4 bad Dieurcnic maswuals . Trtaccluch' * aN A Plt cetecntec mateuals one Tyataroy A Dieterke matouas au wed tortor clutizat enangy * Dieter matouals sus electfeal enengy wit a minirusn Ainclpation of power, ‘inte tha elietums au bound to tein paten Meteeutes and hence no Free change « Prtopentt es + ' nnn (O14 mainty utd to tou energy. eg | epacito (9) 24 ha» nagative temperature Coepticfert af alata Ve “PU newistance of rhe Prssutatos tan be affected by +enopenatute , | applied ebretic Held arid age of chotacties ‘Impedant cdspinitions + Pete aah ce Dp risa : The Fotte por unl jest change. dat ts Knmonas electic Preto} Tmensfty (ov) electric fret Atenge (6), Fot vacuum, @ =€0 = 8.88 ¥i0) ay see ieee Ee aq Anen® - e/ By Cotembs Jao, F- S82 3. eg | HAEn® te Blectia Plum ceruaty (bi) Elchfc olisptarement vector (.p) ee eee OD eee THs rie number of Fun Lines owing a surface neumal to Wu Lines, divided by ru mwrjau ava ue) De €E ( Dz SETP whee, p is tne polotunah'en. & Buckicol Sercopt bieity ( m).! nnn EE (petites inaphbieity & the tate berwern polar(tarien Veer and etetiiat haplaument vector (2) a4 SP. = So(€n-) _ nue ie Speman,+ pnhaticn | ie ; Fe Par puopeuionat to tht puurle Fed Sheng’ © e ion ST an ae potarnability when & bo propeutionality torwtant ieee ran) muroben of particles Pet A Mee Ha tou contain> N pe ee ees) a Brat mpd rhe potariration lap be! oe Manan af p= Noe aNd a Y elated er thank yeu 1 ete rade on 2A 4 enna We ees FERS Merete | atactow ela to a cueleetic mateuat “Te appuation yf on elietle oi Custer clipes rwxutting 10 plwuration, Te Following et the types 04 polarraten (1) Clackorue (oi): fngliteecl potwursation (Pe) (2) Homie (a) tonite potsurar'en (pi) (2) oneveten polauratioo (Pe). Us) Interfaciat (oD Apace change Polarratton . \D Btectumle poisation | (induced podaurasion) . P atietetlc matouat toveists a) lange number a4 aterm: Lot ur Lorian a cuemetle maioutal tensristing of onty one ator - wma ructeus is at FHS Uenite while The olecteens axe Aevotwing around fre nucleus. wher an elretic ied & appuieol to Mus atom , ru hucur muorver away fu mu Feld white rhe electrons Move towards rhe Field. Teuton, muu da displacement betweenJet he nucleus be prunent al re conte af rhs sphere Y Aas 2 and itu elect Cleicle au prrent tueugre Mus sphere . H/y ne? z Thr charge frvedey aphuu = Wa ne 2 a ze Te tolounch Foie acting between re rusts and re election Owuds Trfole re Apher Of radius 2 given by, 2-20) Fe hiSo E ae ct. (3) 26 Ly RSo ni 3 ze(B). 16, Nae | Simputitation Sm = WR fo R7E —+@ Ze. The nc hiposs moment, bing = Zen -—>@. | Sub vatue af m in eqn .@), _ (Cu eke - Cleererue | Mind = HN€ RIE = Kee Potanirah Luity 5 [ee = Greene] H% diuetly pup to Re.ti nial op Lon ny PosasudaHen - uae G6eoee. eg._e® eS @eeoe @”e8 ©® ae @e@e e@ o® © @®e®@eE8 @ o@ &@. Let 9 and a, be Me cub plauement’s of Mt pottive arc tye tore, , Procucsol out torre opplitahion of 2? elechic Pedal . cha clipots morrunk fr & given by, pj 2 e (mr + 9) 0. let F fe a gue mepuscalaad Dy the ilar ue terme TES | Thus tustoung fore is curacy plopottionas to rhein chisplaianas FA ny Fa ae ce oR lash Store who, , and Br OU Me propoutonality lenstant and rey ow Oaeetty pacperttonat to the OxBP rows and angular Fouwo of 2 OE = Mud HH Cpesitive fone) p= Mug ae (negative fons) Ae oie ten aes CE 2 wad meeJ Sub fv valu Mrieg tae Ha? th $ 4 Ai ahd Hig to BAKO, Hu HeML ape He = Sle+ 4) menunt &, 48> L ip ™ . epi 1 oly > al me ah “The abrve equation mentions Ye tonic polarusablurty » (2) Dipotan ton) orientation potarusadton | PPL PPP OTA A * “The clipotan (© onientation potartsarion 13 proclureal Omty to tart of Podan motels pee Bed, Het; and nitto benzene, when an electete etl 4 applied to a polart Modeler dipole enpeuien tes a trique anc tey to align Poraltet torre Fetd, which surults tp a notehion of HAL “The torque procured by me field on te dUpols %, soba WhO, Hp — Peimanent dif T= Kpptoe & Hp — pen a The man won & dene eohen the oliporr i tobated Howugt an ange © > 180" and 6 = 0°, dati ML wo1k clove 1 runimum . nw Eman > iu Mpeé sind do " pe Bun ey. 2 nee [- eon acon] Pee tiarasaoy *relFOP +1] C man. * Mehr t-pDy = 2épe ”2. Te apoage ie ; x S Po % pegs rrunmal ergy ° Po & (ie) MP) / (5 KT) - buts 24 Whe @letation of aug cbipots envigy & propely Gone nq Rettzmann's dtehatitn, Hun hu aog- oriented podarucat'on b> Hp? E + ee 1 Pot 3 Ep : ees Hp? -. OtUeniation possatitiy. [ag ~ BE | {beg usta =m ealentation pelwurabliity is temperature olepenclant. eee tee) rege Cosdsn a dicecric mattlum ls ploud between any 400 eluttals; as ARewn fo figure . whan no wietot & applied to re elachoda, rhe Positive and negative charges au not Acpanateo| and tre one Fou number of chorges. Op Hw otfun hand ; when aD ewetv’e Fielod & applied, rhe changer are Aepaiated . the poritive Charges ou acumulared neat Hu negative electrode . Tuufotes & dupete moment Frdcceal duato the cUsptatement ef Hu tone “Thon, hue Fretucact d'pote Mmonmunt pert onft volume ives the induscad Potorinatien th Knewp as Prtetfecian Potasusat'n . ehechodss « ee ee tien S. purer a Hood | Abrens of qietd = ae3o the ‘coteatan'on. @ dota potwulcctfen, rue space ohare Potwuisation is Not taken Pato acount, #20 eccuns at frterzaces and ts veup «maw ond Rene negtigipes . In addition do tuk, the Fields one rot weer detined at Hrtenzaurs. 4 wtfeu the tolat potwukation fe me dum of ihe eletronic, feut, and ovlentah'en Potasurscih'e . ~ | t+ Tetat potauinah'en & given by, P= ft Pit Py P= Nace? + Naper + NO&>er ° By Sef bx 1) te p= Net [uncor? + reg eit 2) “he abrve tolal potanration & Knmop ab dangevens — Debye equation. Glorente tot) Prtetnat Hud: NR ; Tp a dieeeric mateual , tre Fed acting at Hu location of ator bs Known ab owt ep Internat Field ef, The intemal Held deen by an atom bs not cquat to tu entennalty applied clectic Field E. The internat Held Br must be equal to me feuro of apple Hed plu» ire fietd Procluceel at Me Lotahen of Re atero by ma poles of all our atoms - Ep = B+ Feld dus % omen olipotes To tatewtare the intomar Field Aeon by an aterm tha 4vug dielicric, Lat us tenridin a Aimple enample which conmsts of an anny of atoms sopresented as A, By, Bo,C1,C> ete. They ae atoms equidistant tenn A, arranged Po me 4oum ef A Strung a eRewn in Figwu . dat oO Be rhe PoLasumabiility oy au aims.a % we ouuan that Me Friewat Fed parauiet to rhe appred Field £, Gy Ca» Oe Faeno rhu deyromatay J The Aeyster, EF acting oo ru otk 4 toro A coidh be and wie be hams iD au omer atems 1/827 mtu induced dipole maeTrt on each ator? ay tre Sung, fuina > Het sical py te rhe Loca redid acting arte atorn A dus to ine external ieth and the qietd by ms dipoles en ators Bip Bo, 7 Ca eters Bre Et hse Ficlal dus to ait onan dipotes at He arora A lowddin rhe petnt dipole mater Bis where dipodet moment 5 fe: RPeeding to Feld rusty > the porenHal around a dipote tp Vacuum Vines + BSE Wolo wwe, f > didlane Fm mu dipets tome point charge , © > ange between n and fH 4, The Field axeund mre Aipote har too componuus , er cu to 4 and rhe ethan aus to O° The 4 tomponent Fietol » POV Heese], pee 2 En = "Ze ol Ree 7 [009.20] ee ee oe ED as anf nF- ® 1 év Ce ota > Hw, foe —7@. YReo ne The Fietd produced by by, atom at ms towatfon of Hs adoro A (AP be optained by taxing nea and 20 10 eD@eD, “ms Hiewd acting 97 thu atom & by ater @1, ira ayy eeUS we get, 2 = Hind 2% Coa® +t O., ur Mbeeyo! 