UNIT-4 en’ Lasebva, joa, BPS | Dees 2 “The usora “LASER” #8 On acronym for Light AmpkPication by Stimulated emission of Racliation ” Mlbere Einstein tn [417 thepreticolly proved tek He Procesg of Stimulated emisgior must exe. Buk only in M545 =A Group of Scientiges at Columbia university headed by Charles H: Townes cperatid 2 Microurave device 5 foe © micrebave Aig Pation (by Stimelatag Emission ec Radiakion( MaSER)". “Ln 14602, HH. Maimen of the Hughes Research Laboratories Pivae achieved Lefer action at optical frequency in Wy. Since 1160 the development ef Lekers: We) been extremely Yepid. Though i£ U4) called agvan wMvention in seorel f& an Application” at the tine oP 144 invention, the variely. of (hry and the ‘wealth fe a ; th f Let applications cleveloped Since 1960 18 emovrmous. News applizstions re bel foond even now olnnegt evely day | “d > 0 EAS alge | pa 4 Stimulsiza Abscnption? frm oko tn the Sromrd mp i : Stele Ey , the atoms abso ” seeameceeiae | Maelo aatat - * | etcited #3 the higher ee Gps Sele energy stole 6, - This ‘ CT) process Caltleel’ Stimilotea x spontenents OMVSSIOMT Tp epran ) o| ptiblely, WARE Ly oo, DBkEn by odor elunetin), gt 5 a sas Barcel eve CONG a ee er. > lower energy level 2) after tts & Tae Vike time emiting al iphoteh te Process Colled Spontaneoos emission. Epergy of the photr emitted h0= Er-F.@® : sted ¥ stiondd emison? when 3 63rd sell) by WW Before ater of. enetay(Ere 1), the ae EE Sn 6 ern ‘pApves to lower energy ‘euel Bi emitting ovotter Photon gf & ——_ & ener44 (EF ahd) hig Proce 1 B call stimulaed emission. sntonentis ont Stimulolid © Won % Distinguish beween SP Erovgsion | ee Spontoneous Emission Stimulated, Emission ] D LEncoherents Sadision BCeherent Yedietion i) Legg Dntensity |) High Datemsity Ii) Polychomadic. Svadiation — {fi) Monochromslic. Dadiotion: | wW Emission of leght photon “f) Emission af (ight Bion by. takes place temeditly if Maude fo? hautng: witto Tiducedtmnulatey) energy) to the ener og eo neonate pete 4 atti ce Vietesten es, ; higher energy, level.to ||, Elonsitio eneray levely ewer energy level chy oF GB) ® Less divectionality ©) ith, clivectionality exemple” LEAP Pron.) OEM MEE vst Sodium or Mercury Vopoir | LEzle Lom a Log. Source |. Lemp Ruby Leper. , Henle Gof) Lefor,, ; Gong lef). “ye Liketime: The cluretion of Hime! Spent jon, Geto he excited Stee is knmon a8 [Hebine ab petals Sect Tha Piped SOHO ASy Ve cng aire 8 RD Ante ye populaions The: Munthe of! léckoms per tnit: volume, in cin eRgy lee!" Miele BaP at energy. level. type 4oul atoms per qanit Volume 71) \ TR N % number ¢ f pression -for population am energy State. Ey then en Con be cayttten as | N=N, exp (ir. ‘i | tthe ground Stete. where , plo 7 the! Po : Ke 1% The BolbEyon4 Ceastent ond AUN. aes pamper xe Population invexsion.: The nupbon population Ce Biomg. iy OMY rexcited , stole 8 aed aGiaen herr Number, datke lowe | energy 5 Condi 16 Called popustion wwersion . Pup +The Peds lpser teh Stete © higher oy Seale. by Spelling, WO is electric, Aigohorge iiopeteay” Pure @ eS mandon @® nig oe ea P-n San Ction , ¥ Peprtics # Laws ens. God Chornctersstiget LAR The important CharelterQttcs £ Logon. beam Pe D High Menochvomat icity : Tg Property of exhi ibiting a Si roi naire ae a° Nahr eee Leger Wo§ only single “toalongth boty exci light- Source oo tibelighe, Ye Vapour Wing have eo wdou) Seleatis ' wae Non vi® 1D With Goherene: the Property of existing either Sem or Constant ie angle difference bethween tuo or more Boves ig Knoum ag Colnepents pas ve? Oo aed ricig sd ) spertial Colerences PR 2 vsaeg one having o Some amplitude, Some’ Pregueney ond Phope APherehce) Between, iS. Ze or Congtont Over a space, trmoughouk | Sts motion.’ De i’ colled 8) Spatiel ey breingverge? Coherence. R) Tempra! Coherence: | Ppa dose’ has Same emplituce |. andi) Prequenes ok all” points ‘on the UosoVe OVer a pertod oe Aor gl eub TS. motion DER Gall og (Bec poelen Lahgicivel Coherence. bv fag 1) Hagh Aivectonality desi light poe} eee \| Cirectiong ound bg? Ong U Se vend ik vet But’ eget tg “hy, ghly Giveckon) ond Ue enguber Spreed % tram fossa. + The Lepi lighe f woavelengte “)* energies Haro Oo) etter fe Ly, Operabuine ‘Violet “a! then) 7 taser KE f!)..f} =. propagaigg o8 al Pareltel bom ’ Nea i | and aotg iverged . eb ale The. omgle € Hivergenee qh a by Bea been i iB ACS wohere |p, DT Ab Nencding th) Rearing tore a payee ae ipa hit 3 ne orbs y) le Biveg tha highs th choral f lean eR hy Meensity ene eat a Bm@ * Einstetn Coefficients + a Oa ACLording to Eingtein theay , all the thee tronsrton Process Stimubled absorption, SPoNtOn e oug emvivecior) avd Stimulated Emission occu, Simultaneously - ss Let Ny betta number of ats per Unit Volume ost energy &, Ny be Ma Number of atoms per ONTE Volume with energy Ey Let 1! Lethe Number £ Photons Per Orit Vohite ot Frepiemen . Suck thet | hd's Ep“ ang “Hew te energy asi of nberacting. Photons fy) Ws pity by POS) = nha : woken These photins Tiberaie cath, ator, bot uperardl Cabsorption) ond seentderd Cemizsion) transitions occur. At epeiltbrium thee EYensi tion rales! mug be. oe Stimubtey absorption le, depends on tis Number of Available Th the leer energy siete Ly af, O*Pion Photeng af well ag the energy shagity of. Mbera ching Yadicton - ; ie, Stimublad absorption wate O¢ IN| | % FLV), cr Ni fC) Bio —@ wheve Cans bent Proportt onality ‘Bi, 8 the Eingtery Coefficient af Stimulated absorption . Dosnigerel. Cans Hae After absorption the atoms ore Present i the excited State , The life tine ofthe excited Stet % Very ley. Sotkape atomg ane Sporitaneously LYensition te atound Stele after Completing of thee fe time f thet excited Stele. j GP cimte neous eezsian tate; Sependy 4p on tha irund toms tn ts excited, Stale hii ihelaiil M Ponteneots miggjon Yate... ox Nes). | 9-4 , = Na As© Wheve Constant proprtfonality, Ay, TR tee Eihatedy ictent ff sprtaneses emizgion . Stimulated emisgion rele SePedds on the Number of ovbomg Weileble mM The excited Stef afwel/ ag tie energy. | ity of Interdeting photons - Stimulatey emiggion tole < Ny” ‘ < fle) = Nz FCv) 8, wheve Cargtent proprtonelity Bo, Bithe Cinsteln CocPicient of Stimulated emiggion . aes Por System ty equilibriam, tke Upurmd and downed tronsition wtelsy mustbe etal ond, hence we heave Ni P09) 8, S.No Aey tb Ne P@) Be, Nj Pl) Bi2- No PO) Boy = NoAes| | (DMO.