RLU forene ond detticn duser a Incuoctuction Ouprewegaphy dual» wir My Hudy of 08 porcrbls typer of Cuptels ard duennunation of thy Ahuctuse by Yiaugs » neuken beare le) Urdion bears Solids ans Uawatred Into two cabegvues bared on me aruangernst af atom and mols us wm Cupane ypuids and C9) Aruiphous (svlids j ae do cyptadins feiss, aber one avangd ina naqulan mannan se: Ihe aderue avy & periedue The cuptaliine ode have dunsch'enak Properties and aniwhopie to mature GG! Ca, Ms Tungten ote -y Ip asistphoun feuidh, We Crem (cD meleles Qu onranged pandomby . The ‘aranphow. srlids have re Ragutan pbuscture ond tomis Tnchopie In hnatune . Eg? gars plarhe ang) rubber A huttica % a rnqular ancl portocic avvangernet CF ints fo inane 4 wig tansbnuieh o buslal Alnichuna, ome bane abvuangemanke Fimed at each and every Jattice point Tus bane arvengement o> oat euplat shuchne % oblained by aang Mu bows 'p each ewery AatHe poink- cuplot slrauctun 2 fattiie + boris prececling to Tris weqemston a capstak sheet antl colt sive cn'on fandamanter buslding took 4% Oo tnvuchina 11 i mu ferrattas) unit of rs ouplad, Stic Cmeddan a unil wht cones of ue B mrutuasly perperdsustar ecloer 0A 08 and oc - pnaww porauel Liner along revise edger © TE Lin, ou edu an oypesapsec ager O° a dunokd ar X,Y and Z we z be % knewn Bo 5h anol ~~~" Scanned with CamScanner2 oe Ina orgstat , dhe angeer bervee? , ; 4 aia sels fasenaruiat angler, Blur tre anges A" . eo feter acted anger foot a ou a Ob, corwwrpencling jy The abe tour Tatorjeuks anger and thot gy N be au ewential . trust cin parameter one anid to Jeetiee pata unit cll fh volume Cont tratcted Np prumttives . 4 oo. of only one full atom, D4 Uae Ur eet i lomnsts of mou Hun one eon then Ih ts nolo puraitive UM 6 ' ecurast arenes) Mimple re 4 cele Be pamibve bell, whewas & bedy - tntind | Prumuhive teu Py the frontend own cable wwuy cell Ao nota pumctive WU Tapes of Cuyshats | eo Crystals au clawted fnto acuen Aysierns on tie baw of Khape of rhe urut cell and tne angle af fretination between them . The acer degsiems are cubic , seteagenat , outhorthorobie, mrmoshinte, butunie, _ [Terra “and haraaapera = anaes | Bravats inlays, showed that thew ane 14 types of cud cells und rhe Aewen vypial mystems and are temomemty Knovon ab Reavas dative . Te aelation between piuimitives anal angles + Paanaane a posectble atte ee Ate we One contereal Rnd bose canschaal orysiad punitive” booty untied’? foee At retuned. fae cubic [(puinitive (0), holy tantereal (1) * Rag corteed &: Narre 1 Pg, Pes Pb (6) - 3 eee a) acbhrity) Ke B= Y2490° cubic P Scanned with CamTe ; . a kegel S fPrimthive (>) ely untoud ()) ~ 9 dattites G=beC | Ae peyerao eq: T102, Soa» KHaPOw jehage not P to Contd face contested CF) \ I imine (p>, 4200 @, a | Cy bane teroe ose ’ OJ = y dosti agbfe 5 K=pHaP=I fy! Phos, BaSou, Woz, WoSPu - j i im Hs p «© ———“emtwahombie(P) __ ane 4 Epuinutive (p) @ base conkred (OJ - 2 dates |) og: (a.SOy. 290 Kp MgsOn. 