NJ. Geol Pelion. Mh. | 199012 | 67-90 | Stntgart, Februar 1990 The Davie Ridge in the Mozambique Channel: Crystalline basement and intraplate magmatism By Yannis Basis and Lucien Leclair, Paris {With 1 Figures and tables in the text ass, Yc Lucan, L (1980)The Davie Ridge inthe Mozambigae Chana: Crystal line basement and intrapiate magmatism. ~ N, Jb, Geol. Paliont, Mhy 1999 (2) 67-9; Stutigart. Abstracts The Davie Ridge isan actual morphostructural translation ofa large transform fracture zone along which Madagascar moved southwards between 150 snd 110 Ma, Dredges from this ridge, recovered durin the Marion Datresne MD39. Rida cris, reveal that during Early Cretaceous the old fracture zone had affected an old continental base- 1s sedimentary cover. Basement and related sedimentary rocks un- metamorphism and deformation prior to shallow depth-subserial em= placement of basalts along the fracture zone. These basalts have within-plate affinities, they are alkaline enriched and show petrogeneti and geochemical analogies with the Cre- {aceous volcanism from southeastern Africa, Mozambique Channel and Madagascar. “This earl histor ofthe Davie Rig, as par ofthe common realm of Gondwanaland frag ‘mentation, sa consequence ofthe southwards movement of Madagascar and ofthe north wards movement of India Zusammenfassung: Der Davie-Ricken ist die heutige, auf eine alten Transformbruch- ‘zone liegende Morphostrukrur, enlang der sich Madagatkar zwischen 150 und 110 Ma siidwarts bewegte Proben, die suf diesem Ricken wahrend der"Marion Dufresne MD 39: RIDA"-Expedition genommen warden lifern den Bewei, da der alte Koatinentalsok- kel und dessen terrigene Sedimentdecke wahrend der Unterkrcide geschert wurden- Det Socke! samt seiner Decke unterlg einer Metamorphose und Deformation leichten Gea- ses, bevor entlang der Bruchzone Flachwasserbedingungen entstanden und subaerische Basalt aufdrangen. Diese Basalte haben Interplacen-Affinitten, sind Alkalin-eich und petrogenctisch und geochemisch verwande mit dem im Sidosten Alfikas, im Meozam- bique-Kanal und in Madagashar vorkommenden kretarischen Vulkanismis. Di tre, ‘zum Aufbrechen Gondwanas gehérende Geschichte des Davie-Rikens et eine Folge der nach Siden geichteten Bewegung Madagaskars und der nach Norden gerichteten Bewe- sung Indiens. A. Introduction ‘The Davie Ridge, a pronounced structural feature of the Mozambique ‘Channel (Fig. 1), was first identified in 1970 by the R/V Chain cruise (CH99), Its discovery led HEIRTZLER & BURROUGHS (1971) to suggest it represented a strike- slip fault along which Madagascar was displaced southwards in the Late Jurassic. (0028-3630/90/1990-0067 $ 6,00 (© 190 Schoharie Vpn, 702 Sage |“ Yannis Bassas and Lucien Leclaire Several cruises were subsequently conducted in this area in order to determine the direction and the amplitude of the ridge, as well a to provide information about the sedimentary thickness ofthe adjacent basins and the nature of the un- derlying basement. The seismic and magnetic data from R/V Suroit (SU2) and MARION DuFRESNE (MD2and 7) led SeGOUFIS (1978) and SEGOUFIN & PATRIAT (1980) to propose that the break-up between Madagascar and Africa began 150 ‘Ma ago, that Madagascar moved southwards, and that the Davie Ridge corre- sponded tothe trace ofthe transform fault along which Madagascar drifted until the time of anomaly MO(110 Ma) (Fig. 2) Site 282 drilled by D/V Glomar Chal- lenger on Leg 25 in 1972 did not reach the basement but demonstrated the re- covered sedimentary column (676 m) to represent an almost complete hemipela sic sequence from Late Eocene to Quaternary, with a well-defined Eocene-Oli- gocene boundary (SIMPSON & SCHLICH 1974), R/V Suroit cruise (SU2) have shown thata basal, discontinous and thin pelagic sedimentary sequence of Mid- dle Coniacian age overlied arkosic sandstones, (SEGOUFIN etal. 1978, FELLAH 1981), Marion Dufresne cruise (MD39) recomfirmed these observations identi- fying arkoses, calcareous rocks and lava breccia (LECLAIRE etal. 1983, LECLAIRE 1984, SecourtN et al. 1984). The Pliocene-Quaternary structural evolution of the Davie Ridge, extensively studied by seismic stratigraphy (MACAMO/MD: 40)has been postulated asa seawards extension ofthe East African Rift (MOUGE- Nor etal. 1986). ‘One of the main geological objectives ofthe Marion Dufresne cruise(MD39) in 1984 was to sample the basement and related rocks along the Davie Ridge (Fig, 1). Table lists the principal dredging stations in terms of latitude, lon, tude, depth, tonnage and main lithological descriptions. The following stu based on petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical and structural results, con cerns the early tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Davie Ridge and focusses ‘onthe volcanic activity ofthe ridge which i investigated in terms of nature sub- oceanic or subcontinental), emplacement process and alteration. Mineral che- istry was performed by electron microprobe