3K €o03 “The Held produced ak A by-cipols om B, le equal to that produced by Bs. Te atoms art weparared by a shane a ~. The interna Fud at Ay | . : Be a Bye B+ 2s Be gnxépa (2a) ce B+ ox HE re bekee J 33 at . DA Soe ’ L a b+ Oo ap whew, ne 1,978 0 a! We Know qrem Rahman's xuba Functor 4 eho. i ee 12 Bi Se ticuie tense eaa iE ta clan that the Faseinat field i quale) than ru entennal field suggerting mat te clipoles tooprrate woiIo each Ornen. The Internal Field ef ipa B-Dimensfonal Cat & very) temputated and dupenalh upon me vupial oteuctures » The fatennad Fielol EF Fee Bp care, is Aazined by, | : pre B+ TE | ; & Qpotwsinatio) whee, Pik me dipole moment pet anit volumesand Y propetonaliry: umstant unmwn ar internat Hud tonbtank . wher me atoms fp a wold muyvtoundid Uubitally by often ators, re Prem ru above eqn, : | bh knewr ar dorente Fntennal dietA Te foarte die b appe ‘eld of Hy atoms Ub Jangen Han Ihe , , @rrveune teaaetiy -Eratetsteret 40s Precteccad oleate ome oa,+ clown — Maret HEAR lciiatooua aeaetaee dite goraciamm, dade » have no P dralpran e+ by enblbiting uubic Auer Hut! ae ation ig wether ah? p> NOE we, be Sina, forig. and onientation ne erent rh, eemuntal detecties (4ptid) have oe fs Thwutou, the folat potwuration + who of = Op eO, NID ths noveh p= Nae BF Lee ates potunntt volume Substituting Yu value of foes Fidd to egr®, @= Nae [e+ sz 2) 7. WeKeT, D2 E+ P a» P= P-~ GE ae tbe, B E22 & <-—+@. Faom we chafinttien oF dkeehte cab placement : we ely » £7E z one &. Gale Ene Gage henge Cr ty oe P - w Be @l&-D pe Fe(en-- —~@. , Substituting eqn @ in ew @, we al Eo Cén— Be lén-0 2 Nae [er Seas fo (én -1) = Nate [i+ g Cén-D €o(€n-1 oe Né&e = [i+ Se? BtoSs Solty) 2 gto ‘ Blot Gen-Co go(3t en-) By Sfmplittation, use qe, N&e Gn) = ote En +2. when, NB me number of dipole pet unlt votumre. The abou. equation ts Knewn ar clauxtus- Nip&otT equator. In trub @qual! by Gubstirating ma values of en > and one can datomine ths Cetonic Polauinabitiry (ole) - Bapt olueimination 24 dielonte Lonstant ' she erwuing prudge te wed to dusoumina the dietectie tenstant of any suid maiouat enpourmentatiy . Bf i one of A modigied Jeums of tohentstone & prudge ™e empouimnentat avungement of Sehwvuing budge & Pawn tn Faw P) 6, R ard $ au mre Four arms ay the Schewting prudge . The au F lonnsts Ja dined Aemsiane R, ond avaiable capacitor C1, while, Me avin Ss made by wonnech'ng @ resister Ry and Varuable tapauiter Cy ip panalut. The Bund 9 ardR terest of fumpechivel He vauabLe swanter Rg and the Hored lapacttn Co The puyhr B urxtol to give necewrarry posenniat fo patanued Cenaitten 9 the brudlge obtau'rucd by adjusting ihe valuth 7 Rg anal Oy 10 odes dD ge a nut cuxtection fo tu gatvanomH7 & - The cietecnie masouat cohove dfetechie lonsiant & do be Auteminid % placed fo berween tha parsttee plate capacitor ©) Te | Aickectic Umaant of rhe matoual fe Aatermined by meverring he change ip tapacitive valut of topaciter Cy before and of 01 Introducing te matulal fo between ne parallel plate FY er # Schwour Jriqueny Oseittater AC ree budge eineutt. TH t£ a rhe Copaivanee of a Capad to Qe who €- pormisnviry of heecnie medium , d- thueknes of detserle dampl . PR - area 4 vw acction, pater mavewing the capacitance O the 2. 