- No Bay} pi) = NoAe, | oes le Pays Sees . NiBy- No Bay NA * NB Nb Boy NB Nabe; = Ae / em ram 4 4 2 Bey ©The Popelstian Pthe Various energy levels of Syitem iM theres equilibrium ig Siven by Boltemenn clstribution Lew Ny = No el )-O where Ny population densi she energy leve/ EB, No~ Population Sonal: a ground Stade, eb TE Kp Boltamann Congtont [\-39x1073 sik)no exp L Ret. N\ = No ele], Ny _Yeeolif] Ee Te wo cli) i hat &,-E, o Mos exp ar Nye me = ew[) a. t a Zi Subse berg ae lpm 181 mi fe) = fe: i. fe ee Sas Prom at (aso Bi i peter, eee ene Ba % an 1) fe) = ST ea a ante ates ee ap ' ; : ‘Be = gthy® ae Se C wibana ih Adee é @ Block Aagrom ofa Loder System 4 4 ~en Comeraction of Loser ¥ The block, diagrom of Lede e “They one © Source of eneray @ avckve rea optial Cowity - sygtem Contoing 3 ports , jem ond , aah Pefleckve miver Sowa enerrys ap Neko pepulation | Taveraton m the AcEVe Medium the Source: 1 Aste Ti performs Pumping Process . e , ME At 99, Active Medium + The population Tversion & Ocomring ta te active Medium De Ente & Sotiel liquid, Jaf or Sees tor dike ‘TUNction. opti. S i at Resonavt Couity.) 2 The Active Median portally x petueen io Pally Reflective’ Mrmr and Oot ae te, mirror Thag axrengerient 18 Colled eth ae Pedonator . Thage ming ae Cosled AbSOYPHION (oss eS Mmatirialg to Teduce emitted Lefer 2 kop MInOrZ Duc toe Mirror oNengenent 38 Su Pleocont ene ond forth YePle Ctiong Undi/ te Called ag Lon ae Came out . Sothig Can be Pearce, portal, re, lator: The, output lofor iz emitteyPrinciple of. Lekser.: Cr) wld pg the principle ca Lager. 2 whak i Meo by Taye action 3 Cohen Population |Priversion 1% created in & Medium, The number ef Photons emitted by Stimulad emission Proase Yexciie thy ArwplPrcatiins "of ‘Gh. Trig Process Light Amplification lay | Stimubdcted | Eetission . Radiation VS Called Lager Action. : Seeks 2 ey TYPES OF Lesek Bogel on te cote. medium , Logers one ClassiPreag Tht ealeypes: Hhege™ @ Solid stots Leger ; } ero Ruby 48% | a ONG-Yae) RK > © Gog Lefer ex:-© Hee Lye, ND @ Cop Ler } Foy Loafer’ @ Nittdgen Leger module,® Ruby Laser : TE ty A Selly State, ele! Lode aster Conn iad Lrvst by TH matmon I 1960 * ey ch als made Up af Akminiam oxide hs) i . OS ong ore replaced by cr® rong} loping OF %308 : ey ; Characteristics’ af Ruby lagers 's cries! Type — Solig! Stati.” Unger": ACHVe Contex— Cr jong AcKe Mediam— Teby Road Pemping method —OPKcal Pumping Pumping Source — KeNon Plash Uiylae optical Yefornator — 2 ends of tke Wed Pouser outpap — tO eS 10% coats. Natewve of outpag — Puildedl wave les — 461A Bonde oe tothe Optica! PemPtng clayomiam atoms 27% Seriado excites Stake Tren be. stony Comat mebesable Sta by on Yodiattve Erontedion « Due fe Stintulatts emission -the. Lransetion of atoms takes place from tke metoStable Stete t& IYound Stele and aivega lofer@ the Puby infer &@ made up fa dylidvicd| vaby crystal’ Vd P Aluminium Oxicle (Al,0;) and 005% x50, , Cohicl, levgts 1B few Ceneinetirg any cliareln. 33 0.5m The” Ruty Yod % pep “tngide. The 31% tle yen Plagh light te Spirally anound the; Yuby pa] aie Connected t Poorer fupply. To avery heating in which "quia nitregen ©): woliy MY be ciralced The 2ends pte veds ore. Pregent in which one ig fully Silvered Contig and He offer end ig Partially Sileved Cokes Working: fs The Xenon Flash light W Susitehed ow andthe Ugh B allowed t fall ortie Weby, Wd. > OPtiae! energy excites ted oF Ions Lrorr~ Ground Stele, te alctte, Siete avd the Tett heats -at tha opporatug Caw be Coated by sthe Coaling arrangements .