analysis using a CAMEBAX anal- yser (Laboratoire de Mineralogie, MNHN, Paris). Major and trace elements determined by XRF and ferric iron by titritation dilution analysis (Laboratoire de Pétrologie, Université Paris VI). XRD data were provided by a DACO-501 Siemens difractometer combined with an automatic AT/DIFRAC system (La- boratoire de Géologie, MNHN, Paris) Bulk rock and fractions <20p and <2). ‘were compared using powder and orientated mounts. Scanning electron micro- scope (SEM) has been used for optical observation of primary minerals alter ation and chemistry was controlled with a coupled electron dispersive energy analyser (EDAX) (Laboratoire de Géologie, MNHN, Pars).The Davie Ridge in che Mozambique Channel o Fig. 1. Bathymetric map of the Davie Ridge according to Vasty MouceNoT (198), Selective plots of dredged and cored sites of MD 3% RIDA 1988) and SU_02 INDINOR (1977) cruises. Crosses refer to dredge and core lava fragments from MD42: MACAMO (Hex [NANDEZ & MOUGENOT 1988).Yannis Bassas and Lucien Leclaire Fig. 2. Early Mesozoic reconstruction ofthe southwards displacement of Madagascar ac cording to SEGOUFIN « Parkiar (1981) Anomaly MO at 11OMa. and anomaly 341 83 Ma Table 1. Site coordinates and main lithological Features of dredges discussed in the text. Dredge BDROD S4DRO3 S4DROF S4DR095 84 DR 96 SH DROD S4DR 10 S#DR IL SEDR 1S sé DRI Tat Ss 1084 1083 14.462 15.128 5061 16.125 17335 W775 3331 18415 ‘Long. Depth Weight Paral description (main rock type lined © 7289 41255 41.286 s1340 41389) a6 a7 sists s14s7 (o) a0 131 2255, 2450 187s 80 a0 480 00 32 (Ke) 250 10 400 150 180 Bralic breccia cemenied in a Miocene biolastic matrix with plankionie foram nifersy alkaline vesicular basalt boulders Variabiy altered alkaline basalt boulders and greenish or reddish tuffies 84 DROS type tutes: highly altered semi- peltes Fragments of medium grade gneisses, se mipelites and low-grade mets-arkoser, Iminor psammite fragments Variably deformed blocks of blackish psammtes and green arkosi iminitesj ani hor semi-pelitie fragments Glearenitess carbonate breccia and turbi= sites with peammitic clasts; arkosiclamini- tes: minor blackish psarmmites Xarstified biocastic limestones with Mio- ene planktonic foraminifers:minor roun- ded fragments of 84 DR 03 type basalt Karstified and fractured Miocene micrte limestones with highly altered basalt clasts Basaltic breccia Bede cemented with Eocene carbonate matrix Basaltie breeis and conglomerate blocks cemented with a Middle Eocene carbonate ‘mates: angular fresher blocks and Tray ‘ments of clinopyroxenephric vesicular ba salt; beecia~eonglomerates of 84 DR C2 peThe Davie Ridge in the Mozambique Channel n 2. Geological framework of the Davie Ridge In the median parts of the ridge (14"~15'S) (Fig, ) an eroded and deformed crystalline basement is exposed along the western flank and consist of gneisses, semi-pelites and arkoses (84 DROS). At shallower depths of the same flank (S4DRO6), these crystalline rocks are covered by black psammitic-graded beds, sgreenish liminites, Coniacian (SU-7720) oozes, Campanian and Maastrichtian carbonate oozes, and Upper Eocene caleareous sandstones, calcareous breccia and turbidites with redeposited fine arkosic, basaltic and psammitic clasts (Le~ CLAIRE et al. 1989), Only the median-northern and southern parts ofthe ridge expose lavas and lava breccia (Bassias etal. 1988). The median-northern part of the ridge around 14'S (“Paisley Mounts”) (Fig, 1) consists, at least locally, of alkaline vesicular greenish and reddish basalts and tuffs (84 DR0B) which are uncomformably cov~ ered by lava breccia, conglomerates (84 DRO2), by Miocene bioclastic lime stones and by Pliocene and Pleistocene oozes. At the base of the western flank these lavas were found associated with fragments of arkoses (84581). In the southern parts of the ridge, ava and psammitic breccia cemented with a bioclas- tic matrix were recovered on the narthwestern (SU 7712) and southeastern (84 RIS and 84 DRI4) slopes of the “Sakalaves Mounts” (between 17° and 19'S} ‘The matrix of the breccia was dated by nannoplanctons of Middle Eocene age (LecLaie et al. 1989). On the crests ofthe “Sakalaves Mounts” (84 DR1O and 84 Rit), the same lavas appear as rounded, highly altered and fractured fragments which are associated with Middle Miocene karstfied breccia containing preli- thified calcareous fragments and covered uncomformably by Pleistocene oozes ‘According to the stratigraphic seting of the ridge itis conluded that important tectonic activity associated with emersion phenomena prevailed during the Late Mesozoic and the Cainozoic (LEctAiRE etal. 1989). Especially, the Miocene for- rmutions of the Davie Ridge suggest near-shore environment of deposition sub- jected to regional uplift, This regional upife might be responsible or atleast the precursor ofthe actual morphostructural geometry of the ridge. During the Plio- ‘cene and Pleistocene, pelagic sedimentation prevailed with subsidence and defi- nite subaquaeous position of the ridge. 