1.11 EFFECT OF BOTH THE TEMPE EXTERNAL LOAD RATURE RISE AND The stresses due to individual effects are evaluated as above. The resultant stresses are then calculated by adding t each matenal. Per the method explained he stresses algebraically in Example 1.3. 2A steel bar of uniform diameter of 40 mm is heated to 80°C then clamped at the ends with the help of two fixtures 4m apart, and left to cool dom to room temperature of 20° C at which temperature the distance benveen the fixe was found to be 1.0. mm shorter than that at 80° C. Determine the stress in the bar i it has cooled down to room temperature and the reaction at the fixtures. ” Take E = 200 GN/m?and a=1.1 x 10“/deg.C. Solution. 1=4000mm Free contraction #4 | Position to ene Finol position Fig. 1.12 Temperature drop 1= 80 -20= 60°C B.B, = Free contraction = lat = 4000 x 1.1 x 10°* x 60 = 2.64 mm Therefore B,B, = Stretch in the bar =BB,=-BB = 2.64 1.0 = 164mmThus the stress in the bar is given by E o= 7 * 164 _ 200 x10? : 2 Tensile) 4000 7 * 1:64= 82 MN/m? or N/mm? (Tens Reaction of Supports = 0 x A= 82x 2 (40)? 4 = 10° x 10°N = 103 kN Example 1.4, A copper sleeve, 21 mm internal and 27 mm external diameter, surrounds a 20 mm steel bolt, one end of the sleeve being in contact with the shoulder of the bolt. After putting a rigid washer on the other end of the tube, a nut is screwed on the bolt until the compressive stress in the sleeve is 80 MN/m?. Find the range of the external axial load that can be applied to this assembly if the stress in the bolt is never 10 be compressive and in the sleeve never to be zero. Take E, = 200 GN/m? and E..= 90 GN/nt. Solution. A, = oe 20° =10n mm? ; © 4 When the tube is in compression due to the tightening of the bolt, bolt will be under tension and A= (27? - 21?) =72 py? Pee: or 0A, = OA, GcAc _ 80x 12x A cc. As = 1000 = 57.6 MN/m? or (N/mm?) A131) nt P, = P, = 57.6 x 100 x m= 18.1kN (1.32) os E; 57.6 Ze = 200 x 10° oe = 2.88 x 10° (Tensile ) eo 1.33) oc ___ 80 Fig. 1.13 f= EB. 90x10"= 8 89 x 10 ‘(Compressive ) (1.34) (b) Two cases can arise depending on whether the load, compressive or tensile, is, applied on the bolt or on the tube (i) Tensile load on the bolt : In this case the limiting condition will be when the compressive stress already existing in the tube is yust brought down to zero. This will happen when the bolt is stretched further to the extent that the additional stretch or strain induced in it is equal to the compression or compressive sirain in tube as calcualted in equation 1.34 (as these lengths are equal) £y, = €, =889-10°* (1.33) P, = By = AsEs = 100 m x (200 x 10°* ) (8.89 x L0"*)N = 5.9 N ( Tensile)} (1.37) (ii) Compressive load on the bolt : Here the appleid load will be shared by both bolt and tube and the limiting case will be when the additional induced compressive stress in the bolt becomes equal in magnitude to the existing tensile stress in the bolt as given by equation (1.31). ie. 5s, =9, (1.38) Pye Ps + Fo, (1.39) and es, = Ec, Cees a Es * AcE ie. Po, = osAcEc/ Es e140) + Thus substituting values in equation (1.39) P.= asd +sAc/ Es OslAs + AcEc/ Es} 57.6 [100 +720 2 200. he P, = 24 kN (Compressive) (41) (iii) Tensile load on tube ; Here again the load will be shared by both the bolt und the tube und the stréss in the tube will be the limiting case and the additional tensile Stress induced in the tube will become equal to 80 N/mm? or 80 MN/m*, i 8, = 80 N/mm? 1.42) Pye Py +P, (1.43)oy =e oy, / By = 0, 1B, Thus P, = Os,Ay +6 ¢,Ac foes] = 80/720 + 2, ioos}w 90 ie P, = 73.9 KN (Tensile ) (1.44) (iv) Compressive load applied on tube : In this case the load with be borne only by tube and the limiting condition will be when the stress in bolt reduces to zero. This will happen when the compressive strain induced in tube due to external load is just equal in magnitude to the strain e, in bolt as given in equation (1.33). Thus fy =e (45) P.