6420. i ) Menoeunie ee : ao b7e 7. A= Pat” menoet'nic (cD - Menowinte (Pp) (6) Tueunie: [ pumirive (PJ. ap bec, «FP FPP Or 9? bien Scanned with CamScanner© Tugenad : fpuimerive (DJ: Fy: Glee, Ab, %, my Aeb=C} X= B= VEFW (Le thar 100°) Tlgenat Eecagorat : C primisive (p> J Bq: 8102, bg) aab4+e, Mapa 4; = 120" Mitten Incliees ! weer Metin indies ere wrt to ruprsent a oryshal plane ot duaechion, In fis rauhed, mprucnt a evpstal plant. a atk of Mes muunbert wu wiutten wittun me pourtrows brauel- fy: (110) (111) Creo) i | | Rules to find mu'lin inolies! } Lo a NOS Prdencopts made by Me plane along 2a, 3b, 2c F X,Y, Z ames are nod. E : (2) The Coestittents af fu interupts ane noted | deparately [ 9, 3, b 2) Sua ht tiie [Yo Yar Yo uy. multiply by LOM to make aut fiathion into 5) tonite rhe Fntegers within palabeners temo, lyxby xb, Yxb: X : (82 2% 9). —_—_— Scanned with CamScanner Uy# Some of Hu iropoant Parameturs which oe utd tp dedvube fre vugsiog piuetoe @| thu matouals - O) Ptome padian (a) : Lor { Yr halt tru destante fen a wimp. wubic: unit CLR, re atorrue tacts dee Hy. who a Be intenatornie dudtanu between any too “wuceessive atorns. nearest neighbouring ators #0 * ij unit cout, tre tomdsnattin 4 bewsnaton number: ay ts ve number of Partieulan atom - fou a varmple a number bb 6. (ay para qacrion (APA: = ‘Yio rw aatio between ie f feel ard ms volume aj und cott. nse ate nas ed» vot op atom he hes ip a uni eo at yous cecupied by atorns o_o vst Celt PTE Vous @} HL WU bolt ‘ jhe Scanned with CamScanner-_ Eee rea aaa ee ener eee et et + face untered tubie Ainuetue ! ON untt coll lenis of eight Courer avons and bin face @ lenoud atoms. A Jae Consvud cubic ators ih unit cel touch along tre face olvagyrat Fach and every tert atom 4 rhare by egret X edfacent wilt cL. Wwupfeu, each and every teuiey atom | lortibures Vg of (4 Pant to one wrt telf, 1, Tre tofal number 4 ators terubued by Mme lovan atoms 90%) = 1. P dace conterod bic (400) Furten, Bach ard every face lentersd atom js «hare by two wut CLs. “the folad number of atoms tentibuted by Mme Jae luteud adoro rs 6(4) = Te totat no. af atoms prent fo an Fee urs coud os Ab CW) Btornue Aaolinr | ie any atomic cud woke caluslated Tx ° aren cA | pe? = An? + Ber b . Gin) = ar + ab “/ Ibn?= gae Ae | | | ©) orcuinahion number; The tooidinahon number Can be caluutated by Censacuudg re count atom » In As own Plans; he orner abmp har four Jace Gntoued atoms . There Fate contd atoms ate fs reavreest netgh bows « In a plank whith ties ful above Inud Lorne ater, 4 han doww neue Joe tanted atoms ar nearest neighboins . Tha plant whieh ter fio belw rus Wu atm, Pf hos yel four maou ee entoud atoms as fh neaurt nubhbws . qwuyer 720 Se ON olen nearest heiehloria 8 1pe eed, Fecter Con) pectang Padang densrty Nose Queens in unc aul re 4 ine atm (ppr? Votume of tte Unt cee Sub re vate For a= af (92) 4 PpF = avs @ Cle) ho potent af tre volume of ar Fee nth cout & eccupred by 0p the wont Cle Bs Uta: atoms and me maining 26 portent volume Ui) Middle doyer Jn Hep anit“ay TM hep sinuctere ernvists of vue Layer of atems as aRown in Howeu. hy bottom ayer has mn ceuner.atoms and one face contersd Otem The middle Layer har ive ult atoms Te upper Laser has ‘1% tounn atems and one fece contered ator Hep unit coff The tofet Reber ef atoms pruxent fo thu beep ousted Abrtuchote %& 6. We) Ine bottom Joye ha» asin Lonnan and one dare cantoted atoms WO Yxbe ty = Be “he upper Jayen hab Ap atems and he riddle ayer has Fast Hee ozerren, Thwcatont «he etek number ofiatoms prucnt ina unit