8 Capacitor, rhe dietedhife matoual vw : Thoujou, the eapactiance of rhs capacitor C1 agai detenminad - Ce 2A whou, Go — permithivrty of Fe Pay qa. “The diete enfe commlant @ a matevas f equat to ru sano of tru tapactranu of tu Capacitor whip matevia2 anol Feee apace - : Dielacte tensiean = on Sub ru values 9} C) and oj, oe get, d € Drevyue lonsiank = ox ceed cae € tre detecnic tonttant (én) = ca Sane vate af 0) and 0) of Me capaelter ane determinsel by torsidwuing ne patancad Lencliton of Whaatstone budge merwott, De Pie eae 7) Ss From i air Ul) Ry ae ewe Cnet i : - ’ ° Cy ty cud DEI EN Opes epee ug Suse, , ae fy a ae Dance I> fey July + ny JuteyJo eqn @ , we get, PrO, R18 g& s Susca ere” \ Ut fusey ty pe Jus ey ty n+ oo = 8 x 1 Gasey (ine ny. Ar ie ree [essa rea [rim + te fal 4, 2h fuer 1+ GiusCy My gases ng (14 Juecnta) ny 2 fuses fuse, 1, My Susls + ny Co a Mg pp july ny rg Equating the 400! parus fo wa above egn, Ayes fg > 1? . e Owe gota a3 The eweistanee Ay and Capaciter C2 au fined * The vale of 0, i Attenmined by duping the vauable Atwstanu M3, durteetuic torsbant ef matoual , when 1 0! is the copauiianu Ma capacitn wim dielthe and 0) Pe lapacitanu of tapasiter wire ath ab dieleetic- Frere thu above eqn, we Can dituiming mye diouctue Censlank af amy matemat5 4 le tohan an ac Fiera OPI r acsnle mabersah » lame 6 ed by mre Breleerte matrtas and & ot cuentas owrgy f aber? posied i ta foun of hank “ah dos enangey Be Kron ah diets dows 4 piewerde brusnee? whan a voblege applied to & aietactile. masedak and a eure Held 1 eae anne, up toa coraie mannan oe ee gene ae pee at falls $0 she prenomunon Jo whieh the offen frseutation Cneintancdy ier Aang applied voLtage digbende bantam ond rhe, cammerendieg 1% breandewp Voltage Types o4 ctv'electilc. braakdewn : W) Inttivetc bueandewD — happens internally clue to tfu Colles Of eizons lichens i rhs conduction band (2) Thetmar breeakdevn - din to disipabien'es heat » ca rs Hhe erungy a} elichers fo the lerdluchon have (3) Eleeto ehem’ eens breakdown happen due to fore : Cliguid) Mobrulry - hy) Discharge brusardewn - bitakdewn Rappens dus to Fonts Go») 4 gah moluuter . (5) pefect breakdewr breakdown happens due to vials» Pour, motokute and oir Popunt tes # fomocechie mapas ' ae _ In ewuatn uewerte matouals, poleuration erent artion of appricd elute field. Such matouals exthLbiy bys * wwe Wimiterr +> Jovumagnste matvual and wu Krewe & Fl tlc SV dovemagneneFevoenente vuysials art olaizied Pnto Howe groups namely GF jy, Rochelle ald (2) potarrtum alihydrogen phesphate ard P (3) Baum Hranate . Rocratle salt Sy tavanen@256 to 24bh- (uvue 4emp) abovelk-> pnthomhombie ; ° re Cale = woue feroP ak 123K. phos phate ; aa below Te bnrkoerhera br’ above Te tehegonal - Baru \ r . Barium 1 IANS Zep e, digg qovwoelaehite phase wruaetants et te > 2186) aah and 2994 oF abwe 22h > cubic aan $0193K > pnrhortherabie - caret below 193K 2 hembo hedoeal Atueruett user of duieleene mabuals ‘ b " pai. et ann onal 8 ' bute (npacitow / wate maseuads OF paper, plastic, MUA | aes ah dase ra! , teoria eee Cpt, Ta) ard cae (ntyFa) oe ured fo lapacltovs cange 1 pq to 10 %noph pLrosoric and nr . . | un