3. The continental basement between Africa and Madagascar ‘The continental basement rclated facies recovered on the western flank (84 'DROS) and the cres (84 DRO6) situated at the median parts ofthe ridge (around 13'S) (Fig 1), consist of old medium-grade tectonized gneisses and altered semi pelites which are covered by clastic sediments such as low-grade quartz-fldspar arkosic racks and highly deformed psammitic beds and quartz-laminites af- fected by anchizonal metamorphism. In afew cases, these rocks were found sheared and having fracture planes with two generations of striations.n Yannis Bassas and Lucien Leslaire ‘Medium-grade rocks appear as green angular centimetric to decimetric frag- iments characterized by folded alternating calcareous and voleanic-detital lay crs. The calcareous parts consist of metamorphic streched calcite and quartz. The vvoleaniclastic parts preserve the general assemblage of epidote + biotite + chlo- rite + serpentine (lizardite) * sphene + calcite + prehnite + plagioclase + oxides. Altered tectonized semi-pelites are blackish or bluish and preserve the metamorphic assemblage muscovite + chlorite + biotite = epidote + K-feldspar + plagioclase + quartz. “The quarta-fldspararkosic rocks are characterized by a clastic amalgame of| abundant granular K-feldspar occasionally rimmed by pure albite, quartz and sodian albite with rose aplitic muscovite inclusions. Several compositional features suggest that the quart2-feldspar arkosic rocks derive from an eroded crystalline basement. Inteagranular minerals are biotite, muscovite and chlorite (Tab. 2). Rare semi-pelitic enclaves are displayed randomly or along a slight crenulation and preserve the assemblage garnet + biotite + chlorite + muscovite + feldspar + plagioclase + quartz indicating that the source rocks comprised gncisses or related bodies which suffered high temperature metamorphism, Gar- nets are zoned and rich in almandine and spessartne (Tab. 2). Their composition is similar to that of garnets from the gneiss, migmatite and granulite fields. The arkosic rocks presenta significant signature for the understanding of the Meso- zoic tectonothermal evolution of the Davie Ridge. This is due to their granular clastic sedimentary texture (fragmentation of granites and gneiss) which is picked up by a younger crenulation and crystallization of low-grade mineral as- semblages. The common assemblage phengite + chlorite + epidote + albite + quartz is diagnostic of the chlorite zone ofthe greenschist facies and represent a ‘younger metamorphic event which can be exceptionally detectable along the crenulation. The phengitic composition (Si ~ 6.8-6.9 atoms p.l.u. of the musco- vites (Tab. 2) which outlines this erenulation suggests high pressure low tempe- rature conditions of crystallization. This interpretation is consistent with the bo [d(960) spacement of muscovite] values which range between 9.020 Aand 9.045 & (Gurpornt « Sass! 1986). Pressures and temperatures were estimated by using the Si** barometer according to VELDE (1965) and the XK-K/(K+Na+Ca) of muscovites according 10 Eucsrer et al. (1972), Korov (1969) and Laaext (1959), From textural evidence this low-grade path is younger than the detrital accumulation of the quartz-feldspar material. It is characterized by increasing pressures and temperatures from 2 to 5 Kb and 300 to 350°C, respectively It is {tempting to suggest that the geotectonic mechanism which can account for this prograde metamorphic event might be related with a tectonic phase induced by the southwards movement of Madagascar. The presence ofthis tectonic phase supports the NNW-SSE fold structures detected inseismic profiles by Visto- Fux (1987),The Davie Ridge in the Mozambique Chanel 73 ‘Table 2. Representative electron microprobe analyses of minerals from 84.DR 6.03 arkosic rock. Mica (22), chlorite (36 0). gaenet 280), |: muscovite with 2.27 wis BiO, from enclave with medium-grade mineral sssociaton; 2, muscovite inclusion in deta plagioclase; 3 foliation phengite. 4: biotite with 14 we BaO, from enclaves and 6 ia. ‘ragranar detrial chlorite (6; and foliation chlorite (22); 7 and 8: core (12) and rim (14) garnet associated with biotite (16) and plagiclate from detrital enclave of mediumn-prade ‘metamorphic rocks. core/tim in %: almandine 6543/6443; prope 2274/2288; spears tine 325/591; grosslar 476/5.1;andradite 1821.68 eee eee ees) Pea ‘Analy sis a tet tae er eg Set 8) SO, 527 48795108 Soa7 2602 27H SRDI Goad SO, TiO, 0520000690021 ods G00 Dt THO, ALO, 3656 3872 2828 1985 1978 2109 2074 2213 ALG, CuO, 009 004 “099 ate 000 090 009 "000 CHO, FeO" 1.07, 003.298 4S 2582 224328272953 Fed MnO 0100-000 999 ooo ome 04s 058 032 Fao, MgO 07} 00s 3551079 1588 1720224187 MeO C0 000035047023 005. OA? SSI 535 MgO NaO 090-352 035 ode 039000222216 CaO. KO 1012737978828 Obl a0? 