output is used to
indicate where data are entered
into the flowchart and also
where results are printed.
 Process is used to specify
some action to be taken. An
arithmetic or replacement
operation might be specified.

 Decision is used to indicate a

decision point. A comparison
may be made or a question may
be asked. Two flowlines
emanate from this shape
indicating a "Yes" or a "No".
Whatever the answer is, the
appropriate flowline is followed

to the next symbol.
 On-page Connector is used when a
flowline has to be broken because of space
limitations on the same page. The shape
contains a single character (alphanumeric)
and the sequence continues with another
shape, which contains the same character.

 Off-page Connector is used when a

lowline has to be broken because of
page limitations and to be continued
on the next page. The shape contains a
single character (alphanumeric) and
the sequence continues with another
shape, which contains the same
character.
  Flowlines or more specifically
arrow lines, determine the flow
of information through the
chart, thus, the sequencing of
information

 Note: Flowcharting symbols and techniques can vary from one book to another, or from
one software package to another
 Given three numbers A,B,C, draw a flowchart that computes and
prints out the sum, the average and the product of these values

START  = equal SIGN - assignment

operator

A,B,C

SUM=A+B+C

Ave=Sum/3

Prod=A*B*C

Sum, Ave,
Prod END
 Given a number N, draw a flowchart that determines if the
value is positive or negative
START

T/Y
N>=O Val = “Positive”

F/N
Val=“Negative”

Val

END
 Given two numbers, draw a flowchart that determines
and displays the larger value
START

X,Y

T/Y
X>Y Larger= X

F/N
Larger= Y

Larger

END
 Display numbers from 1 to 10

START

NUM=1

IF
F/N
NUM<=10 END

T/Y
LOOP NUM

NUM=NUM+1
 Display odd numbers from 1 to 10
 1,3,5,7,9
START

NUM=1

IF
F/N
NUM<=10 END

T/Y
LOOP NUM

NUM=NUM+2
 Display even numbers from 1 to 10
 2,4,6,8,10
START

NUM=2

IF
F/N
NUM<=10 END

T/Y
LOOP NUM

NUM=NUM+2