= AcAc = 72 x (2.88 x 10+) x (90 x 10°) N ie. P, = 5.86 kN (Compressive) (1.46) From equations (1.37), (1.41), (1.44) and (1.46) it is evident that the given conditions to be fulfilled the allowable range of the external load is from 5.86 kN (Compressive) to 55.9 kN (tensile). Example 1.5. /f instead of applying the external load to the bolt and tube assembly of Example 1.4, the temperature is raised through 50°C, find the resultant stresses in the bolt and the tube. Take a, = 11 x 10°C a. = 18x 104°C. ‘sonnet Solution. In this case since the lengths are equal, we have from equation (1.24)0 o o oy Ss _ 9s Sc Bo 7 Et Be 2! (he 4) (47) Where t is the temperature rise. Also in equilibrium state the compressive load in copper will be equal to tensile load in bolt, due to the temperature rise effect. i 9,4,=0,A, or 6, = (72/100)o, (1.48)ms Substituting equation (1.48) 1m equation (1.47) 072 1 o { 1 o,|— . - : \ 200 «10° sora) #5007 10% = 23.8 N/mm? or MPa (Comp.) or ~(1.49a) and from eqn. (1.48) 6, =.72 x 23.8 = 17.2 MN/in’ or MPa (Tensile) (14.9) Thus from equations (1.31) and (1.49) Resultant stress in bolt = 57.6 + 17.2 = 74.8 MN/m? (Tensile) Resultant stress in tube = 80.0 + 23.8 = 103.8MPa (Comp.) Example 1.6. Tivo bars one of aluminum and the other of steel, joined end to end, are placed lengthwise between two rigid supports 600 mm apart. Their axes are horizontal and are along the same straight line. Aluminium bar is 200 mm long and steel bar is 400 mm long. Their cross-sectional areas are 1000 mm? and 200 mm? while Young's modulii are 0.6 x 10°kg/cm? (588.6 MN/m*) and 2 x 106 kg/cm (1962 MN/m?) respectively. The whole system is in un-stressed condition at 10°C. The system is then hheated to a temperature of 60°C. Find the stresses developed in the two materials if a= 12 x 10°C and a, = 24 x 10°C (Punjab University) Solution. If the composite bar were free to expand, the corresponding increase in length of the two portions will be added up to give the total increase in length 8! as 81 = 6), +81, =1a(7,-7) +1, (1-7) T,-T) lal, +a.) (60 ~ 10) (12 x 10°* x 400 + 24 x 10 x 200) = 50 x 9600 x 10# = 0.48 mm Since both the metals have the same axis, they will carry the same compressure axial load, P. if the free expansion 1s checked by rigid supports. Thus the compression in both the metals due to the load P will add up to dlome Fy + AS, AE, 2 2 400 x10 200 x 10 ]-0# I, = 6 ——— + (200)(2 x10°) (1000) (0.6 x 10°) i P = 11076.9 kg Theref P _ 110076.9 «102 ore o = = ere ‘A, 200 = 553.85 kg/ cm? (comp.) P _ 110769 2 : = —=—— x10 and Ss, A 1000 x a 1107.70 kg/cm? ( comp.)Example 1.8.4 bor AD (Fig / 16 pinned at A. and supported by a copper rod 40 mm in area and 1.5 1m long at B. alse supported at © hy a steel rod of 30 mn in area and I m length. The bar AD is rigid and horizontal before applying a load of 1000 kg (9810.N) at the end D. Determine the stresses and elongations produced in copper and steel rods after the application uf above load. Take E. = 10 x 10 kg/mnr' ( 98. 