029 Nao 000 097 KO —— Toul 9517 9878-9724 _98G7_SSAL__8992 97.86 10099 Tonal 5 60 61M 6639 —SA7l_—SB6 STE G11 5966 SI Al S732 S784 4426 3480 496 S051 3.908 3946 Al Cr 000 0.008 9.009 ots 0.000 0.000 0.000 a000 Cr tt 0517 0.000 0089 0.002 017 0.061 0000 0.001 Ti Fe, GND 0003 0324 1757 4.204 3811 37803870 Fes, Mn 0000 0.000 0.09 0.000 0.01 G78 01070 0.666 Fenn Mg 14S 0.010. 9489-2392 S048 5.211 0304 0.355 Ma Ce 0000 O0K7 0601086 G12 0087 L3H 1374 Mp Na 0233 0861 0.089 0.047 G.161 0.600038 OMOR NE K W717 1552 1.623 1571 0300 0.027 C028 0.086 Na 2.000 0.000 K Toul 14485 14371 139331572 2030 19880 15.804 16682 Toul XMg__ 055077068 O58 OSS 058 026 02 ‘The psammitic-graded beds and quartz-laminites have a composition similar to that of the arkoses and semi-pelites, however with a finer texture, They are strongly lithified, deformed and folded. The direction of fold axes varies for the same sample around 30 “suggesting non-coaxial deformation regime and limited burial. These rocks are metamorphosed in the anchizone, as it is suggested by their white mica crystallinity index (2 fraction) and by the absence of smectite and interstratified illite/smectite, These terrigenous “flysch like” sediments, as” Yannis Bassas and Lucien Leclaire «erosion products of crystalline provinces, could be an intimate part of the base- ment or be deposited during the early “rifting” which has preceded the south- wards drifting of Madagascar. 4. Alkaline basalts (a) Petrogenesis Basaltic rocks from the western flank of the ridge (84 DROS, SU 7702, SU 7725) (Fig, 1) are slightly vesicular and are characterized by the presence of Plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, kaersutite, altered groundmass clinopyroxene, magnetite and ilmenite. Groundmass feldspar is Ory. (Tab. 3). Few large pla. sioclase phenocrysts are oligoclase in composition with Any. Uniform com= position of phenocrysts’ cores indicates that growth of erystals occurred before extrusion and consolidation of che magma. Kaersutites around § wr. % Tid) oc- ‘cur as phenocrysts in vesicles, they have a preferential orientation parallel vo the clongation of the vesicles and seem to be late product of erystallization. In afew cases the sum of Si and A atoms from cores is less than the ideal 8 per formula unit. This feature suggests occupation of the tetrahedral position by titanium, The presence of Ti-richer cores and magnetite surrounding kearsutite suggests replacement of clinopyroxene by kaersutite Basalts from the crests of Paisley and Sakalaves Mounts (84 DRO2 and $4 R10) s well a those from 84 DRI are rich in groundmass and phenocryst cli- ‘nopyroxenes (Fig. 3). Phenocrysts are slightly zoned and have cores richer in Ca, ‘Tiand Al. Groundmass clinopyroxenes approach the phenocrysts’ core compo- sition and suggest that crystallization of groundmass and clinopyroxene phenoc- rysts started during early magma fractionation. This is also confirmed by Fs which is retained in low levels, up to 15%. The absence of orthopyroxene or pi- geonite indicates that at least at chis time and later on, the magma was not tholeitic but salitic in composition, Enstatite (En) is always retained in levels higher than 40% irrespective of the interferrence of plutonic conditions. The presence in the clinopyroxenes of Ca-richer cores, the absence of large variation between Mg, Fe and Ca and the low Fs content, suggest slowly cooled intrusions of alkaline basalts. Similar petrogenetic affinities are obvious when data are plotted on Al, Ti, Ca, Na and Gr diagrams of LevreRRIER etal. (1982) (Fig, 4). Plagioclase phenocrysts from 84 DRI lavas are Ans laths, They are markedly zoned with Na-tich cores and Ca-rich rims, This can be attributed to reversed zoning or replacement of Ca-rich cores by later sodic plagioclase. However, the absence of uniform composition for cores indicates that growth of erystals occur not before the extrusion and consolidation of the magma, Groundmass plagio- clase is Ansy.o and Or,..5, thus resembling to phenoeryst rims, and contain few Fe-oxides (up t0 0,5 wt. %) and TiO, (up to 0.2 wt. %). Associated plagioclase and diopside as well as the absence of intermediate sanidine-anorthoclase spec7 ‘The Davie Ridge in the Mozambique Channel wee eros te io War wee OY Stor oer OTST wo eos ies orl NZ 40 Sahat 9d FOE ou uo Wes orl HES OSS QV «HT OTE) TE HCH OM, On aoae OOS oS Toe aos OS «OF «OROR «CLE «OHOY re, woroo100 ooo ar ort sid woo como 100 ~—CCOD— OTT u ert fOrOasHO SD gico HD «0 = oD ODEO. «OO 'N Zort wo wor LEO joo sskoerO|| FO ISTO. aeo RIO D wz clog 8000 S000 foo z0 too Sw wD HAO. F16O Sw foo ND 7000 0D sooo zov0 | ooo SOO «2000 coo ow SI oo WOO 7100 cleo flo Stoo zoro GeO Loc 4H os soo seo €000 001000 sivo 6c (9700 uL sora 100 8000 5 riro otto Vv foet ces 5 Foor _ATor sco 200 $89 80 “68 oor too 0631 000 a0 oro oy foo 619 wa wwe 200 wr Bess acs wo wa 70d 7 ' spay sae 21 HOH HS wos we uur pues Poa Si 1OONCS HO uty ZOHN 91m NH) ape pam} O20 “OPPO 1 TE9 290.) EA] pons ZoFOWTES HEH SmpoH|d