Module 3 - 802.11 Network Framework

802.
11 Network
Framework
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802.11 Network Framework
802.11 Medium Access

802.11 Medium Sharing
802.11 Power Management
Association and Authentication
WLAN Topologies
Summary
Exercise
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» Terminology
• Basic Service Set (BSS)
• Extended Service Set (ESS)
• Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
• Wireless Distribution System (WDS)
» Basic Service Set (BSS)
• A single access point is connected to wired network
• One or more wireless clients or stations (STA) connect to it
wirelessly
• All wireless stations send wireless transmissions to the
access point
» Extended Service Set (ESS)
• Two or more interconnected Basic Services Sets
• One or more wireless clients or stations (STA) connected
to two or more access points
» Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
• Aka, "Ad-hoc", or "Peer-Peer”
• Involves no access point(s) in communication
• Wireless clients (STAs) communicate directly with each
other
» Wireless Distribution System (WDS)
• Traditionally a Distribution System consisted of wire and a
switch to provide access and forwarding
Distribution System
» Wireless Distribution System (WDS)
• Extend the range of a wireless network by using two or
more Access Points
• Eliminates the need for costly cabling
Wireless Distribution
System (WDS)
» Terminology
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA)
• Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)
• Short Inter-frame Spacing (SIFS)
• Distributed Coordination Function IFS (DIFS)
• Point Coordination Function (PCF)
» Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
• Wireless is a shared medium
• Borne out the Ethernet contention-based (collision
detection) method
Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
• CSMA/CA uses a 'slot time' which forces all STAs to wait a
random amount of time after the medium is clear to transmit
• Measured in microseconds (μs)
• Uses a ‘backoff’ interval
Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
“My backoff interval is 3 slot times,

i.e, 60 μs” 40 μs
20 μs 60 μs
80 μs
Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
» Also uses frame acknowledgements (ACK) to ensure delivery of a unicast
frame
STA 4
STA 1 STA 2
STA 3
“Send a frame to STA 4”
Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
» Also uses frame acknowledgements (ACK) to ensure delivery of a unicast
frame
STA 4
STA 1 STA 2
STA 3
“Frame received and acknowledged”
» Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)
» Used to resolve “hidden node” problems
STA 4
“hidden node”
STA 1
STA 2 STA 3
» Uses a Network Allocation Vector”
STA 4
“hidden node”
STA 1
STA 2 STA 3
» Uses a Network Allocation Vector”
STA 4
“hidden node”
NAV for STA1 &
STA2 set for 20 μs
STA 1
STA 2 STA 3
“STA 4 is cleared for 20 μs ”
» CTS-to-Self can also be used for mixed clients
» Protection mechanism for mixed mode
environments
11n 11g
11b 11ac
» Short Inter-frame Spacing (SIFS)
• Inter Frame Space is the minimum time that a
station needs to wait after it senses the wireless
medium free
• SIFS is a high priority inter frame space used for
immediate response actions such as ACK
» Distributed Coordination Function IFS (DIFS)
• Standard, lowest priority interval between the
transmission of data
• Receiving station senses the channel for an additional
random time after detecting the channel as being idle
(after ACK) for a minimum duration of this value
» Point Coordination Function (PCF)
• Contention mitigation method that uses “polling”
• Each station is “polled” in succession to determine if
wants to transmit
• Access point servers as the polling device or “point
coordinator”
» Distributed Coordinated Function (DCF)
• Fundamental and basic channel access method for all wireless
stations
• "Equal access for all" contention based method, otherwise
know as "airtime fairness"
» Terminology
• 802.11 PowerSave
• WMM Power-Save (WMM-PS)
• Unscheduled Automatic Power Save Delivery (U-
APSD)
» 802.11 Power Save
• Mobile devices must always ready to receive packets
• Mobile devices have a finite battery life
• 802.11 Power Save mechanism allow wireless mobile
clients to conserve battery life without packet loss
» 802.11 (Legacy) Power Save operation
802.11 beacon
Station A sends a frame to

the AP with the Power
Management field set to 1
to indicate that it will go into
power save mode after this
frame transmission.
802.11 beacon
The AP records that the

station is in power save
mode to prevent any
frames from being sent
to that station from the
AP.
802.11 beacon
As the AP receives frames
specifically for that station
(unicast frames) it
temporarily stores those
frames at the AP (buffering).
Zzzzz..
802.11 beacon
This frame contains a list of

AP will send out a beacon the stations that have
frame to all stations. At the buffered unicast frames
same time, all stations switch
waiting at the AP. This list is
to active mode to receive
the frame. known as the traffic
indication map (TIM).
“I have data for STA1”
STA 1 STA 2
802.11 beacon
“Release the buffered

frames”
STA 1 STA 2
802.11 beacon
Once the buffered

frames are received the
station can again
return to power save
mode..
Zzzzz..
» WMM Power-Save (WMM-PS)
• An update to the legacy PS-POLL power save
• Client radios spend more time in sleep mode
• Uses WMM access categories
» Unscheduled Automatic Power Save Delivery
(U-APSD)
• Similar operation to WMM-PS
• AP immediately releases buffered frames for station upon
receipt of a frame from the station
• Used for VoIP stations
Frame
Data
» Topics covered in this section
• Scanning
• Association states
• Roaming
» Scanning
• Passive Scanning - Push from the AP of "beacons"
that contain the network ID of the wireless network
• Active Scanning – Stations send out “probe requests”
searching for a specific SSID or any SSID
SSID = “Service Set

Identifier”
» Association states
Probe Request
Probe Response Authenticated
Authentication Request
Authentication Response Associated
Association Request
Association Response
» Roaming
• A client station moves from the coverage cell to
another
WLAN Topologies
» Terminology
• Centralized
• Autonomous
• Distributed
• Mesh
• Workgroup Bridge
WLAN Topologies
» Centralized
• Management functions for the access points
governed by a “controller”
Wireless LAN Controller
WLAN Topologies
» Autonomous
• Management functions for the access points reside in
each individual access point by
WLAN Topologies
» Distributed
• Intelligence if the wireless network is distributed
among groups of access points for control
• Each access point makes forwarding decisions
WLAN Topologies
» Mesh
• Access points form a link directly with the next closest
access point
WLAN Topologies
» Workgroup Bridge
• Used to connect wired network segments to a
wireless network segment
Summary

WLAN Topologies
Exercise
End
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802.

802.11 Medium Access

“My backoff interval is 3 slot times,

Station A sends a frame to

The AP records that the

This frame contains a list of

“I have data for STA1”

“Release the buffered

Once the buffered

SSID = “Service Set

Probe Response Authenticated

Authentication Response Associated

Wireless LAN Controller

802.11 Medium Access

Copyright © www.ine.com All rights reserved.

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