colt #7 Bh + Beta 26. ‘ ws LY C1) Pomc nad a E2D every couran atorn Foushn each orhen fe eae Lanier te =4/p~ Atomic adie) So a ; micelle Larger hae Po } wu me nan nelghe ae atom. Aunty Catt, whieh Les below =1d- nq duptty of ine bep elt cr ap, newfaterns x vee tae | 0A ecg nit eal ; a feet aie “SUD and ve arenes tore x height Co) b(%)a" ¥ ausct base = prea d bALe Qubstinute fez Ya Tn rhe above €4P,) «bx yrax WA i BES 6C4a)7 (%)? . ae = bar Bfy. (Ie Scanned with CamScannerSubstiteuing te vatue of C/a (oe . me per > oe 5% = 3G 2 ody pacring Fraction o4 L The packing lnsstay (oi) axtoruc hep une cett k O- FH due B onupred EQ FHH potent. of Uolune 9g hep Wypsiot ohn ne atoms and tra rcmaining 96 percent Volume B& vacant - Dacuminahon of Cuystrt Hruetwt Dan Ae “he Vuyileut Alu of a given Cece Biased cote op wing Me follewing meHods () tau s mumed ©) powder dizacten wearRotating tape (rringte cugtlas) Chetyorysion)) = & + « j= “thus feerinique ve wed to nd ihe pled ahs, poten ~ Aarmplen cohen .ccingla Ciyplals i pimxmnably dangeatites, axe not ake avattabte . one fou of Ths pewelr vuypstal tecbriqee i Debye —Sthowr method: In yt fecbrique ; Me. oriven aample J reken to the Foam of Poise 1 etrhen io @ mate \oritiary tube 9 a nen tenducting material “Hus feeb nique Wb Bastd Othe PunUple oy Bagg repaction . when a menoehiomahe beam’ ef Xaays i made tr Fatt ep mittens xg aay ouyslas haviry yout ontentertions, att PRThLE planes wi pe avattable For Ruagg asfection, the schematic neparentetion of a powesr cliffeartemetet %& shown be gw . The menvehrrmare bear of x-nays emouring hom & nov eaay tube to parsed Hvicugt rhe, dead alts $i and $2. Tha o8its spacdutce @ ina BEAM ef X-tays: cts beam > made to Fallon & qa Capitiany tube) fh whith Me @tven: sampe: t takun Pore foun} powcr. Te photo gaphie Filin B mounted fo & orewlant ame as funn Hew Scanned with CamScannerpiaet . Coma The incident Xray beams ae ruFtectedl by He tfouunt cuphd 5 Planch» ar Hit Peiodured mateulals wits have jandem ouentubers > The cugteded Rays, WILE FotND @ Cone Gf] X-RAYS wirh Bragg 's angle 4 HE) wWhowBousrUes along rhe cuinection af me freident beam - The enpered igitm i» Found to have lontentic rings as sRewD in Few Jo rhe Conuintie icing, she 2 | _dévlanceD.bitween two didteaction Af : Ep Asha tweeenporciiy 1a panticulan (o— ye fPoy- (plane en ms Film bs rotated to 5 | ; , ar : ~ He Riaggs anges by tty aquahen, Dy naction patlero 4 = D/R radians oS whew Rvs mu aidkance between re Pedimen aha iL, Ds the diameter of re Comurporcling corewtast AoyRactien Lng The vats of D and R ane meorwued . owing re above, equation, the Valu of the Brogg's ange. © & dutetmined . Ty intenptanan distance : | ‘d! is detoinu'ned wong Riagg's equation rc. " Pd adimoe = Di, Pier Finding hw Inder plana distance, the Prteratemic distence “usn fries wu dakmined . Tb find my Riagg's angte For 2 ard Dg ete, art Getounined Foor and he mL vaueus rings jhe values 45 Pi rhe fein gene ee Pea deee Prden-atomic. dudkrute 5 rd tu Milt fnclites ofa cubic. oyster ane aes is * mentiontel, the interplanan dis BINED by es 3Advantages () Dwee vs no nascl of atingte Cuysterls became powdlet Samples d used th tits mettod 02) Hk usedty determine gre Metter (B) We tattie parameters ae