Sree pur egaconcks ony aaxou ou (1) ws pu (21) 09 tae any secuta o songear oqosdosaas donbop aaReiosexloy CTE,76 Yannis Bassas and Lucien Leclaire casio Fig. 3. Composition of clinopyroxenes from dredged basalts Empty isis: 84 cor FeSO; % —“DROD, filed circles: $4 DRI4 imens suggest moderate temperature and pressure conditions of crystallization. Few groundmass amphiboles from 84 DRI4 are pale green with tremolite com, Position and probably originated from residual waterenriched magmatic fluids uring pneumatolitic alteration of earlier crystallized pyroxenes (b) Geochemistry Davie Ridge lavas are moderately undersaturated alkaline basalts of “tran= sitional” alkaline composition (Tab. 4) These racks expressed in MOR terminol- ogy and Zr, Nb, Y abundances, appear as P-type MORBs with Zr/Nb-3-6, 2r/¥~5-12 (Fig, 5) and are compared with Site 250 pre-Coniacian basal from the Mozambique Basin (KEMPE 1972) and alkaline lavas from Northern Le bombo Karoo basalts (Cox 1983), as well as with Pliocene and Quaternary alka lic rocks from Gregory Rift (BaKER et al, 1987) and northern sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift (BRoT2U et al. 1981). Their high concentrations of Zr (215-363, pm) and Ti(17-491-24.630 ppm) relative to ¥(20-64 ppm) and Nb (63-101 ppm) as well as their Ti/V~69-110are indications of magmatic source enriched! in. compatible elements of intraplate type. Theit high Ti/Zr70-100 (Fig. 6) and strong enrichment in Ba, Nb and P suggest crustal contribution and or diffesen- tiation products of Kich magmas with clinopyroxene. These basalts have ty cal within-plate “hamp” patterns (PEAKE 1983) and variations with seatering in level but notin shape ofthe pattern (Fig. 7). plot on the Z1-7s/Y diagram (Fig. 8), clearly places Davie Ridge basalts on the continental field, In the same diagram it appears that these lavas together with those from Sites 249, 248 and 250 (Mozambique Ridge and Basin respectively) fill the compositional gap be tween low and high Zr Karoo varieties. The presence of high concentrations of ‘Zrand Tirelative to Y and of Nb relative to Zrindicatesa contribution of income" meee 1 ‘The Davie Ridge inthe Mozambique Channel 7 Caleta ovate . ov ————— |____——* “Fach tesa a ‘Al tot Fig. 4, Petrogenctc affinities of clinopyroxenes according to the diagram of LEYTERRIER eral (1984),‘Yannis Bassas and Lucien Leclaire 7 Oa Ome tara eeT ower a ir x se 5 cy uw % ost “ a sk 3° "9 a 6 » 6 N ot a oo oot a ose od we “6c A 9 9 s 6 aN siz ser ssi s6z % w ve “ 9 & or sae ass +16 4s is % st o see wus ots 68 a Woo Toon _sreor woo Be 9% aa weer sr a at ar so wot or +20 61 st a) 9 wl est 6% 960 StH re se est os woe ise au sco we ee Got ot ue at oo ro foo 0 0 ata sro wD ort ore we ce 9 sty ire woe wa st ssa swat ser Tet “ott ier ot ae see eos 2405 Crd oeans For ORONO NG OMG loud sou -eotoNa syst 241 wou s04p 6 ajquedwoo suaway ajgnedonu o sonta pur unowe 1 oe URSTUO: ayppayy Jo 2200 Haeogit> swoatey we st ozzens S404 py 21sec] ay) Jo wadH9]9 S9eA PUL FEY “+ >IgELThe Davie Ridge in the Mozambique Channel ” ze ap ig.5.2+, Nb, ¥ abundances expressed in MOR terminology after the diagram of Foon ‘ VETTER (1983). Data for N=, T>, and Poype MORB from Le ROES etal. (1983) patible elements from an entiched upper mantle as observed in within plate ba- salts. This within-plate enrichment appears also in the Ti/Y-Nb/Y positive trend of the Davie Ridge, Sites 248, 249 (ERLANK 1974), 250 (KeaPE 1972) and Karoo basalts together which is slightly parallel to the theoretical within ~ plate enrichment trend (Fig, 9) This trend could suggest that the Davie Ridge lavas have derived from a similar to the Karoo source. Ti W000 Fig. 6.27 diagram, Note the postive tend ofthe Davie Ridge, Karoo alkaline lavas and bbatalts from DSDP Sites 248,249, 250, Symbols as for Figure 8.80 Yannis Bassias and Lucien Leslee Fig. 7. (al: MORB normalized patterns. The SU 7720 Middle Coniacian ooze pattern is highly enriched and used here for comparisons with the Davie Ridge basalt vanations in incompatible elements. (b:comparisons with DSDP 248, 49 nd 289 basalts () compar ison with Late Karoo basalts and Quatemary voleanes from Gregory Rift and Ethiopis,‘The Davie Ridge in the Mozambique Channel 81 ZN Fig. 8. Within plat affinities ofthe Davie Ridge lavas according to the Zr-2r/¥ diagram of PEARCE & NoRRY (1979) and comparisons as Tor Figure 7. (©) Hydrothermalism ‘Various hydrothermal conditions have been found in the 84 DROS suite of ba- salts from the western flank of the ridge. The complex within-plate enrichement for these rocks is produced by selective enrichement of Sr, K and Rb, due t0 ex- tensive alteration, which raises the normalized values much higher above 10 and produces high K/Ba, Rb/Sr and low K/Rb ratios (Fig. 7). However, Nb and Rb are excessively high and suggest an enrichment probably related with contam- ination from sialic rocks at the emplacement site. The wide variations of Sr and ‘Ti/Zr for