1GN/m') EB 20 x 10) ke/mne (196.2. GNA) (Punjabt University) Solution. Let the tensile loads sustained by copper and steel rods be P and P respectively. Then for the equilibrium of the rod AD, taking moments of P, P and P about A we have Pxl+P x2=Px25 or P + 2P =9810 x 2.Further due to the loads P. and P, the copper and steel rods will get stretched by BB and CC respectively. However, the extensions will be such that A, B', Cand Dy ‘will lie in one straight line, as the rod AD is rigid. Therefore from similar triangles ABB’ and ACC’ we have or or or and and co _ Ac _2 BB’ AB OL CC’ =2BB' P.=45 P. «(B) Substituting (B) into (A), we get P, = 2452.5N P, = 1036.25 N 2452.5 Therefore 9,= 5 = 61.31 N/mm? or MPa (Tensile) 11036.25 30 = 367.88N/mm? or MPa (Tensile) Also 8, = BB = Sx, E, _ G131 x 108 x15 981 = 0.9375 mm 6 Similarly a=cc seh 36788 x 10° x 1.0 ~ 196.2 x 10° = 1.875 mm.Example 1.9. Fig. 1.16 shows a round steel rod supported in a recess and surrounded by « coaxial brass tube. The upper end of the rod is 0.1 mm below that of the tube and an axial load is applied to a rigid plate resting on the top of the tube | (a) Determine the magnitude of the maximum permissible load if the compressive stress in the rod is not to exceed 110 MN/nv and that in the tube is not to exceed 80 MN/n’. (b) Find the amount by which the tube will be shortened by the load if the compressive stress." in the tube is the same as that in the rod, r : > . Fig. 1.16 Take Es = 200 GN/m? = 200 x 10° MPa E, = 100 GN/m? = 100 x10° MPa (Punjab University) Solution. (a) A, = 770686 mm? A= E50" ~ 45)? = 373.07 mm? Let and 6, MN/m? or N/mm be the stresses induced in the steel rod and brass tube respectively. Since the sum of the loads carried by the steel and brass is equal to the total load P=0, A.+6,4, = 106.86 6, + 373.076, N -AA) When the top plate makes contact with steel and compresses it, the compression of the brass will exceed that of steel by 0.1 mm. That 1s 3l, = 8 +01 Oyo: oF Fie = Bh vot —SE x 300 5 —"— « 400+ 01 100 10 200 «10 or 30, = 30, + 100 -(B) The maximum compressive stresy of 110 MN/m? in rod and 80 MN/m? in tube will not occur simultaneously, rather the magnitudes of induced stresses in the (wo js will be related to each other by the equation (B). Thus if it is assumed that in steel is the limiting case, then from equation (B) for 6, = 110 MN/m 2x 110 + 100 ae Che= 106.7 MN/n? which as more than the allowable stress in brass leading to the conclusion that the jssumpion 1s wrong, Then again assuming the stress in brass 10 be the limiting case then from (B) foro, = 800 MN/m’. 380-100 _ 79 MN/m? whieh is safe being less than the fee allowable stress in steel. Thuy substituting these values of 6, and , in equation (A), we get the maximum permissible load P gs P = (706.86 x 70 + 373.07 x 80) N = 79.325 kN (b) In this case 6, = 6, Then from equation (B) 6, =0,= 100 MN/m* Therefore ai,= xh, 100 = 100 x 10° =0.3 mm. x 300 mm Example 1.10. A reinforced concrete column is 300 mm in diameter and has 4 steel bars of 12 mm diameter embedded in it. If the allowable stresses in steel and concrete are 65.0 MN/m? and 4.40 MN/m? respectively, calculate the safe axial load which the column can carry. Take E/E, = 15. Solution. T : a Total area of column = goer = 70686 mm~ A, = Area of steel = 4x40) = 452.4 mm? ‘Therefore area of concrete portion =A, = 70686 - 452.4 = 70233.6 mm Since both steel and concrete portions will compress by the same amount and also their original lengths are same, the compressive strains produced by the corresponding loads sustained by each will be same (A) or