accoraucly dit! 1 Pace mined - disadvan tage s ot the datetminatien “The pourter Guyshal preitid 1s not Aeliabee uictty Jeter anol te oy AructHULe ef OtYshLLS pecause Of Hu rut p. aHieulty fo Tnckerung + cCupptat Inoperzections /dezects * ' HoT OO In cupicl Aeystems , ators bn for aru arranged in a regular dnd pertivdlie manner fn thie cumervnions + Generally), naked cugsials ae always not) perfec ano! nou cou ore cluiationseFiem man hugulan avangements . Pry deviah’ en fo rhe Cupshal Fierm He pertech poubolic Latte (eo) Adnuctou Jy Knewn as bytes da zect/imperzections Claseoiiiarions Lof derek: Pe Wvineniine - 2, rypin — G), pomre Froperqettion’s N BRaihea te aiery (2) Line fropenfecHiors Semicenductn propery 7 °. Yield Stress, 13) Swtqace Imperfections /ptanan dazects Pree aie Ouep shang tt : (4) Vodume, fropertections / butts lefects ce by PHint cle eer rie Lombiseal olisnurphior of Whe Jattiee Fovotuing one ot mee ator lervvicler Ye @vangemert o atoms ar Reo anda oypshet, Ty Mou a paid td be aAHUS ane be eu foportect point Like Aagfons » Mun H q of PIM AB ertection. (Be) point cliect The poe | Yntoctuced by any ore of tu Following metiod, ee! OF ators whan they geuin energy by hecting (o> aeung PAoeewving of materials 1 Prtoctuction of Propuuties On Wdentonatty alteying . The Mite of rhe point Imperfection ie Realty ene or hoo atrmic distant. These fnpengections are (attr as dimensi oat fmpenfectrons Me point defects Qu fwithor clvatpred ar, WD vacancy eject (2) substrudfonas effec ne ret Avfect and 4 (3) Thtevstthar eqzect (3) Peen! fe 0 ote UB) Schotitay aefect - Uncany cutect : atomic Adsplaweol wit oF Subrtthetional : dubstinuse (oD) doping with Impuuties Ainuctunal defermahen happens ce oo Jrioustinad > mubsH truce adem Tepurity inpeow.Hrially (ayuemnnd : 3 ‘ rowin 5 Cuba Last ee), ~ Prapkel defect Rbxenw oF Bru'én (oD BHEN 2 Sihoti ky alefeot: Gubshturing waren we) anion 10... we the vacant Ppace, Covsdan a ougslet inwhien an ent Aine of atone & ean qusm rhs upper perfion 2 Fre cure and rus Line Sm re middle of ree ouysiat « i type. aj gBerzecriom obra & ee ouyslar % Known as Line Tmnpergection, (le) 1° EA seat eect rs duzecs which pudue custorhions conteud eee EM os Lins frnperjeuttem © TwE ot ao tyro of Liu froperde: normely Age Abtowton and soup dis owt Scanned with CamScanner1 suorjee_crjeed co) plone Aehe el: dp ite change Fn the sacking 0} obmic nda 5 enon ar Zour pack Acfeck. This digeck “Meu au rte dizzee type of % a feo Atmenmimat one aaerfeces defeats U1) grain poundasr (2) 4wio Poundarues @ sacking Feud The ctefeck femect chute Planer 019 Pt acts hou “A He, 0, oR ryt c e° 4 A Gath bound > steoin a TY Votume ce fect (0D Bush aezect ! : RN RAR ‘ daub a> Fndursenr “The prwence of Large vacancies te? voids extn pastes, ming, duster of eter and Fermasion GDS TS Ro e tT Augienh for at art a few amrgstmoms Volumes clefect such ak Cub are ere? duvulng re Cuyslal grein During ty Growin of @ viyplany Iie Prat alines kb. Fo aieernadt eleeresiahe! Aivvimitaniny' pehoeen Wie wiewatng: wepiones fo mristal Me voeume defects cu Afual'ed wait tr hulp pan opheat mivinscepe + SE bee “TY Twiss boundary “Toin boundary Shactang- Fetes NaI Agee 5 THRO dy daa ba. wiruyardly: yb, eats Scanned with CamScanner