samples which have, according to the most incompatible elements, identical geochemical affinities, suggest also that Davie Ridge lavas suffered var- iously the alteration process. MnO decreases and PO, increases with alteration. Although MnO isin general very low, the presence of magnetite indicates a high fo; environment of crystallization, feature which is consistent with differen- tiated rocks, The abundance in POs, significant also for an altered samples, right be related with low degrees of partial melting and/or initial composition, ‘ofthe magma rather than fractionation. Since depletion in MnO does not imply depletion of the magma relative 1o TiO;, there is no indication for early thoeitic fractionation, and this is also confirmed by very low Zr/Nb ratios, However, as 6. N.JR Gel Pon Sth. 1682 Yannis Bassas and Lucien Leelaire ww rae Wy oo a T ° Nb/Y Fig. 9, Within-plate enrichment trend according to the Nb/Y-Ti/Y diagram of Peance (1982), itis indicated by the negative trends of Ti and V versus SiO, Zr or FeO/MgO (Tab, 4), alater stage fractionation of magnetite and hornblende exists and impl- ies high fo,. Ti and V are stable over a wide range of temperatures and water/ rock ratios In Figure 10, we observe as it has been proposed (THOMPSON 1973), that although Tiand V abundances drop by as much as 40% compared to fresher samples, they remain in the alkaline field (SiteRvals 1982) and variations in the ‘TWV ratio is negligible. Using the Nb/Y=Ti/Y diagram of Pearcr (1982), the Positive trend from within-plate towards active continental margin alkaline en- richement of the Davie Ridge 84 DR 03 lavas seems to be an artefact of the hy drothermal alteration process (Fig. 9). The study of this alteration process has been further extended by the use of X-ray diffraction analysis in selective samples from the basaltic boulders and the tufitic materia Studied samples from the boulders have shown that with increasing hydro- thermal grade the colour varies from green to brown due to hematite while ka- olinite-metahalloysite disappear. Siderite and pyrite atthe expense of magnetite indicate the first appearance of reducing solutions, Groundmass smectites dem. ‘onstrate under microprobe analysis to be Fe-beidellites. In most altered samples‘The Davie Ridge inthe Mozambique Channel 3 ppm /1000 Fig. 10 Plots ofthe Davie Ridge lavas on the Ti-V diagram of SHERVAIS (1982), the association of pumpellyte and laumontite in the presence of analeite charac~ terize temperatures around 200°C as well asa moderate geothermal gradient for pressures lower than 3Kb. ilte-smectite(1/S) and smectte-vermiculite (§/V) also suggest temperatures between 150 and 200 C and lower than 230 C, res pectively. Brown-reddish highly altered rocks from dredge 03 represent prob- ably the extreme spectrum of hydrothermal alteration with total disappearance ‘of the subaeral alteration component and the appearance of calcite and aggre- Fig 11. Pressure-temperature stability fields of hydrothermaly affected lavas (1) and of low-grade metamorphism of arkoses (2) from the Davie Ridge, Note the similarity the thermal gradient detected foreach case,4 Yannis Bassas and Lucien Lecaire gates of Mg-chlorite and hematite, suggestive of temperatures probably higher than 230°C, The compilation of the data concerning the pressure-temperature stability field of hydrothermal reactions is illustrated in Figure 11 where it is compared with the stability field ofthe earlier low-grade event detected in the arkosic rocks. 5. Origin and emplacement of the alkaline basalts Evidence from stratigraphic, petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical considerations indicate thatthe erystalline rocks which crop out in the median parts of the ridge are comparable with the African basement and related "Karoo facies” known in both Tanzania and the Malagashi craton. It is also indicated that the emplacement of alkaline basalts along the Davie Fracture Zone was a late consequence of the southwards displacement of Madagascar. These new data imply that the basement of the Davie Ridge between Africa and Mada- tgascar is crystalline, and fractured by deep lithospheric fissures. The Davie Ridge basalts have alkali-enriched within-plate affinities and according to their incom- patible element contents are comparable with the pre-Coniacian basalts of Site 250 from the Mozambique Basin. Both varieties of flank and crest basalts also appear in Site 250 basalts (ERLANK. 