> The | Cr otomg absorp ten “photon of! He conve lenge S6O0q° - corn’ Plogh light ‘ond Goto “the excited State, oThege cr atomy Come to ‘te Metastable State after : Completion of. lifetine 16° Seconds A wm Yadéahiye bensebion takes pla between the Ey ond Ey gu Some heat ig Produad . eskich Conbe Cooled by Contig, OXTEN gE HENS. 2 The, cx atomy 1) metastable state be ‘ Come to round Stole E)'’ by beblg A 'DMten ea coos length he 643A". $600. Thin choin sreaction %! TY mi nepedlid by the Optical etonatey, eas! Pred high wtensity, monochromatic, divectional beam ef Loave legis aud Preqneney 9 BES: Ey. v 2 Ls v ° 9 MERA A 1 ued arcphetent aus Ao G43. Age Y DIO HE 6) hoe al chery@ Applications of Ruby Lager > ft Bw vsd ™ puleet poloraphy 5 TER oped tm LEDAR [LM iebction ol Renji ) een oxd in Remote nate \ > used fay drilling hit iby Woled i for, eng Wah td ond tonge diners, borgel dorignalrys " Tecunique Pn miliary vyed of > pwance, mengarement sing | pulse eda > Used ty general regeatel, applications sud aS plas Product end fluorescence 'Spectvostopy . Dibachutileget nyo wate Weal Spe egaes & agh! purring pour | oy Ten. eflidency “ts Ved, ‘eu » <> butpa 3 pulsed. TP a ey ‘Y 5) cope ed aby j pave better merits | eA Cee SuSE: Ny-yre L282 5 a Solid srete. wl dha bei \ttriam Aluminium Goaret/VaG— i vsy o£ byivelent es " jevel Lager ‘System The holt Tt & medium for ig doping oY added % tong Nat?“ I i Choracteristicg of Nad-YAe Loker 5 Type —~ Solid States a Act] medida, NERO Ungersn dart Active Center — Neodymi y wirrnigts a Pumping method — DeLee! onaphie cue) enon Poi Wake é puraptag Source — Optica) Yegonabsy — 2 endg f the You® Power output — ! kw Nature of Omtput — p feed toave lengti =— 1o60oF, Princigle: Due te the oPtica) Pumping Weodymiam (id *) Ateng ote Otaiged t excited Sede , Then the atoms Came fo Metastable Stet! by On Yadiohve trangetion , Due te Stimulated emission the range tion of. atoms take plete from the metostedle Stele to Jround Stole ond dives A logon. Leam. CONEtIUCHEN and LOOTEMY 5 ipeliver AISETA HON nd OTE panei od pou reflected mine va le tellers , Cen) Rife es oukpul alee | xenon flaph ligh-Co L Kypton ave lighe Joye) oh poeser BARRY the host: medium pte Lager t hum Aluminium Germek Ys AL Gin OO) YY He QE) Ey | > “ediVelohe Meodymiiiny tong, (Nat?) Present ag Impurtetey . s Tre levy ditt, MI VAG, loser. read Nortes Lom cm te 10 eng depending onthe Power eftie Lefer + ¢ o ; a tts) Mamet dy Senerally 6 t 9 mm . The leger tod oud & Xenon Plast Gale Crypten alge Lay, light one houged “ty « elliptical teflector Cavity.) when ighke , Saittes by tthe . lamp 8) CtPPe crs vely Couple’ ts +ke wey is Lends Pathe rods ae Present tif wbohiel cine 3 Pally Cilvered | Coated | ered The: ether ead 18° paul il 3 The Syatem B Cooled by att oc wsdl ope pane8 The Xenm Hagh light or kayphiniave. Lay Irqhe! - iB Switched ON ond the light t% allowed to cfall on) the Nd~Vag, Logey vod. Poepttel energy evetted) the AUT? 164 from ground cred ay tl Sat yt Caley oe appare Can be Cocks & G aurtongements + 2 Ths Hote Four Leet erat. 4 6 VV) porte E.— Wie “hu! acteens. cabin he beter erieray (Ina): Pe, stele. Plath Nigh ed. ap ts the ehelted, 6 2 Nowe cited eld cevamg sisyteg, ab excited Sete after i ‘\'cemnpl fon ‘of. Uefe time Cio sec) stig dleckrng LYenaition Seow) ‘Exctind Sjate to metelsteble Shate = Dn this cose hae YG Laer, Ake, Output’ COMBE of Longe no: 'Spikeg of about es dlayation ith about Wes . Beforatlton lt V7) — Thig| Leferl canibe Qe Se eheal * set Legh poser Ulera, Short Pulgege 1) ude YAG Leber, CAN be ere vy tOonouss wavie(CW) . = Gentinpes geet Powers of! over |! Pate ene obtotned - mee | Arpplicetion dt vide Halo 28h vd