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Newton-Raphson Method and Its Convergence: Session No. 28
Newton-Raphson Method and Its Convergence: Session No. 28
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Newton-Raphson method and its convergence
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Faculty of Engineering & Technology ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Applications
The firm can sell any amount of the chemical at $4 a gram. Find
the break-even point of the firm, that is, how much it should
produce per day in order to have neither a profit nor a loss. Use
the Newton-Raphson method and give the answer to the nearest
gram.
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Newton-Raphson Method
f(x)
f(xi)
x f x
i, i
xi 1 = xi -
f(xi )
f (xi )
f(xi-1)
xi+2 xi+1 xi X
f(x)
AB
f(xi) B tan(
AC
f ( xi )
f ' ( xi )
xi xi 1
C A X f ( xi )
xi 1 xi
f ( xi )
xi+1 xi
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Algorithm: Step 2
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Algorithm: Step 3
xi 1- xi
a = 100
xi 1
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Algorithm: Step 4
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10 of Engineering & Technology
Faculty ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Example 1 Cont.
Solution
To aid in the understanding
of how this method works to
find the root of an equation,
the graph of f(x) is shown to
the right,
where
f x x 3-0.165 x 2+3.993 10- 4
Figure 4 Graph of the function f(x)
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Example 1 Cont.
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Example 1 Cont.
Iteration 1
The estimate of the root is
f x0
x1 x0
f ' x0
0.05
0.05 0.1650.05 3.993 10 4
3 2
30.05 0.330.05
2
1.118 10 4
0.05
9 10 3
0.05 0.01242
0.06242
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Example 1 Cont.
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Example 1 Cont.
Iteration 2
The estimate of the root is
f x1
x2 x1
f ' x1
0.06242
0.06242 0.1650.06242 3.993 10 4
3 2
30.06242 0.330.06242
2
3.97781 10 7
0.06242
8.90973 10 3
0.06242 4.4646 10 5
0.06238
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Faculty of Engineering & Technology ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Example 1 Cont.
2 m
The maximum value of m for which a 0.5 10 is 2.844.
Hence, the number of significant digits at least correct in the
answer is 2.
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Faculty of Engineering & Technology ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Example 1 Cont.
Iteration 3
The estimate of the root is
f x2
x3 x2
f ' x2
0.06238
0.06238 0.1650.06238 3.993 10 4
3 2
30.06238 0.330.06238
2
4.44 10 11
0.06238
8.91171 10 3
0.06238 4.9822 10 9
0.06238
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Example 1 Cont.
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Advantages
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Drawbacks
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Drawbacks – Inflection Points
2. Division by zero
For the equation
f x x3 0.03x 2 2.4 106 0
the Newton-Raphson method
reduces to
xi3 0.03xi2 2.4 106
xi 1 xi
3xi2 0.06 xi
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Drawbacks – Oscillations near local maximum
and minimum
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Faculty of Engineering & Technology ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Drawbacks – Oscillations near local maximum
and minimum
f xi a %
Iteration
Number xi 4
–1.0000
3
0 3.00 3
4. Root Jumping
In some cases where the function f x is oscillating and has a number
of roots, one may choose an initial guess close to a root. However, the
guesses may jump and converge to some other root.
1.5
f(x)
For example 1
f x sin x 0 0.5
x
Choose 0
x0 2.4 7.539822
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.06307 0.5499 4.461 7.539822
-0.5
x 2 6.2831853
-1.5
2
df d f
0 f ( x ) f ( x ) ( x )( x x ) 2 ( x)( x* x k ) 2
* k k * k
dx dx
some x [ x k , x* ]
dx
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Faculty
©M. S. of Engineering
Ramaiah & Technology
University of Applied Sciences ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Newton-Raphson Method – Convergence
Subtracting
df k k 1 * d2 f
( x )( x x ) 2 ( x)( x k x* ) 2
dx d x
2
k 1 df k 1 d f
Dividing ( x x ) [ ( x )]
*
2
( x )( x k
x * 2
)
dx d x
df k 1 d 2 f
Let [ ( x )] 2
( x) K k
dx d x
k 1 * 2
then x x K x x
* k k
Convergence is quadratic
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Faculty
©M. S. of Engineering
Ramaiah & Technology
University of Applied Sciences ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Session Summary
f(xi )
• Newton-Raphson method is given by xi 1 = xi -
f (xi )
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