1974). According to the Davie Ridge dredged varieties , the absence of diorite, gabbros or pyroxenite bodies might indicate that differentiation of the alkalic basalt parent magma occurred at the emplace- ‘ment depth, fact which favoured its contamination by crustal component. Thus the erystalization of kaersutite and clinopyroxene might not be related only with an increase in the §y4,0 ofthe melt following the cessation of olivine preci~ pitation (GreEs 1973), butalso with alate magmatic event or wall reactions with acid bodies. [Acthe northern part ofthe ridge, samples from the western flank (84 DROS) with Ti-tich kaersutite suggest replacement of clinopyroxene by kaersutite dur- ing later stages of crystallization, The precipitation of kzersuit, in and near ve~ sicies, suggests that the parent melt was enriched in HO fluids introduced prob- ably from surrounding acid rocks. MORB-normalized patterns and high TiO, and P,O, abundances support also the contribution of separate sources and low degrees of partial melting rather than extensive fractionation. In samples from the erest ofthe ridge to the north (84 DRO2) and from the southern part of the ridge (84 DR1), the composition ofthe plagioclase phenocrysts is not uniform land suggests temperature oscillations during crystallization. The saliti compo sition ofthese lavas in the absence of any plutonic interference, suggest slowly cooled alkalic basalts “The lavas from the Davie Ridge ie within the field of Northern Lebombo la- vas and approach the most enriched rocks of the Letaba formations as well as those differentiation products from the northern part of the Sabie River basalts“The Davie Ridge ins the Mozambique Channel 85 and basaltic-andesites. These K-rich Karoo magmas of the Lebombo evolved by ‘moderate fractionation principally involving clinopyroxene (Cox 1983). The va- Flations in incompatible elements of the Davie Ridge lavas suggest that a frac tionation process, dominated by ferromagnesian mineral extracts, ook place as for the K-rich Karoo basaltic magmas. Sr has a negative rather than positive cor- relation with K,Rb, Zrand P (Tab. 4). This allows to suggest that the magmas had acquired theirincompatible clement enriched nature after they entered the crus- tal environment. These facts invoke that source or low degrees partial melting, variations and probable crustal contamination rather than variable degrees of fractionation under high stress conditions (Cox 1987) controlled the mantle en- vironment of the Davie Fracture Zone. 6, Relation of the Davie Ridge lavas with the regional geology According to Foxes (1976) the volcanism in southeastern Africa and Mada- ‘gascaris related with the widening split between Africa and Madagascar which ‘occurred when major fractures reached suberustal depths and caused extensive ‘ouxpouring along linear fissures, first in Late Karroo (Jurassic) times (eg. Le- bombo Range) and then during Cretaceous and Tertiary (eg. Madagascar alkalic volcanic centers and mid-channel volcanism). Two main groups have been pro- posed for the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous effusives in Africa: 1) limburgites, basalts, rhyolites and tuffs (older chan 166: 10 Ma.) and “Movene Basalt” (around 137 Ma) extrusive unit stratigraphically above the Lebombo Range flows 2) porphyritc “alkaline lavas” of Early Cretaceous age, ic. Lupata lavas (106, 110, 115 10 Ma), Late Jurassic (Karoo) volcanism in southeastern Africa marks the initial rift ing of Gondwanaland. This volcanism is penecontermporancous with the rifting development in the Somali and Mozambique basins as well as with that of the South Atlantic Ocean. MCKENZIE w ScLATER (1971) and SCLATER et al. (1981) speculated that, in the Indian Ocean, the frst movement from a spreading center ‘curred at about 160-105 Ma, in a time when Madagascar ceased to move southwards (SECOUFIN 1978), Later, NonTON a SCLATER (1979), SEGOUTIN a PATRIAT (1981), PATRIAT & SEGOUTIN (1988) proposed that India began moving northwards relative to Antarctica at around 83 Ma, The volean sediments over: lap, in time, the reported voleanism in India (Rajmahal traps), southern Africa (Lupata basalts), basaltic volcanism at DSDP Sites 248, 249 and 250, Davie Ridge basalts and Madagascar basalts (Turonian flows in Morondsva Basin, BESAIRIE 1973). A comparable situation appearsin the southeastern portions of the Indian ‘Ocean (LECLAIRE etal 1987; BASSIAS x LECLATRE 1989). During this period sea floor and some landmass voleanism are associated with tensional stresses (Vat LIEK 1974) According to VaLLIER (1974), the Early Cretaceous sedimentation in the Mozambique Ridgeis characterized by an Aptian-Albian pyroclastic activity ina time where the ridge was partly exposed, oF the voleanoes erupted in rela8% Yonis Bassas and Lucien Leslaire tively shallow water. These features are supported by the observations in this paper. ‘The volcanic activity of the Davie Ridgeis chemically analogous with that in- dicated from Sites 249, 250, and 248 basalts which are overlain by Neocomian (Valanginian to Hauterivian), Coniacian, and Santonian-Maastrichtian sedi ‘ments; respectively. According to the Middle-Coniacian age ofthe first pelagic sediments from the median parts ofthe Davie Ridge this voleanic activity is pen~ contemporaneous with the Turonian flows from the western margin of Mada- ascar (BESAIRIE 1973), SICAL (1974) suggested that Site 249 basalt from the