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20 Artículo 1 del reglamento de la fábrica de Saint-Maur.
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24 Projet de règlement pour la fabrique d'Amboise, art. 2. Archivos nacionales F 12 1301. Se
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25 Reglamento provisional para la fábrica de M. S. Oppenheim, 1809, arts. 7-8, en Hayem,
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26 Reglamento para la fábrica de M. S. Oppenheim, art. 16.
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32 No se puede atribuir el éxito de las tropas prusianas "a otra cosa que a la excelencia de su
disciplina y de su ejercicio; no es, por lo tanto, una cosa indiferente la elección del ejercicio; se ha
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de Sajo-nia, carta al conde de Argenson, 25 de febrero de 1750; Arsenal, Ms. 2701. Mes rêveries, t.
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255
33 Ejercicio de escritura: ..."9: Manos sobre las rodillas. Esta orden se da por medio de un toque
de campanilla; 10: manos sobre la mesa, cabeza alta; 11: limpien las pizarras: todos limpian las
pizarras con un poco de saliva o mejor aún con una muñequilla de retazos; 12: muéstrense las
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banco. Los ayudantes revisan las de su banco, y todos permanecen en su lugar."
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40 F. de la Noue recomendaba la creación de academias militares a fines del siglo XVI, y quería
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todo esto hace a la persona más robusta y más diestra". Discours politiques et militaires, ed. de
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46 J. A. de Guibert, Essai géneral de tactique, 1772, I, 18. A decir verdad, este antiquísimo
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25 de septiembre de 1857).
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