Mo- zambique Ridge might be correlative either with the Movene Basal, or with the Karroo basalts, or with a Neocomian volcanism unrelated with the landmass volcanism, Site 250 basalts are covered by Coniacian sediments unaffected by hhydrothermalism. Davie Ridge older pelagic sediments are Middle Coniacian and are also unaffected by hydrothermalism. A similar situation appears for the Neocomian basalts from Site 249 which are covered by Cretaceous sediments and overlain by Miocene sediments. Instead, in Site 248 the frst sediments are of Eocene age andare covered by Miocene ones, These stratigraphic gaps, common along the Davie Ridge, the Mozambique Ridge and the Mozambique Basin (Le ‘CLAIRE 1974), suggest that either emersion or active bottom currents prevailed luring Late Cretaceous and Early Eocene. In the case of the Davie Ridge these ‘saps are predominantly related with uplift and erosion (LECLAIRE et al 1989). At the extreme northern parts of the ridge (around 11°S) (Fig 1) small frag- ‘ments of lavas have been described by HERNANDEZ & MOUGENOT (1988). Al- though of alkaline chemistry, these fragments were encountered in Pliocene ~ Quaternary dredged and cored sediments and they are characterized by ortho- Pyroxene xenocrysts, These authors suggested that the Davie Ridge registers a young magmatic activity related with the Eastern African Rift activity. The pos lity of having also younger than Middle Eocene magmatic activity is not ex- cluded, but conclusive data are lacking in our sampling 7. Conclusions During the Early Cretaceous southwards movement of Madagascar, the con= tinental basement berween Africa and Madagascar was affected by large fissures which reached the subcontinental lithosphere and subsequently advantaged the "praise of magma. The lowermost sedimentary arkosic products from the west- erm flank of the Davie Ridge suffered low-grade metamorphism and defor- ‘mation, prior to the lava emplacement and probably during the southwards dis placement of Madagascar. Alkaline basalts were emplaced under hypabyssal to subaerial conditions ‘The emplacement was followed by submarine hydrothermalism under reducing conditions, which variously affected the basalts. This period was associated or“The Davie Ridge in the Mozambique Channel 9 followed by the sedimentation of breccia and tufls. The absence of mylonitie texture inthe basalts suggests absence of high stress-low temperature deforma- ton during emplacement, and absence of transform fault movements. The ab- sence of ultrabasic rocks discounts transition between oceanic and continental crust. These features suggest that the volcanic activity of the Davie Ridge ap- peared on a continental setting after cessation of the southwards movement of Madagascar. The enrichement of the lavas is attributed to the mixing between a differentiated basaltic melt situated in shallow depths and a sialic component suggesting the influence of subcontinental lithosphere. This component, either ‘an aqueous fluid or partial melt, modified the major and trace clement chemistry of the magma, ‘The voleanie activity was unrelated with the formation of ocean floor. This activity is chemically and petrogenetically comparable with the Early Cretace- ‘ous volcanism along the southeastern margin of Africa and penecontempora- nncous with the Late Cretaceous volcanic activity of western Madagascar and ‘Mozambique Channel which preceeded or accompanied local dstensions. In~ teresting, lavas from the western flank of the Davie Ridge register low tempe- rature-high water pressure conditions during late crystallization and moderate (not exclusively high) thermal gradient during hydrothermalism. These features together postdate the cessation of the southwards movement of Madagascar at 110 Ma. (anomaly MO) and invoke the presence of voleanic and tectonic activity of the fracture zone through Late Cretaceous penecontemporaneous with the in- itiation of the transcurrent motion between India and Madagascar at $3 Ma. (anomaly 34) and with the subsequent northwards movement of India. Acknowledgements Cruise Marion Dufresne MD 39 was founded in 1984 bythe Territoire des Terres Avs- traleset Antarctiques Francaises. More than one toa of dredged rocks from the Davie Ridge are preserved in the “Lithothdque Marine” of the National Museum of Natural His- tory, Paris. We thank JACQUES SEGOUFIS for critical discussion on the geophysical back- ground the Davie Ridge nd Jon Picor® for discussion and improvement ofthe lango- 2. References BaxeR, BH; Gotes, GG. Leewas, W, P.« Linpstxow, M. M, (1987): Geochemistry ‘nd Petrogeness ofa basalt Benmorete-Trachyte Suite from the Southern Pact of the Gregory Rife, Kenya. ~ Contrib. Mineral. Petrol, 64: 303-332; Belin/Heidel- berg/New York. Bassas, : 4 LECLAIRE L,(1989):Expansion mésozoique dans’ Océan Indien entre le pla eau de Kerguelen Sud et le Sud-Est du bassin de Wharton. CR. Acad. 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